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International rules for the interpretation of trade terms（2010）

 

Foreword前言

By Rajat Gupta，ICC Chairman國際商會主席 Rajat Gupta

The global economy has given business broader access than ever before to markets all over the world. Goods are sold in more countries，in large quantities, and in greater variety. But as the volume and complexity of global sales increase, so do possibilities for misunderstandings and costly disputes when sale contracts are not adequately drafted.

The Incoterms® rules, the ICC rules on the use of domestic and international trade terms, facilitate the conduct of global trade. Reference to an Icoterms 2010 rule in a sale contract clearly

defines the parties' respective obligation sand reduces the risk of legal complications.

全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化讓生意的接觸面比以往任何時(shí)候都寬廣，可以觸及世界每個(gè)角落。更多品種的貨物可供選擇、賣向更多國家、賣得也越來越多。然而，隨著全球貿(mào)易數(shù)額的增加和貿(mào)易復(fù)雜性的加強(qiáng),因貿(mào)易合同起草不恰當(dāng)而帶來的誤解和高代價(jià)爭端也可能隨之增加。

國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則，國際商會規(guī)則在國內(nèi)和國際貿(mào)易用語的使用促進(jìn)了全球貿(mào)易的進(jìn)行。在貿(mào)易合同中引用國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010可明確界定各方義務(wù)并降低法律糾紛產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

 

Since the creation of the Incoterms rules by ICC in 1936, this globally accepted contractual standard has been regularly updated to keep pace with the development of international trade. The Incoterms2010 rules take account of the continued spread of customs-free zones, the increase of electronic communications in business transactions, heightened concern about security in the movement of goods and consolidates in transport practices. Incoterms2010 updates and consolidates the 'delivered' rules, reducing the total number of rules from 13 to 11, and offers a simpler and clearer presentation of all the rules. Incoterms 2010 is also the first version of the Incoterms rules to make all references to buyers and sellers gender-neutral.

The broad expertise of ICC's Commission on Commercial Law and Practice, whose membership is drawn from all parts of the world and all trade sectors, ensures that the Incoterms 2010 rules respond to business needs everywhere.

自從1936年國際商會制定出國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則之后，此項(xiàng)在全球范圍內(nèi)被采用的合同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就經(jīng)常性地更新?lián)Q代，與國際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展步調(diào)一致。國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010考慮了免稅貿(mào)易區(qū)的不斷增加，電子溝通在商務(wù)中的不斷增多，以及被更加重視的貨物運(yùn)輸中的安全和變化等問題。國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010更新并加強(qiáng)了交貨規(guī)則，將規(guī)則總量從13條減少到了11條，并且使得所有規(guī)則的表述更加簡潔明確。國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010同時(shí)也是第一個(gè)使得所有在買賣雙方中的適用保持中立的第一個(gè)國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋版本。

國際商會的商法和實(shí)踐委員會成員來自世界各地和多個(gè)貿(mào)易部門，該委員會廣泛的專業(yè)技能確保了國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010與各地的商貿(mào)需求相適應(yīng)。

 

ICC would like to express its gratitude to the members of the Commission, chaired by Fabio Bortolotti (Italy), to the Drafting Group, which comprised Charles Debattista(Co-Chair, France), Jens Bredow(Germany), Johnny Herre(Sweden), David Lwee(UK), Lauri Railas(Finland), Frank Reynolds(US),and Miroslav Subert(Szech Republic), and to Asko Raty (Finland)for assistance with the images depicting the 11 rules.

國際商會向Fabio Bortolotti（意大利）的商法和實(shí)踐委員會的成員表示謝意，向由Charles Debattista（副組長，英國），Christoph Martin Radtke （副組長，法國），Jens Bredow （德國），JohnnyHerre （瑞典），David Lwee（英國），Lauri Railas （芬蘭），F(xiàn)rank Reynold（美國），Miroslav Subert （捷克）組成的起草小組致謝，并且向?qū)?1條規(guī)則的表述給予幫助的Asko Raty （芬蘭）致謝。

 

INTRODUCTION介紹

The Incoterms® rules explain a set of three-letter trade terms reflecting business-to-business practice in contracts for the sale of goods. The Incoterms® rules describe mainly the tasks, costs and risks involved in the delivery of goods from sellers to buyers.

