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第四章 合同的解釋CHAPTER 4 — INTERPRETATION

第4.1條 當(dāng)事人的意思  ARTICLE 4.1 Intention of the parties

(1)合同應(yīng)根據(jù)當(dāng)事人各方的共同意思予以解釋。

(1) A contract shall be interpreted according to the common intention of the parties.

 

(2)如果該意思不能確立，合同應(yīng)根據(jù)一個(gè)與各方當(dāng)事人具有同等資格的、通情達(dá)理的人在處于相同情況下時(shí)，對(duì)該合同所應(yīng)有的理解來解釋。

(2) If such an intention cannot be established, the contract shall be interpreted according to the meaning that reasonable persons of the same kind as the parties would give to it in the same circumstances.

 

第4.2條 對(duì)陳述和其他行為的解釋

 ARTICLE 4.2 Interpretation of statements and other conduct

(1)一方當(dāng)事人的陳述和其他行為應(yīng)根據(jù)該當(dāng)事人的意思來解釋，如果另一方當(dāng)事人已知或不可能不知道該意思。

(1) The statements and other conduct of a party shall be interpreted according to that party’s intention if the other party knew or could not have been unaware of that intention.

 

(2)如果前款不適用，上述陳述和其他行為應(yīng)根據(jù)一個(gè)與另一方當(dāng)事人具有同等資格的、通情達(dá)理的人在處于相同情況下時(shí)，對(duì)該合同所應(yīng)有的理解來解釋。

(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, such statements and other conduct shall be interpreted according to the meaning that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would give to it in the same circumstances.

 

第4.3條 相關(guān)情況  ARTICLE 4.3 Relevant circumstances

適用本章第4.1條和第4.2條時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮所有情況，包括:

In applying Articles 4.1 and 4.2, regard shall be had to all the circumstances, including

 

(a)當(dāng)事人之間的初期談判;

(a) preliminary negotiations between the parties;

 

(b)當(dāng)事人之間已確立的習(xí)慣做法;

(b) practices which the parties have established between themselves;

 

(c)合同訂立后當(dāng)事人的行為;

(c) the conduct of the parties subsequent to the conclusion of the contract;

 

(d)合同的性質(zhì)和目的;

(d) the nature and purpose of the contract;

 

(e)在所涉交易中，通常賦予合同條款和表述的含義;

(e) the meaning commonly given to terms and expressions in the trade concerned;

 

(f)慣例。(f) usages.

 

第4.4條 合同或陳述作為整體考慮  

ARTICLE 4.4 Reference to contract or statement as a whole

合同條款和表述應(yīng)根據(jù)其所屬的整個(gè)合同或全部陳述予以解釋。

Terms and expressions shall be interpreted in the light of the whole contract or statement in which they appear.

 

第4.5條 給予所有條款以效力  ARTICLE 4.5 All terms to be given effect

對(duì)合同各項(xiàng)條款的解釋應(yīng)以使它們?nèi)�部有效為宗旨，而不是排除其中一些條款的效力。

Contract terms shall be interpreted so as to give effect to all the terms rather than to deprive some of them of effect.

 

第4.6條 對(duì)條款提議人不利規(guī)則  ARTICLE 4.6  Contra proffer rule

如果一方當(dāng)事人所提出的合同條款含義不清，則應(yīng)做出對(duì)該方當(dāng)事人不利的解釋。

If contract terms supplied by one party are unclear, an interpretation against that party is preferred.

 

第4.7條 語言差異  ARTICLE 4.7 Linguistic discrepancies

如果合同是以兩種或兩種以上具有同等效力的文字起草的，若這些文本之間存在差異，應(yīng)優(yōu)先依據(jù)合同最初起草的文字予以解釋。

Where a contract is drawn up in two or more language versions which are equally authoritative there is, in case of discrepancy between the versions, a preference for the interpretation according to a version in which the contract was originally drawn up.

 

第4.8條 補(bǔ)充空缺條款  ARTICLE 4.8 Supplying an omitted term

(1)如果合同當(dāng)事人各方就一項(xiàng)確定其權(quán)利和義務(wù)的重要條款未達(dá)成一致，應(yīng)補(bǔ)充一項(xiàng)于該情況下適當(dāng)?shù)臈l款。

(1) Where the parties to a contract have not agreed with respect to a term which is important for a determination of their rights and duties, a term which is appropriate in the circumstances shall be supplied.

 

(2)在決定何為適當(dāng)?shù)臈l款時(shí)，除其他因素外，還應(yīng)考慮以下情況:

(2) In determining what is an appropriate term regard shall be had, among other factors, to

 

(a)各方當(dāng)事人的意思;(a) the intention of the parties;

 

(b)合同的性質(zhì)和目的;(b) the nature and purpose of the contract;

 

(c)誠實(shí)信用和公平交易原則;(c) good faith and fair dealing;

 

(d)合理性。(d) reasonableness.

 

第五章 合同的內(nèi)容與第三方權(quán)利CHAPTER 5 — CONTENT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS

第一節(jié) 合同的內(nèi)容SECTION 1: CONTENT

第5.1.1條 明示和默示的義務(wù)  ARTICLE 5.1.1 Express and implied obligations

各方當(dāng)事人的合同義務(wù)可以是明示的，也可以是默示的。

The contractual obligations of the parties may be express or implied.

 

第5.1.2條 默示的義務(wù)  ARTICLE 5.1.2 Implied obligations

默示的義務(wù)源自于:Implied obligations stem from

 

(a)合同的性質(zhì)與目的;(a) the nature and purpose of the contract;

 

(b)各方當(dāng)事人之間確立的習(xí)慣做法，以及慣例;

(b) practices established between the parties and usages;

 

(c)誠實(shí)信用和公平交易原則;(c) good faith and fair dealing;

 

(d)合理性。(d) reasonableness.

 

第5.1.3條 事人之間的合作  ARTICLE 5.1.3Co-operation between the parties

每一方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)與另一方當(dāng)事人合作，如果該一方當(dāng)事人在履行其義務(wù)時(shí)，可合理地期待對(duì)方當(dāng)事人提供此類合作。

Each party shall cooperate with the other party when such co-operation may reasonably be expected for the performance of that party’s obligations.