Incoterms®規(guī)則對一系列三個(gè)字母組成的貿(mào)易術(shù)語進(jìn)行了解釋，這些貿(mào)易術(shù)語對B2B的貨物銷售合同有著實(shí)際影響。Incoterms®規(guī)則主要描述了貨物從賣方到買方運(yùn)輸過程中涉及的責(zé)任，費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的劃分。

 

How to use the Incoterms® 2010 rules如何適用Incoterms®2010規(guī)則

1.Incorporate the Incoterms® 2010 rules into your contract of sale If you want the Incoterms® 2010 rules to apply to your contract, you should make this clear in the contract, through such words as, “[the chosen Incoterms rule including the named place ,followed by] Incoterms® 2010”.

1.在銷售合同中明示應(yīng)用Incoterms®2010規(guī)則,如果要使合同適用Incoterms規(guī)則2010，應(yīng)在合同中明確表明，例如：所選擇的Incoterms規(guī)則（含指定地點(diǎn)）適用Incoterms®規(guī)則2010。

2.Choose the appropriate Incoterms rule. 選擇最契合的Incoterms規(guī)則.

The chosen Incoterms rule needs to be appropriate to the goods, to the means of their transport, and above all to whether the parties intend to put additional obligations, for example such as the obligation to organize carriage or insurance, on the seller or on the buyer. The Guidance Note to each Incoterms rule contains information that is particularly helpful when making this choice. Whichever Incoterms rule is chosen, the parties should be aware the interpretation of their contract may well be influenced by customs particular to the port or place being used.

所選的Incoterms規(guī)需要契合實(shí)際，主要考慮因素有三點(diǎn)，1、貨物，2、運(yùn)輸方式、3，買賣方是否要加入其它責(zé)任條款，例如將辦理運(yùn)輸或保險(xiǎn)的義務(wù)加于買方或賣方。每項(xiàng)通則條款的解釋性說明，都對做出恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x擇極有幫助。不論選用哪條Incoterms規(guī)則，雙方應(yīng)該意識到合同的解釋會深深地受到慣例影響，尤其是提及的港口或地名。

3.Specify your place or port as precisely as possible .盡可能精準(zhǔn)地描述你方地址或港口名稱

The chosen Incoterms rule can work only if the parties name a place or port, and will work best if the parties specify the place or port as precisely as possible.

A good example of such precision would be:：

“FCA 38 Cours Albert 1er, Paris, France Incoterms 2010”.

Under the Incoterms rule Ex Works(EXW),Free Carrier(FCA), Delivered at Terminal(DAT), Delivered at Place(DAP),Delivered Duty Paid(DDP),

只有當(dāng)事人雙方選定特定的一個(gè)收貨地或港口時(shí)，所選術(shù)語才能發(fā)揮作用。地點(diǎn)或港口名稱越精準(zhǔn)，Inconterms規(guī)則越有效。以下精準(zhǔn)描述就是一個(gè)很好的例子：

Incoterms 2010，F(xiàn)CA規(guī)則，法國，巴黎，38Cours Albert 1er

在Incoterms規(guī)則下：

EXW 工廠交貨（……指定地點(diǎn)）

FCA 貨交承運(yùn)人(……指定地點(diǎn))”

DAT 終點(diǎn)站交貨(……指定目的地)

DAP 地點(diǎn)交貨 (……指定目的地)

DDP 完稅后交貨(……指定目的地)

Free Alongside Ship(FAS), and Free on Board(FOB),the named place is the place where delivery takes place and where risk passes from the seller to the buyer.

Under the Incoterms rule Carriage Paid to(CPT), Carriage and Insurance Paid to(CIP), Cost and Freight(CFR) and Cost, Insurance and Freight(CIF),the named place differs from the place of delivery. Under these four Incoterms rules, the named place is the place of destination to which carriage is paid.

Indications as to place or destination can helpfully be further specified by stating a precise point in that place or destination in order to avoid doubt or argument.

FAS 船邊交貨(……指定裝運(yùn)港)

FOB 船上交貨(……指定裝運(yùn)港)

此處所指地點(diǎn)為交貨地點(diǎn)，同時(shí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也從賣方轉(zhuǎn)移至買方

Incoterms規(guī)則下

CPT 運(yùn)費(fèi)付至（……指定目的地）

CIP 運(yùn)費(fèi)、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)付至(…指定目的地)

CFR 成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)(……指定目的港)

CIF 成本、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi) 加運(yùn)費(fèi)(指定目的港)

所指地點(diǎn)隨交貨地不同而不同。在這些Incoterms規(guī)則下，所指地點(diǎn)為運(yùn)費(fèi)付至地。

為了避免疑問和爭議，指定地點(diǎn)或目的地可以進(jìn)一步闡述為一個(gè)精確的地點(diǎn)。

4.Remember that Incoterms rules do not give you a complete contract of sale

Incoterms rules do say which party to the sale contract has the obligation to make carriage or insurance arrangements, when the seller delivers the goods to the buyer, and which costs each party is responsible for.

謹(jǐn)記Incoterms規(guī)則并沒有給當(dāng)事人提供一份完整的銷售合同

 

Incoterms rules, however, say nothing about the price to be paid or the method of its payment. Neither do they deal with the transfer of ownership of the goods, or the consequences of a breach of contract. These matters are normally dealt with through express terms in the contract of sale or in the law governing that contract. The parties should be aware that mandatory local law may override any aspect of the sale contract, including the chosen Incoterms rules.

Incoterms規(guī)則確有闡述銷售合同中當(dāng)事人的特定義務(wù)，當(dāng)賣方將貨物運(yùn)至買方時(shí)，辦理運(yùn)輸和保險(xiǎn)義務(wù)的承擔(dān)。然而，Incoterms并沒有任何關(guān)于付款價(jià)格或付款方式的規(guī)定，或是貨物所有權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移，違約的后果等。這些問題通常是通過銷售合同的明示條款和適用的法律條文來解決。當(dāng)事人需要注意的是，當(dāng)?shù)貜?qiáng)制適用的法律有可能優(yōu)先于銷售合同的內(nèi)容，包括所選擇的Incoterms規(guī)則。

 

Main features of the Incoterm®2010 rules Incoterms®2010的主要特征

1.Two new Incoterms rules — DAT and DAP— have replaced the Incoterms 2000rules DAF,DES,DEQ and DDU The number of Incoterms rules has been reduced from 13 to 11. This has been achieved by substituting two rules that may be used irrespective of the agreed mode of transport — DAT, Delivered at Terminal, and DAP, Delivered at Place — for the incoterms 2000 rules DAF, DES, DEQ and DDU.

兩個(gè)新的貿(mào)易術(shù)語，即DAT和DAP 代替了原來Incoterms2000的DAF,DES,DEQ和DDU術(shù)語。 貿(mào)易術(shù)語的數(shù)量從原來的13個(gè)減少到11個(gè)。Incoterms2010用兩個(gè)可以不顧及已議定的運(yùn)輸模式的新術(shù)語——DAT，目的地交貨和DAP，指定地交貨——代替了Incoterms2000 中的DAF,DES,SEQ和DDU術(shù)語。

 

Under both new rules, delivery occurs at a named destination: in DAT, at the buyer’s disposal unloaded from the arriving vehicle (as under the former DEQ rule); in DAP, likewise at the buyer’s disposal, but ready for unloading (as under the former DAF,DES and DDU rules).

DAT和DAP術(shù)語都規(guī)定需在指定地點(diǎn)交貨：在DAT情況下，從運(yùn)輸工具上卸下貨物交由買方處置（這和先前的DEQ術(shù)語一樣）；在DAP情況下同樣交由買方處置，但需做好卸貨的準(zhǔn)備（這和先前的DAF,DES和DDU術(shù)語一樣）。

 

The new rules make the Incoterms 2000 rules DES and DEQ superfluous. The named terminal in DAT may well be in a port, and DAT can therefore safely be used in cases where the Incoterms 2000 rule DEQ once was. Likewise, the arriving “vehicle” under DAP may well be a ship and the named place of destination may well be a port: consequently, DAP can safely be used in cases where the Incoterms 2000 rule DES once was. These new rules, like their predecessors, are “delivered”, with the seller bearing all the costs (other than those related to import clearance, where applicable) and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place of destination.