 

第5.1.4條 獲得特定結(jié)果的義務(wù)和盡最大努力的義務(wù)

ARTICLE 5.1.4 Duty to achieve a specific result. Duty of best efforts

 

(1)如果一方當(dāng)事人的義務(wù)在一定程度內(nèi)涉及獲得某一特定的結(jié)果，則該方當(dāng)事人在該程度內(nèi)有義務(wù)獲得此特定結(jié)果。

(1) To the extent that an obligation of a party involves a duty to achieve a specific result, that party is bound to achieve that result.

 

(2)如果一方當(dāng)事人的義務(wù)在一定程度內(nèi)涉及履行某一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)時(shí)應(yīng)盡最大的努力，則該方當(dāng)事人在該程度內(nèi)有義務(wù)盡一個(gè)具有同等資格的、通情達(dá)理的人在相同情況下所會(huì)付出的努力。

(2) To the extent that an obligation of a party involves a duty of best efforts in the performance of an activity, that party is bound to make such efforts as would be made by a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances.

 

第5.1.5條確定所涉義務(wù)的種類  ARTICLE 5.1.5Determination of kind of duty involved

在確定一方當(dāng)事人的義務(wù)在多大程度內(nèi)涉及履行某一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)時(shí)應(yīng)盡最大的努力或者應(yīng)獲得某一特定結(jié)果時(shí)，除其他因素外，應(yīng)考慮以下情況:

In determining the extent to which an obligation of a party involves a duty of best efforts in the performance of an activity or a duty to achieve a specific result, regard shall be had, among other factors, to

 

(a)合同中表述該 義務(wù)的方式;

(a) the way in which the obligation is expressed in the contract;

 

(b)合同的價(jià)格以及合同的其他條款;

(b) the contractual price and other terms of the contract;

 

(c)獲得預(yù)期結(jié)果時(shí)通常所涉及的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度;

(c) the degree of risk normally involved in achieving the expected result;

 

(d)另一方當(dāng)事人影響義務(wù)履行的能力。

(d) the ability of the other party to influence the performance of the obligation.

 

第5.1.6條確定履行的質(zhì)量  ARTICLE 5.1.6Determination of quality of performance

如果合同中既未規(guī)定而且也無法根據(jù)合同確定履行的質(zhì)量，則一方當(dāng)事人有義務(wù)使其履行的質(zhì)量達(dá)到合理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并且不得低于此情況下的平均水準(zhǔn)。

Where the quality of performance is neither fixed by, nor determinable from, the contract a party is bound to render a performance of a quality that is reasonable and not less than average in the circumstances.

 

第5.1.7條 價(jià)格的確定  ARTICLE 5.1.7 Price determination

(1)如果合同未規(guī)定價(jià)格，也無如何確定價(jià)格的規(guī)定，在沒有任何相反表示的情況下，應(yīng)視為當(dāng)事人各方引用在訂立合同時(shí)相關(guān)貿(mào)易中可比較的情況下進(jìn)行此類履行時(shí)通常收取的價(jià)格，或者，若無此價(jià)格，應(yīng)為一個(gè)合理的價(jià)格。

(1) Where a contract does not fix or make provision for determining the price, the parties are considered, in the absence of any indication to the contrary, to have made reference to the price generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such performance in comparable circumstances in the trade concerned or, if no such price is available, to a reasonable price.

 

(2)如果合同的價(jià)格應(yīng)由一方當(dāng)事人確定，而且此定價(jià)又明顯地不合理，則不管合同中是否有任何條款的相反規(guī)定，均應(yīng)以一個(gè)合理的價(jià)格予以替代。

(2) Where the price is to be determined by one party and that determination is manifestly unreasonable, a reasonable price shall be substituted notwithstanding any contract term to the contrary.

 

(3)如果價(jià)格應(yīng)由一個(gè)第三人來確定，而該第三人不能或不愿確定該價(jià)格，則應(yīng)采用一個(gè)合理的價(jià)格。

(3) Where the price is to be fixed by a third person, and that person cannot or will not do so, the price shall be a reasonable price.

 

(4)如果確定價(jià)格需要參照的因素不存在，或已不復(fù)存在或已不可獲得，則應(yīng)取最相似的因素作為替代。

(4) Where the price is to be fixed by reference to factors which do not exist or have ceased to exist or to be accessible, the nearest equivalent factor shall be treated as a substitute.

 

第5.1.8條 無固定期限的合同  ARTICLE 5.1.8 Contract for an indefinite period

對(duì)于一個(gè)無固定期限的合同，任何一方當(dāng)事人可通過在事先一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)出通知，終止該合同。

A contract for an indefinite period may be ended by either party by giving notice a reasonable time in advance.

 

第5.1.9條 通過協(xié)議放棄權(quán)利  ARTICLE 5.1.9 Release by agreement

(1)債權(quán)人可以通過與債務(wù)人達(dá)成協(xié)議放棄其權(quán)利。

(1) An obligee may release its right by agreement with the obligor.

(2)一項(xiàng)無償放棄權(quán)利的要約應(yīng)視為被接受，如果債務(wù)人在知曉該要約后未毫不遲延地拒絕。

(2) An offer to release a right gratuitously shall be deemed accepted if the obligor does not reject the offer without delay after having become aware of it.

 

第二節(jié) 第三方權(quán)利SECTION 2: THIRD PARTY RIGHTS

第5.2.1條 第三方受益的合同  ARTICLE 5.2.1 Contracts in favour of third parties

(1)合同當(dāng)事人(即允諾人和受諾人)可通過明示或默示協(xié)議將權(quán)利授予第三方(即受益人)。

(1) The parties(the “promisor” and the “promisee”) may confer by express or implied agreement a right on a third party(the “beneficiary”).

 

(2)受益人對(duì)允諾人權(quán)利的存在以及內(nèi)容，由當(dāng)事人之間的協(xié)議確定，并受該協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的任何條件或其他限制性規(guī)定的約束。

(2) The existence and content of the beneficiary’s right against the promisor are determined by the agreement of the parties and are subject to any conditions or other limitations under the agreement.