新貿(mào)易術(shù)語的使用，使Incoterms2000中的DES和DEQ成為多余。DAT的目的地可以是港口，因此DAT可以用于在Incoterms2000下DEQ適用的情況。同樣的，DAP中運(yùn)達(dá)貨物的交通工具可以是輪船，而目的地也可以是港口，因此DAP可以用于在Incoterms2000下DES適用的情況。這兩個(gè)新的術(shù)語，和先前的幾個(gè)術(shù)語一樣，是由賣方承擔(dān)所有費(fèi)用（除了與進(jìn)口清算有關(guān)的費(fèi)用）和貨物到達(dá)目的地前的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

 

2.2.Classification of the 11 Incoterms® 2010rules  .Incoterms®2010中11種貿(mào)易術(shù)語的分類

The 11 Incoterms® 2010 rules are presentedin two distinct classes：

11種貿(mào)易術(shù)語目前被分為兩類：

 

RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPOTR適用于任何運(yùn)輸方式的術(shù)語：

EXW   EX WORKS工廠交貨

FCA   FREE CARRIER貨交承運(yùn)人

CPT   CARRIAGE PAID TO運(yùn)費(fèi)付至

CIP   CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO運(yùn)費(fèi)及保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)付至

DAT   DELIVERED AT TERMINAL目的地交貨

DAP   DELIVERED AT PLACE所在地交貨

DDP   DELIVERED DUTY PAID完稅后交貨

RULES FOR SEA AND INLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT

適用于海上和內(nèi)陸水上運(yùn)輸?shù)男g(shù)語

 

FAS   FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP船邊交貨

FOB   FREE ON BOARD船上交貨

CFR   COST AND FREIGHT成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)

CIF   COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT成本、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi)

The first class includes the seven Incoterms® 2010 rules that can be used irrespective of the mode of transports elected and irrespective of whether one or more than one mode of transport is employed. EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP and DDP belong to this class. They can be used even when there is no maritime transport at all. It is important to remember, however, that these rules can be used in cases where a ship is used for part of the carriage.

第一種分類中的七種貿(mào)易術(shù)語不用考慮所選用運(yùn)輸方式的種類。EXW,FCA,CPT,CIP,DAT,DAP和DDP都屬于第一種分類。它們甚至可以運(yùn)用于沒有海上運(yùn)輸?shù)那闆r下。謹(jǐn)記只要運(yùn)輸中一個(gè)部分運(yùn)用過船只便可以適用此類術(shù)語。

 

In the second class of Incoterms® 2010rules, the point of delivery and the place to which the goods are carried to the buyer are both ports, hence the label “sea and inland waterway” rules. FAS,FOB, CFR and CIF belong to this class. Under the last three Incoterms rules, all mention of the ship’s rail as the point of delivery has been omitted in preference for the goods being delivered when they are “on board” the vessel. This more closely reflects modern commercial reality and avoids the rather dated image of the risk swinging to and from across an imaginary perpendicular line.

在第二類術(shù)語中，交貨點(diǎn)和把貨物送達(dá)買方的地點(diǎn)都是港口，所以只適用于“海上或內(nèi)陸水上運(yùn)輸”。FAS,FOB,CFR和CIF都屬于這一類。最后的三個(gè)術(shù)語，刪除了以越過船舷為交貨標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而代之以將貨物裝運(yùn)上船。這更準(zhǔn)確的反應(yīng)了現(xiàn)代商業(yè)現(xiàn)實(shí)，避了以往風(fēng)險(xiǎn)圍繞船舷這條虛擬垂線來回?fù)u擺。

 

3.Rules for domestic and international trade 國內(nèi)貿(mào)易和國際貿(mào)易的規(guī)定

Incoterms rules have traditionally been used in international sale contracts where goods pass across national boarders. In various areas of the world, however, trade blocs, like the European Union, have made border formalities between different countries less significant. Consequently, the subtitle of the Incoterms® 2010 rules formally recognize that they are available for application to both international and domestic sale contracts. As a result, the Incoterms® 2010 rules clearly state in a number of places that the obligation to comply with export/import formalities exists only where applicable.

傳統(tǒng)的Incoterms規(guī)則只在國際銷售合同中運(yùn)用，此種交易貨物運(yùn)輸都需跨越國界。在世界許多地區(qū)，商業(yè)集團(tuán)如歐盟使得不同國家間的過關(guān)手續(xù)不再重要。所以，Incoterms®2010正式認(rèn)可所有的貿(mào)易規(guī)則既可以適用于國內(nèi)交易也可以適用于國際交易。所以，Incoterms®2010 在一些地方明確規(guī)定，只有在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候，才有義務(wù)遵從進(jìn)口或者出口的手續(xù)。

 

Two developments have persuaded ICC that amovement in this direction is timely. Firstly, traders commonly use Incoterms rulesfor purely domestic sale contract. The second reason is the greater willingnessin the Unites States to use Incoterm rules in domestic trade rather than theformer Uniform Commercial Code shipment and delivery terms.

兩個(gè)新發(fā)展使得ICC相信向這個(gè)方向的改革是適宜的。首先，商人們普遍在國內(nèi)貿(mào)易合同使用Incoterms2010規(guī)則。其次，比起先前提到的統(tǒng)一的商業(yè)規(guī)則中的運(yùn)輸和交付術(shù)語，在國內(nèi)貿(mào)易中更多美國人愿意使用Incoterms2010中的術(shù)語。

 

4.Guidance Notes引言

Before each Incoterms® 2010 rule you will find a Guidance Note. The Guidance Notes explain the fundamentals of each Incoterms rule, such as when it should be used, when risk passes, and how costs are allocated between seller and buyer. The Guidance Notes are not part of the actual Incoterms® 2010 rules, but are intended to help the user accurately and efficiently steer towards the appropriate Incoterms rule for a particular transaction.

在Incoterms®2010的每條規(guī)則前面，都有一條引言。引言解釋每條貿(mào)易規(guī)則的基本內(nèi)容，比如說什么時(shí)候被運(yùn)用到，什么時(shí)候風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移，還有費(fèi)用在賣方和買方間是怎樣分配的等等。引言并不是Incoterms®2010的內(nèi)容，但是它們能幫助使用者更準(zhǔn)確更有效率的針對特定的貿(mào)易運(yùn)用合適的貿(mào)易條款。

 

5.Electronic communication電子通信

Previous versions of Incoterms rules have specified those documents that could be replaced by EDI messages. ArticlesA1/B1 of the Incoterms® 2010 rules, however, now give electronic means of communication the same effect as paper communication, as long as the parties so agree or where customary. This formulation facilitates the evolution of new electronic procedures throughout the lifetime of the Incoterms® 2010 rules.

上一版本的Incoterms規(guī)則已經(jīng)確定了可以被電子數(shù)據(jù)交換信息替代的文件。然而Incoterms®規(guī)則2010中的A1/B1賦予電子通信方式和紙質(zhì)通訊相同的效果，只要締約雙方同意或存在國際慣例。這一規(guī)定有利于促進(jìn)Incoterms®規(guī)則2010中新的電子程序的演進(jìn)。

 

6.Insurance cover 保險(xiǎn)范圍

The Incoterms® 2010 rules are the first version of the Incoterms rules since the version of the Institute Cargo Clauses and take account of alterations made to those clauses. The Incoterms® 2010rules place information duties relating to insurance in articles A3/B3, which deal with contracts of carriage and insurance. These provisions have been moved from the more generic found in article A10/B10 of the Incoterms 2000 rules. The language in articles A2/B3 relating to insurance has also been altered with a view to clarifying the parties’ obligations in this regard.

Incoterms®規(guī)則2010是協(xié)會貨物條款修訂以來的最新版國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語規(guī)則，并就對那些條款的變更做了考慮。Incoterms® 規(guī)則2010把關(guān)系到保險(xiǎn)的信息義務(wù)規(guī)定在A3/B3，這涉及到運(yùn)輸和保險(xiǎn)合同。這些條款已經(jīng)從更為普通的國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語2000中A10/B10的文章中刪除。為了明確締約雙方的義務(wù)，條款A(yù)2/B3中涉及保險(xiǎn)的行文也做了變化。

 

7.與安全有關(guān)的清關(guān)需要的信息

Security-related Clearances and information required for such clearances

 

現(xiàn)在人們高度關(guān)注貨物運(yùn)輸中的安全問題，需要確認(rèn)貨物不會對生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)有威脅，除了其自身固有的屬性。

There is heightened concern nowadays about security in the movement of goods, requiring verification that the goods do not pose a threat to life or property for reasons other than their inherent nature.

 

8.Terminal handling charges 集裝箱碼頭費(fèi)

Therefore, the Incoterms® 2010 rules have allocated obligations between the buyer and seller to obtain or to render assistance in obtaining security-related clearances, such as chain-of-custody information, in articles A2/B2 and A10/B10 of various Incoterms rules.