 

第5.2.2條 可確定的第三方  ARTICLE 5.2.2 Third party identifiable

根據(jù)合同，受益人必須能夠充分明確地加以確定，但其不必須在訂立合同時(shí)就存在。

The beneficiary must be identifiable with adequate certainty by the contract but need not be in existence at the time the contract is made.

 

第5.2.3條 排除和限制條款  ARTICLE 5.2.3  Exclusion and limitation clauses

授與受益人的權(quán)利，包括受益人援引合同中排除或限制其責(zé)任的條款的權(quán)利。

The conferment of rights in the beneficiary includes the right to invoke a clause in the contract which excludes or limits the liability of the beneficiary.

 

第5.2.4條 抗辯  ARTICLE 5.2.4 Defences

允諾人可以向受益人主張其可以向受諾人主張的所有抗辯。

The promisor may assert against the beneficiary all defences which the promisor could assert against the promisee.

 

第5.2.5條 撤銷  ARTICLE 5.2.5 Revocation

在受益人接受該權(quán)利或已依賴該權(quán)利合理行事之前，合同當(dāng)事人可以修改或者撤銷其通過合同授予受益人的權(quán)利。

The parties may modify or revoke the rights conferred by the contract on the beneficiary until the beneficiary has accepted them or reasonably acted in reliance on them.

 

第5.2.6條 放棄權(quán)利  ARTICLE 5.2.6 Renunciation

受益人可以放棄被授與的權(quán)利。

The beneficiary may renounce a right conferred on it.

 

第六章 履行CHAPTER 6 — PERFORMANCE

 

第一節(jié) 履行的一般規(guī)定SECTION 1: PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL

 

第6.1.1條 履行時(shí)間  ARTICLE 6.1.1 Time of performance

一方當(dāng)事人必須在下列時(shí)間履行其合同義務(wù):

A party must perform its obligations:

 

(a)如果合同規(guī)定了時(shí)間，或者依合同可確定時(shí)間，則為此時(shí)間;

(a) if a time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at that time;

 

(b)如果合同規(guī)定了或依合同可確定一段時(shí)間，則為此段期間內(nèi)的任何時(shí)間，除非情況表明履行時(shí)間應(yīng)由另一方當(dāng)事人選擇;

(b) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unless circumstances indicate that the other party is to choose a time;

 

(c)在其他任何情況下，則在合同訂立后的一段合理時(shí)間之內(nèi)。

(c) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract.

 

第6.1.2條 一次或分期履行  ARTICLE 6.1.2 Performance at one time or in installments

在屬于本章第6.1.1條(b)項(xiàng)或(c)項(xiàng)的情況下，如果合同義務(wù)能一次完成履行，并且情況未有另外的表明，則當(dāng)事人必須一次履行其全部合同義務(wù)。

In cases under Article 6.1.1(b) or(c), a party must perform its obligations at one time if that performance can be rendered at one time and the circumstances do not indicate otherwise.

 

第6.1.3條 部分履行  ARTICLE 6.1.3  Partial performance

(1)履行期限到來時(shí)，債權(quán)人有權(quán)拒絕任何部分履行的請(qǐng)求，無論該請(qǐng)求是否附有對(duì)未履行部分的擔(dān)保，除非債權(quán)人這樣作無合法利益;

(1) The obligee may reject an offer to perform in part at the time performance is due, whether or not such offer is coupled with an assurance as to the balance of the performance, unless the obligee has no legitimate interest in so doing.

 

(2)因部分履行給債權(quán)人帶來的額外費(fèi)用應(yīng)由債務(wù)人承擔(dān)，并且不得損害任何其他救濟(jì)。

(2) Additional expenses caused to the obligee by partial performance are to be borne by the obligor without prejudice to any other remedy.

 

第6.1.4條 履行順序  ARTICLE 6.1.4 Order of performance

(1)在合同當(dāng)事人能夠同時(shí)履行的限度內(nèi)，則雙方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)同時(shí)履行其合同義務(wù)，除非情況有相反的表示。

(1) To the extent that the performances of the parties can be rendered simultaneously, the parties are bound to render them simultaneously unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.

 

(2)在僅有一方當(dāng)事人需要在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)履行的限度內(nèi)，則該方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)先行履行其義務(wù)，除非情況有相反的表示。

(2) To the extent that the performance of only one party requires a period of time, that party is bound to render its performance first, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.

 

第6.1.5條 提前履行  ARTICLE 6.1.5 Earlier performance

(1)債權(quán)人可拒絕接受提前履行，除非債權(quán)人這樣做無合法利益。

(1) The obligee may reject an earlier performance unless it has no legitimate interest in so doing.

 

(2)一方當(dāng)事人接受提前履行并不影響其履行自己義務(wù)的時(shí)間，如果該履行時(shí)間已經(jīng)確定，而不管另一方當(dāng)事人義務(wù)的履行。

(2) Acceptance by a party of an earlier performance does not affect the time for the performance of its own obligations if that time has been fixed irrespective of the performance of the other party’s obligations.

 

(3)因提前履行給債權(quán)人帶來的額外費(fèi)用應(yīng)由債務(wù)人承擔(dān)，并且不得損害其他任何救濟(jì)。

(3) Additional expenses caused to the obligee by earlier performance are to be borne by the obligor, without prejudice to any other remedy.

 

第6.1.6條 履行地  ARTICLE 6.1.6 Place of performance

(1)如果合同中既未規(guī)定履行地，或者依據(jù)合同也無法確定履行地，則應(yīng)按下述地點(diǎn)履行:

(1) If the place of performance is neither fixed by, nor determinable from, the contract, a party is to perform:

 

(a)金錢債務(wù)，在債權(quán)人的營業(yè)地;(a) a monetary obligation, at the obligee’s place of business;

 

(b)任何其它義務(wù)，在債務(wù)人自己的營業(yè)地。

(b) any other obligation, at its own place of business.

 

(2)當(dāng)事人應(yīng)承擔(dān)在合同訂立后因其營業(yè)地的改變而給履行增加的費(fèi)用。

(2) A party must bear any increase in the expenses incidental to performance which is caused by a change in its place of business subsequent to the conclusion of the contract.

 

第6.1.7條 以支票或其他票據(jù)付款  ARTICLE 6.1.7 Payment by cheque or other instrument

(1)付款可以采用在付款地正常商業(yè)做法中所使用的任何形式做出。

(1) Payment may be made in any form used in the ordinary course of business at the place for payment.

 

(2)但是，債權(quán)人無論是根據(jù)第(1)款的規(guī)定還是自愿地接受支票、其他付款命令或付款承諾，均推定該接受是以這些票據(jù)能夠獲得支付為條件。

(2) However, an obligee who accepts, either by virtue of paragraph(1) or voluntarily, a cheque, any other order to pay or a promise to pay, is presumed to do so only on condition that it will be honoured.

 

第6.1.8條 轉(zhuǎn)賬支付  ARTICLE 6.1.8 Payment by funds transfer

(1)除非債權(quán)人已指定特定賬戶，付款可以通過將款項(xiàng)轉(zhuǎn)至債權(quán)人已告知其設(shè)有賬戶的任何金融機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行。

(1) Unless the obligee has indicated a particular account, payment may be made by a transfer to any of the financial institutions in which the obligee has made it known that it has an account.

 

(2)在采用轉(zhuǎn)賬支付的情況下，債務(wù)人的義務(wù)在款項(xiàng)有效轉(zhuǎn)至債權(quán)人的金融機(jī)構(gòu)時(shí)解除。

(2) In case of payment by a transfer the obligation of the obligor is discharged when the transfer to the obligee’s financial institution becomes effective.

 

第6.1.9條 付款貨幣   ARTICLE 6.1.9 Currency of payment

(1)如果金錢債務(wù)是以非付款地的貨幣表示的，則債務(wù)人可以用付款地之貨幣支付，除非:

(1) If a monetary obligation is expressed in a currency other than that of the place for payment, it may be paid by the obligor in the currency of the place for payment unless

 

(a)那種貨幣不能自由兌換;或者(a) that currency is not freely convertible; or

 

(b)當(dāng)事人各方約定只能以表示金錢債務(wù)的貨幣進(jìn)行支付。

(b) the parties have agreed that payment should be made only in the currency in which the monetary obligation is expressed.

 

(2)如果債務(wù)人不可能以表示金錢債務(wù)的貨幣支付，則債權(quán)人可要求以付款地的貨幣支付，即便屬第(1)款(b)項(xiàng)規(guī)定的情況亦可如此要求。

(2) If it is impossible for the obligor to make payment in the currency in which the monetary obligation is expressed, the obligee may require payment in the currency of the place for payment, even in the case referred to in paragraph(1)(b).

 

(3)以付款地的貨幣支付時(shí)，應(yīng)按照付款義務(wù)到期時(shí)付款地適用的通行匯率支付。

(3) Payment in the currency of the place for payment is to be made according to the applicable rate of exchange prevailing there when payment is due.

 

(4)但是，如果債務(wù)人在付款到期時(shí)未支付款項(xiàng)，則債權(quán)人既可要求債務(wù)人根據(jù)付款義務(wù)到期時(shí)或?qū)嶋H付款時(shí)所適用的通行匯率進(jìn)行支付。

(4) However, if the obligor has not paid at the time when payment is due, the obligee may require payment according to the applicable rate of exchange prevailing either when payment is due or at the time of actual payment.

 

第6.1.10條 未規(guī)定貨幣  ARTICLE 6.1.10 Currency not expressed

如果一項(xiàng)金錢債務(wù)未以某一具體貨幣作表示，則付款應(yīng)以付款地的貨幣進(jìn)行支付。

Where a monetary obligation is not expressed in a particular currency, payment must be made in the currency of the place where payment is to be made.

 

第6.1.11條 履行費(fèi)用  ARTICLE 6.1.11 Costs of performance

每一方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)承擔(dān)其履行義務(wù)時(shí)所發(fā)生的費(fèi)用。

Each party shall bear the costs of performance of its obligations.

 

第6.1.12條 指定清償  ARTICLE 6.1.12 Imputation of payments

(1)對(duì)同一債權(quán)人負(fù)有多項(xiàng)金錢債務(wù)的債務(wù)人，可在付款時(shí)指定該款項(xiàng)用以償還的債務(wù)。但是，該款項(xiàng)應(yīng)首先償付任何費(fèi)用，其次為應(yīng)付利息，最后為本金。

(1) An obligor owing several monetary obligations to the same obligee may specify at the time of payment the debt to which it intends the payment to be applied. However, the payment discharges first any expenses, then interest due and finally the

principal.

 

(2)如果債務(wù)人未加指定，則債權(quán)人可在獲得支付后的合理時(shí)間內(nèi)向債務(wù)人聲明該款項(xiàng)用以償還的債務(wù)，但是該項(xiàng)債務(wù)必須是到期的，并且是無爭議的。

(2) If the obligor makes no such specification, the obligee may, within a reasonable time after payment, declare to the obligor the obligation to which it imputes the payment, provided that the obligation is due and undisputed.

 

(3)如果根據(jù)第(1)款或第(2)款的規(guī)定無法確定清償對(duì)象，則付款應(yīng)按下列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一及指明的順序償還債務(wù):

(3) In the absence of imputation under paragraphs(1) or(2) payment is imputed to that obligation which satisfies one of the following criteria in the order indicated:

 

(a)到期之債務(wù)，或者首先到期之債務(wù);

(a) an obligation which is due or which is the first to fall due;

 

(b)債權(quán)人享有最少擔(dān)保之債務(wù);

(b) the obligation for which the obligee has least security;

 

(c)對(duì)債務(wù)人屬于負(fù)擔(dān)最重之債務(wù);或者

(c) the obligation which is the most burdensome for the obligor;

 

(d)最先發(fā)生之債務(wù)。(d) the obligation which has arisen first.

 

若以上標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均不適用，則按比例用以清償各項(xiàng)債務(wù)。

If none of the preceding criteria applies, payment is imputed to all the obligations proportionally.