因此，Incoterms®規(guī)則 2010已經(jīng)在買家和賣家間分配了義務(wù)，在與安全有關(guān)的清關(guān)獲得或者提供幫助，例如在多種多樣的國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語中A2/B2和A10/B10的監(jiān)管鏈相關(guān)信息

 

Under Incoterms rules CPT, CIP, CFR, CIF,DAT, DAP, and DDP, the seller must make arrangements for the carriage of the goods to the agreed destination. While the freight is paid by the seller, it is actually paid for by the buyer as freight costs are normally included by the seller in the total selling price. The carriage costs will sometimes include the costs of handling and moving the goods within port or container terminal facilities and the carrier or terminal operator may well charge these costs to the buyer who receives the goods. In these circumstances, the buyer will want to avoid paying for the same service twice:

在國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語CPT，CIP，CIF，DAT，DAP和DDP項(xiàng)下，賣家必須做好安排使貨物到達(dá)指定目的地。雖然運(yùn)費(fèi)是由賣方支付的，但因?yàn)檫\(yùn)費(fèi)一般被賣方包含在銷售價(jià)格中所以實(shí)際上運(yùn)費(fèi)是由買方支付的。貨運(yùn)費(fèi)有時(shí)包括港口或集裝箱碼頭內(nèi)的理貨和運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用

承運(yùn)人和終點(diǎn)站運(yùn)營方也可能向收到貨物的買家收取這筆費(fèi)用。在這種情況下，買家會想要避免對同一服務(wù)重復(fù)付費(fèi)：

 

once to the seller as part of the total selling price and once independently to the carrier or the terminal operator. The Incoterms® 2010 rules seek to avoid this happening by clearly allocating such costs in articles A6/B6 of the relevant Incoterms rules.

一次付給賣家作為銷售價(jià)格中的一部分，一次單獨(dú)地付給承運(yùn)人或者終點(diǎn)站運(yùn)營方。Incoterms®規(guī)則2010在相關(guān)國際貿(mào)易術(shù)解釋規(guī)則的A6/B6條款明確的分配此項(xiàng)費(fèi)用，力求避免重復(fù)付費(fèi)。

 

9. String sales 連環(huán)合同

In the sale of commodities, as opposed to the sale of manufactured goods, cargo is frequently sold several times during transit “down a string” when this happens, a seller in the middle of the string don’t have to ship the goods because these have already been shipped by the first seller in the string. The seller in the middle of the string therefore performs its obligations towards its buyer not by shipping the goods, but by “procuring” goods that have been shipped. For clarification purposes, Incoterms® 2010 rules include the obligation to “procure goods shipped” as an alternative to the obligation to ship goods in the relevant Incoterms rules.

與工業(yè)制成品的銷售不同，在農(nóng)礦產(chǎn)品的銷售中，貨物經(jīng)常在沿銷售鏈運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過程中被頻繁銷售多次。這種情況下，在運(yùn)輸中的賣家不用再運(yùn)輸貨物，因?yàn)樨浳镆驯坏谝粋�(gè)賣家裝船運(yùn)輸了。中途的賣方通過接收貨物而非運(yùn)輸貨物向買方履行義務(wù)。為明確起見，Incoterms® 規(guī)則2010在相關(guān)規(guī)定中把提取已經(jīng)運(yùn)輸?shù)纳唐返牧x務(wù)作為運(yùn)輸商品義務(wù)的替換。

 

RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPORT運(yùn)輸方式的規(guī)則

Variants of Incoterms rules國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則的變體

Sometimes the parties want to alter anIncoterms rules. The Incoterms 2010 rules do not prohibit such alteration, but there are dangers in so doing. In order to avoid any unwelcome surprises, the parties would need to make the intended effect of such alterations extremely clear in their contract. Thus, for example, if the allocation of costs in the Incoterms 2010 rules is altered in the contract, the parties should also clearly state whether they intend to vary the point at which the risk passes from seller to buyer.

貿(mào)易各方有時(shí)因各自需要意圖修改某一國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語規(guī)則的適用�！秶�際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010》并不禁止這種修改，但是這樣做會帶來一定的危險(xiǎn)。因此雙方都應(yīng)當(dāng)在合同中明確表明修改意欲達(dá)到的效果以避免不愉快的分歧。譬如，假設(shè)合同改變了Incoterms規(guī)則中費(fèi)用的分配，那么合同各方亦應(yīng)當(dāng)明確聲明是否改變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（從賣方到買方）轉(zhuǎn)移的臨界點(diǎn)。

 

Status of this introduction本導(dǎo)言的功能地位

This introduction gives general information on the use and interpretation of the Incoterms 2010 rules, but does not form part of those rules.