 

第6.1.13條 非金錢債務(wù)的指定清償 

ARTICLE 6.1.13 Imputation of non-monetary obligations

本章第6.1.12條的規(guī)定經(jīng)適當(dāng)修改后適用于非金錢債務(wù)的指定履行。

Article 6.1.12 applies with appropriate adaptations to the imputation of performance of non-monetary obligations.

 

第6.1.14條 申請(qǐng)公共許可  ARTICLE 6.1.14 Application for public permission

若一國法律所要求的公共許可影響到合同的效力或其履行，并且該法律或有關(guān)情況都無其他表明，則

Where the law of a State requires a public permission affecting the validity of the contract or its performance and neither that law nor the circumstances indicate otherwise

 

(a)如果只有一方當(dāng)事人的營業(yè)地在該國，則該方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)采取必要的措施以取得該許可;

(a) if only one party has its place of business in that State, that party shall takethe measures necessary to obtain the permission;

 

(b)在任何其他情況下，履行須經(jīng)許可的那一方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)采取必要的措施。

(b) in any other case the party whose performance requires permission shall take the necessary measures.

 

第6.1.15條 申請(qǐng)?jiān)S可的程序  ARTICLE 6.1.15 Procedure in applying for permission

(1)有義務(wù)采取必要措施以取得許可的當(dāng)事人，應(yīng)毫不遲延地如此行事，并應(yīng)該承擔(dān)由此產(chǎn)生的一切費(fèi)用。

(1) The party required to take the measures necessary to obtain the permission shall do so without undue delay and shall bear any expenses incurred.

 

(2)該方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)在任何適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候，毫不遲延地向另一方當(dāng)事人發(fā)出該許可已獲批準(zhǔn)或遭到拒絕的通知。

(2) That party shall whenever appropriate give the other party notice of the grant or refusal of such permission without undue delay.

 

第6.1.16條 許可既未獲批準(zhǔn)又未遭拒絕 

ARTICLE 6.1.16 Permission neither granted nor refused

(1)盡管有義務(wù)的當(dāng)事人采取了所有必要的措施，如果在約定的期間之內(nèi)，或若無此約定，則在合同訂立后的合理時(shí)間之內(nèi)，許可申請(qǐng)既未獲得批準(zhǔn)又未遭到拒絕，則任何一方當(dāng)事人均有權(quán)終止該合同。

(1) If, notwithstanding the fact that the party responsible has taken all measures required, permission is neither granted nor refused within an agreed period or, where no period has been agreed, within a reasonable time from the conclusion of the contract, either party is entitled to terminate the contract.

 

(2)當(dāng)許可僅影響合同的某些條款時(shí)，如果維持合同的其余部分是合理的，即便許可遭到拒絕，也不適用上述第(1)款。

(2) Where the permission affects some terms only, paragraph(1) does not apply if, having regard to the circumstances, it is reasonable to uphold the remaining contract even if the permission is refused.

 

第6.1.17條 拒絕許可  ARTICLE 6.1.17 Permission refused

(1)當(dāng)拒絕許可影響合同的效力時(shí)，則該拒絕導(dǎo)致合同無效。如果拒絕許可只影響合同部分條款的效力，則僅該部分條款無效，如果考慮到各種情況維持合同的其余部分是合理的。

(1) The refusal of a permission affecting the validity of the contract renders the contract void. If the refusal affects the validity of some terms only, only such terms are void if, having regard to the circumstances, it is reasonable to uphold the remaining contract.

 

(2)當(dāng)拒絕許可導(dǎo)致合同的全部或部分履行不可能時(shí)，適用有關(guān)不履行的規(guī)定。

(2) Where the refusal of a permission renders the performance of the contract impossible in whole or in part, the rules on non-performance apply.

 

第二節(jié):艱難情形SECTION 2: HARDSHIP

第6.2.1條 合同必須遵守  ARTICLE 6.2.1 Contract to be observed

如果合同的履行使一方當(dāng)事人變得負(fù)擔(dān)加重，該方當(dāng)事人仍應(yīng)履行其義務(wù)，但屬于下列艱難情形規(guī)定的除外。

Where the performance of a contract becomes more onerous for one of the parties, that party is nevertheless bound to perform its obligations subject to the following provisions on hardship.

 

第6.2.2條 艱難情形的定義  ARTICLE 6.2.2 Definition of hardship

所謂艱難情形，是指發(fā)生的事件使得一方當(dāng)事人履約成本增加或者一方當(dāng)事人所獲履約的價(jià)值減少，因而根本改變了合同均衡，并且

There is hardship where the occurrence of events fundamentally alters the equilibrium of the contract either because the cost of a party’s performance has increased or because the value of the performance a party receives has diminished, and

 

(a)該事件的發(fā)生或?yàn)樘幱诓焕�地位的�?dāng)事人知道事件的發(fā)生在合同訂立之后;

(a) the events occur or become known to the disadvantaged party after the conclusion of the contract;

 

(b)處于不利地位的當(dāng)事人在訂立合同時(shí)不能合理地預(yù)見事件的發(fā)生;

(b) the events could not reasonably have been taken into account by the disadvantaged party at the time of the conclusion of the contract;

 

(c)事件不能為處于不利地位的當(dāng)事人所控制;而且

(c) the events are beyond the control of the disadvantaged party; and

 

(d)事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不由處于不利地位的當(dāng)事人承擔(dān)。

(d) the risk of the events was not assumed by the disadvantaged party.

 

第6.2.3條(艱難情形的后果)

ARTICLE 6.2.3(Effects of hardship)

 

(1)若出現(xiàn)艱難情形，處于不利地位的當(dāng)事人有權(quán)要求重新談判。但是，提出此要求應(yīng)毫不遲延地，而且說明提出該要求的理由。

(1) In case of hardship the disadvantaged party is entitled to request renegotiations. The request shall be made without undue delay and shall indicate the grounds on which it is based.

 

(2)重新談判的要求本身并不能使處于不利地位的當(dāng)事人有權(quán)停止履約。

(2) The request for renegotiation does not in itself entitle the disadvantaged party to withhold performance.