Explanation of terms used in the Incoterms2010 rules

本導(dǎo)言只是對《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010》的用途和解釋的概括提示，并不是這些的組成部分。

對《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010》中術(shù)語的解釋

 

As in the incoterms rules, the seller’s and buyer’s obligations are presented in mirror fashion, reflecting under column A the seller’s obligations and under column B the buyer’s obligations. These obligations can be carried out personally by the seller or the buyer or sometimes, subject to terms in the contract or the applicable law, through intermediaries such as carriers, freight forwarders or other persons nominated by the seller or the buyer for a specific purpose.

The text of the Incoterms 2010 rules is meant to be self-explanatory. However, in order to assist users the following text sets out guidance as to the sense in which selected terms are used throughout the document.

Carrier: For the purposes of the Incoterms2010 rules, the carrier is the party with whom carriage is contracted.

正如《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010》中所述，買方和賣方的共同義務(wù)是以對應(yīng)方式呈現(xiàn)的，也就是說，既能反映出A欄中的買方義務(wù)，又能反映出B欄中的賣方義務(wù)。這些義務(wù)可以由買方或者賣方親自履行，有時(shí)抑或受制于合同或者適用法律中的個(gè)別條款的規(guī)定，由諸如承運(yùn)人、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)代理人等中介組織，或者其他由買方或者賣方為了特定目的而委任的人來履行。

《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010》正文中條文解析明了。但出于引導(dǎo)輔助（使用者）理解的考慮，編者還是占用了以下篇幅對從《規(guī)則》中選取的幾個(gè)術(shù)語進(jìn)行闡釋。

承運(yùn)人：出于《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010》的目的，承運(yùn)人是指與托運(yùn)人訂立合同，并承擔(dān)運(yùn)輸義務(wù)的一方。

 

Customs Formalities: These are requirements to be met in order to comply with any applicable customs regulations and may include documentary, security, information or physical inspection obligations.

報(bào)關(guān)單：是指為了遵守海關(guān)條例而需要滿足的一些要求，包括了單據(jù)、安全、信息或者實(shí)體檢驗(yàn)之義務(wù)。

 

Delivery: This concept has multiple meanings in trade law and practice, but in the Incoterms 2010 rules, it is used to indicate where the risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes from the seller to the buyer.

交貨：在商法和商事活動中，這個(gè)概念有多種涵義。但是，在《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010》中，交貨用來表明在貨物由賣方向買方轉(zhuǎn)移的過程中毀損風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在何處轉(zhuǎn)移。

 

Delivery document: This phrase is now used as the heading to article A8. It means a document used to prove that delivery has occurred. For many of the Incoterms 2010 rules, the delivery document is a transport document or corresponding electronic record. However, with EXW, FCA, FAS and FOB, the delivery document may simply be a receipt. A delivery document may also have other functions, for example as part of the mechanism for payment.

交貨單：此術(shù)語現(xiàn)在已成為A8條款的標(biāo)題。交貨單，是用于證明已完成交貨的憑證。對于《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010》中的許多規(guī)則，交貨單是一種運(yùn)輸單據(jù)或相關(guān)電子記錄。但是對于EXW，F(xiàn)CA，F(xiàn)AS和FOB，交貨單只是一種收據(jù)。當(dāng)然，交貨單還有其他功能，比如支付程序的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。

 

Electronic record or procedure: A set of information constituted of one or more electronic messages and, where applicable, being functionally equivalent with the corresponding paper document.

電子記錄或者程序：由一個(gè)或多個(gè)可適用的電子訊號組成的一組信息庫，其功能上等同于相應(yīng)的紙質(zhì)文檔。

 

Packaging: this word is used for different purposes: 包裝：此詞因語境不同有不同含義：

 

1.The packaging of the goods to comply with any requirements under the contract of sale.

符合銷售合同要求的貨物包裝；

2.The packaging of the goods so that they are fit for transportation.

符合運(yùn)輸要求的貨物包裝；

3.The stowage of the packaged goods within a container or other means of transport.

In the Incoterms 2010 rules, packaging means both the first and second of the above. The Incoterms 2010 rules do not deal with the parties’ obligations for stowage within a container and therefore, where relevant, the parties should deal with this in the sale contract.

集裝箱或其他運(yùn)輸工具中已包裝貨物的理倉。在《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2010》中，“包裝”一詞有以上中的1和2項(xiàng)的含義。Incoterms2010中并不涉及集裝箱內(nèi)貨物的理倉義務(wù)，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)在銷售合同中予以確定。

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