 

(3)在合理時(shí)間內(nèi)不能達(dá)成協(xié)議時(shí)，任何一方當(dāng)事人均可訴諸法院。

(3) Upon failure to reach agreement within a reasonable time either party may resort to the court.

 

(4)如果法院認(rèn)定存在艱難情形，只要合理，法院可以:

(4) If the court finds hardship it may, if reasonable,

 

(a)在確定的日期并按確定的條件終止合同，或者

(a) terminate the contract at a date and on terms to be fixed, or

 

(b)為恢復(fù)合同的均衡而修改合同。

(b) adapt the contract with a view to restoring its equilibrium.

 

第七章 不履行CHAPTER 7 — NON-PERFORMANCE

第一節(jié) 不履行的一般規(guī)定SECTION 1: NON-PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL

第7.1.1條 不履行的定義  ARTICLE 7.1.1 Non-performance defined

不履行是指一方當(dāng)事人未能履行其合同項(xiàng)下的任何一項(xiàng)義務(wù)，包括瑕疵履行和遲延履行。

Non-performance is failure by a party to perform any of its obligations under the contract, including defective performance or late performance.

 

第7.1.2條  另一方當(dāng)事人的干預(yù)   ARTICLE 7.1.2 Interference by the other party

一方當(dāng)事人不得依賴另一方當(dāng)事人的不履行，如果該不履行是在由前者的作為或不作為或由其承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的其他事件所致的范圍內(nèi)。

A party may not rely on the non-performance of the other party to the extent that such non-performance was caused by the first party’s act or omission or by another event as to which the first party bears the risk.

 

第7.1.3條 停止履行  ARTICLE 7.1.3 Withholding performance

(1)當(dāng)事人各方應(yīng)同時(shí)履行合同義務(wù)的，任何一方當(dāng)事人可在另一方當(dāng)事人提供履行前停止履行。

(1) Where the parties are to perform simultaneously, either party may withhold performance until the other party tenders its performance.

 

(2)當(dāng)事人各方應(yīng)相繼履行合同義務(wù)的，后履行的一方當(dāng)事人可在應(yīng)先予履行的一方當(dāng)事人完成履行之前停止履行。

(2) Where the parties are to perform consecutively, the party that is to perform later may withhold its performance until the first party has performed.

 

第7.1.4條 不履行方的補(bǔ)救  ARTICLE 7.1.4 Cure by non-performing party

(1)不履行一方當(dāng)事人可自己承擔(dān)費(fèi)用對(duì)其不履行進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救，但須符合下述條件:

(1) The non-performing party may, at its own expense, cure any nonperformance, provided that

 

(a)該方當(dāng)事人毫不遲延地通知另一方當(dāng)事人其擬進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救的方式和時(shí)間;

(a) without undue delay, it gives notice indicating the proposed manner and timing of the cure;

 

(b)該補(bǔ)救在當(dāng)時(shí)情況下是適當(dāng)?shù)?(b) cure is appropriate in the circumstances;

 

(c)受損害方對(duì)于拒絕補(bǔ)救無合法利益;并且

(c) the aggrieved party has no legitimate interest in refusing cure; and

 

(d)補(bǔ)救是立即進(jìn)行的。(d) cure is effected promptly.

 

(2)補(bǔ)救的權(quán)利并不因終止合同的通知被排除。

(2) The right to cure is not precluded by notice of termination.

 

(3)在收到有效的補(bǔ)救通知后，受損害方所享有的與不履行方的履行行為不一致的權(quán)利應(yīng)予中止，直至補(bǔ)救期限屆滿。

(3) Upon effective notice of cure, rights of the aggrieved party that are inconsistent with the non-performing party’s performance are suspended until the time for cure has expired.

 

(4)受損害方在補(bǔ)救期間有權(quán)停止履行。

(4) The aggrieved party may withhold performance pending cure.

 

(5)盡管進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救，受損害方仍保留對(duì)遲延以及因補(bǔ)救所造成的、或補(bǔ)救未能阻止的損害要求損害賠償?shù)臋?quán)利。

(5) Notwithstanding cure, the aggrieved party retains the right to claim damages for delay as well as for any harm caused or not prevented by the cure.

 

第7.1.5條 履行的額外期間  ARTICLE 7.1.5 Additional period for performance

(1)在出現(xiàn)不履行的情況下，受損害方可通知另一方當(dāng)事人，允許其有一段額外期間履行義務(wù)。

(1) In a case of non-performance the aggrieved party may by notice to the other party allow an additional period of time for performance.

 

(2)在此額外期間內(nèi)，受損害方可停止履行其對(duì)應(yīng)的義務(wù)，并且可要求損害賠償，但不得采取任何其他救濟(jì)手段。如果受損害方收到另一方當(dāng)事人在此額外期間內(nèi)將不會(huì)履行的通知，或者，在此額外期間屆滿時(shí)另一方當(dāng)事人仍未完成對(duì)其義務(wù)的履行，則受損害方可采取本章所規(guī)定的任何救濟(jì)手段。

(2) During the additional period the aggrieved party may withhold performance of its own reciprocal obligations and may claim damages but may not resort to any other remedy. If it receives notice from the other party that the latter will not perform within that period, or if upon expiry of that period due performance has not been made, the aggrieved party may resort to any of the remedies that may be available under this Chapter.

 

(3)在不屬根本性的延遲履行的情況下，如果受損害方已發(fā)出通知，給予不履行方一段合理的額外期間履行其義務(wù)，則受損害方在該段期間屆滿時(shí)可終止合同。如果所允許的額外期間的長度不合理，則應(yīng)延長至合理的長度。受損害方可在其通知中規(guī)定，如果另一方當(dāng)事人在此額外期間內(nèi)仍不履行其義務(wù)，合同應(yīng)自動(dòng)終止。

(3) Where in a case of delay in performance which is not fundamental the aggrieved party has given notice allowing an additional period of time of reasonable length, it may terminate the contract at the end of that period. If the additional period allowed is not of reasonable length it shall be extended to a reasonable length. The aggrieved party may in its notice provide that if the other party fails to perform within the period allowed by the notice the contract shall automatically terminate.

 

(4)如果未履行的義務(wù)只是不履行方合同義務(wù)中的一項(xiàng)輕微義務(wù)，則本條第(3)款不適用。

(4) Paragraph(3) does not apply where the obligation which has not been performed is only a minor part of the contractual obligation of the non-performing party.

 

第7.1.6條 免責(zé)條款  ARTICLE 7.1.6 Exemption clauses

若一項(xiàng)條款限制或排除一方當(dāng)事人對(duì)不履行合同義務(wù)的責(zé)任，或者允許一方當(dāng)事人的履行可與另一方當(dāng)事人的合理期待有實(shí)質(zhì)差異，在考慮到合同的目的的情況下，如援引該條款明顯不公平，則不得援引該條款。

A clause which limits or excludes one party’s liability for non-performance or whichpermits one party to render performance substantially different from what the other party reasonably expected may not be invoked if it would be grossly unfair to do so, having regard to the purpose of the contract.

 

第7.1.7條 不可抗力  ARTICLE 7.1.7 Force majeure

(1)若不履行的一方當(dāng)事人證明，其不履行是由于非他所能控制的障礙所致，而且在合同訂立之時(shí)該方當(dāng)事人無法合理地預(yù)見，或不能合理地避免或克服該障礙及其后果，則不履行方應(yīng)予免責(zé)。

(1) Non-performance by a party is excused if that party proves that the nonperformance was due to an impediment beyond its control and that it could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences.

 

(2)若障礙只是暫時(shí)的，則在考慮到這種障礙對(duì)合同履行影響的情況下，免責(zé)只在一段合理的期間內(nèi)具有效力。

(2) When the impediment is only temporary, the excuse shall have effect for such period as is reasonable having regard to the effect of the impediment on the performance of the contract.

 

(3)未能履行義務(wù)的一方當(dāng)事人必須將障礙及對(duì)其履約能力的影響通知另一方當(dāng)事人。若另一方當(dāng)事人在未履行方知道或應(yīng)當(dāng)知道該障礙后的一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)沒有收到通知，則未履行方應(yīng)對(duì)另一方當(dāng)事人因未收到通知而導(dǎo)致的損害負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。

(3) The party who fails to perform must give notice to the other party of the impediment and its effect on its ability to perform. If the notice is not received by the other party within a reasonable time after the party who fails to perform knew or ought to have known of the impediment, it is liable for damages resulting from such nonreceipt.

 

(4)本條并不妨礙一方當(dāng)事人行使終止合同、停止履行或?qū)Φ狡趹?yīng)付款項(xiàng)要求支付利息的權(quán)利。

(4) Nothing in this article prevents a party from exercising a right to terminate the contract or to withhold performance or request interest on money due.

 

第二節(jié) 要求履行的權(quán)利SECTION 2: RIGHT TO PERFORMANCE

第7.2.1條 金錢債務(wù)的履行  ARTICLE 7.2.1 Performance of monetary obligation

如果有義務(wù)付款的一方當(dāng)事人未履行其付款義務(wù)，則另一方當(dāng)事人可以要求付款。

Where a party who is obliged to pay money does not do so, the other party may require payment.

 

第7.2.2條 非金錢債務(wù)的履行  ARTICLE 7.2.2 Performance of non-monetary obligation

如果一方當(dāng)事人未履行其不屬支付金錢的債務(wù)，另一方當(dāng)事人可要求履行，除非:

Where a party who owes an obligation other than one to pay money does not perform, the other party may require performance, unless

 

(a)履行在法律上或事實(shí)上不可能; (a) performance is impossible in law or in fact;

 

(b)履行或相關(guān)的執(zhí)行帶來不合理的負(fù)擔(dān)或費(fèi)用;

(b) performance or, where relevant, enforcement is unreasonably burdensome or expensive;

 

(c)有權(quán)要求履行的一方當(dāng)事人可以合理地從其他渠道獲得履行;

(c) the party entitled to performance may reasonably obtain performance from another source;

 

(d)履行完全屬于人身性質(zhì);或者  (d) performance is of an exclusively personal character; or

 

(e)有權(quán)要求履行的一方當(dāng)事人在已經(jīng)知道或應(yīng)當(dāng)知道該不履行后的一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)未要求履行。

(e) the party entitled to performance does not require performance within a reasonable time after it has, or ought to have, become aware of the non-performance.

 

第7.2.3條 對(duì)瑕疵履行的修補(bǔ)和替換

ARTICLE 7.2.3 Repair and replacement of defective performance

要求履行的權(quán)利，在適當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下，包括對(duì)瑕疵履行要求修補(bǔ)、替換或其他補(bǔ)救的權(quán)利。這里也適用第7.2.1條和第7.2.2條的規(guī)定。

The right to performance includes in appropriate cases the right to require repair, replacement, or other cure of defective performance. The provisions of Articles 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 apply accordingly.

 

第7.2.4條 法院判決的罰金   ARTICLE 7.2.4 Judicial penalty

(1)當(dāng)法院判決一方當(dāng)事人履行義務(wù)時(shí)，若該方當(dāng)事人不執(zhí)行該判決，法院還可責(zé)令其支付罰金。

(1) Where the court orders a party to perform, it may also direct that this party pay a penalty if it does not comply with the order.

 

(2)罰金應(yīng)支付給受損害方，除非法院地的強(qiáng)制性法規(guī)另有規(guī)定，向受損害方支付罰金并不排除其任何要求損害賠償?shù)闹鲝垯?quán)。

(2) The penalty shall be paid to the aggrieved party unless mandatory provisions of the law of the forum provide otherwise. Payment of the penalty to the aggrieved party does not exclude any claim for damages.

 

第7.2.5條 救濟(jì)的變更  ARTICLE 7.2.5 Change of remedy

(1)要求履行非金錢債務(wù)的受損害方，在規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)或若無此規(guī)定在一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)，未獲得履行，則該方當(dāng)事人可訴諸任何其他的救濟(jì)手段。

(1) An aggrieved party who has required performance of a non-monetary obligation and who has not received performance within a period fixed or otherwise within a reasonable period of time may invoke any other remedy.

 

(2)當(dāng)對(duì)于履行非金錢債務(wù)的法院判決不能得到執(zhí)行時(shí)，受損害方可訴諸任何其他的救濟(jì)手段。

(2) Where the decision of a court for performance of a non-monetary obligation cannot be enforced, the aggrieved party may invoke any other remedy.

 

第三節(jié) 合同的終止SECTION 3: TERMINATION

第7.3.1條 終止合同的權(quán)利  ARTICLE 7.3.1 Right to terminate the contract

(1)合同一方當(dāng)事人可終止合同，如果另一方當(dāng)事人未履行其合同項(xiàng)下的某項(xiàng)義務(wù)構(gòu)成對(duì)合同的根本不履行。

(1) A party may terminate the contract where the failure of the other party to perform an obligation under the contract amounts to a fundamental non-performance.

 

(2)在確定不履行某項(xiàng)義務(wù)是否構(gòu)成根本不履行時(shí)，應(yīng)特別考慮是否存在以下情況:

(2) In determining whether a failure to perform an obligation amounts to a fundamental non-performance regard shall be had, in particular, to whether

 

(a)不履行從實(shí)質(zhì)上剝奪了受損害方根據(jù)合同有權(quán)期待的利益，除非另一方當(dāng)事人并未預(yù)見也不可能合理地預(yù)見到此結(jié)果;

(a) the non-performance substantially deprives the aggrieved party of what it was entitled to expect under the contract unless the other party did not foresee and could not reasonably have foreseen such result;

 

(b)對(duì)未履行義務(wù)的嚴(yán)格遵守是合同項(xiàng)下的實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容;

(b) strict compliance with the obligation which has not been performed is of essence under the contract;

 

(c)不履行是有意所致還是疏忽所致;  (c) the non-performance is intentional or reckless;

 

(d)不履行使受損害方有理由相信，他不能信賴另一方當(dāng)事人的未來履行;

(d) the non-performance gives the aggrieved party reason to believe that it cannot rely on the other party’s future performance;

 

(e)若合同被終止，不履行方將因已準(zhǔn)備或已履行而蒙受不相稱的損失。

(e) the non-performing party will suffer disproportionate loss as a result of the preparation or performance if the contract is terminated.

 

(3)在遲延履行的情況下，如果另一方當(dāng)事人未在第7.1.5條允許的額外期間屆滿前履行合同，受損害方亦可終止合同。

(3) In the case of delay the aggrieved party may also terminate the contract if the other party fails to perform before the time allowed it under Article 7.1.5 has expired.

 

第7.3.2條 終止通知  ARTICLE 7.3.2 Notice of termination

(1)一方當(dāng)事人終止合同的權(quán)利通過向另一方當(dāng)事人發(fā)出通知來行使。

(1) The right of a party to terminate the contract is exercised by notice to the other party.

 

(2)若屬遲延履行或履行與合同不符，受損害方將喪失終止合同的權(quán)利，除非他在已經(jīng)知道或理應(yīng)知道遲延履行或不符履行后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)通知另一方當(dāng)事人。

(2) If performance has been offered late or otherwise does not conform to the contract the aggrieved party will lose its right to terminate the contract unless it gives notice to the other party within a reasonable time after it has or ought to have become aware of the offer or of the non-conforming performance.

 

第7.3.3條 預(yù)期不履行  ARTICLE 7.3.3 Anticipatory non-performance

如果在一方當(dāng)事人履行合同日期之前，情況表明該方當(dāng)事人將根本不履行其合同義務(wù)，則另一方當(dāng)事人可終止合同。

Where prior to the date for performance by one of the parties it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance by that party, the other party may terminate the contract.

 

第7.3.4條 如約履行的充分保證  ARTICLE 7.3.4 Adequate assurance of due performance

一方當(dāng)事人如果有理由相信另一方當(dāng)事人將根本不履行，可要求其對(duì)如約履行提供充分保證，并可同時(shí)停止履行其自己的合同義務(wù)。若在合理時(shí)間內(nèi)不能提供這種保證，則要求提供保證的一方當(dāng)事人可終止合同。

A party who reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental non-performance by the other party may demand adequate assurance of due performance and may meanwhile withhold its own performance. Where this assurance is not provided within a reasonable time the party demanding it may terminate the contract.

 

第7.3.5條 終止合同的一般效果   ARTICLE 7.3.5 Effects of termination in general

(1)合同的終止解除雙方當(dāng)事人履行和接受未來履行的義務(wù)。

(1) Termination of the contract releases both parties from their obligation to effect and to receive future performance.

 

(2)終止并不排除對(duì)不履行要求損害賠償?shù)臋?quán)利。

(2) Termination does not preclude a claim for damages for non-performance.

 

(3)終止并不影響合同中關(guān)于解決爭議的任何規(guī)定，或者甚至在合同終止后仍應(yīng)執(zhí)行的其他合同條款。

(3) Termination does not affect any provision in the contract for the settlement of disputes or any other term of the contract which is to operate even after termination.

 

第7.3.6條 恢復(fù)原狀  ARTICLE 7.3.6 Restitution

(1)終止合同時(shí)，任何一方當(dāng)事人可主張返還他所提供的一切，但是要以該方同時(shí)亦返還他所收到的一切為條件。如果實(shí)物返還不可能或不適當(dāng)，只要合理，應(yīng)以金錢予以補(bǔ)償。

(1) On termination of the contract either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied, provided that such party concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received. If restitution in kind is not possible or appropriate allowance should be made in money whenever reasonable.

 

(2)但是若合同的履行已持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間，并且合同是可分割的，則只能對(duì)合同終止生效后的那段期間的履行請(qǐng)求此類恢復(fù)原狀。

(2) However, if performance of the contract has extended over a period of time and the contract is divisible, such restitution can only be claimed for the period after termination has taken effect.

 

第四節(jié) 損害賠償SECTION 4: DAMAGES

第7.4.1條 損害賠償?shù)臋?quán)利 ARTICLE 7.4.1 Right to damages

任何不履行均使受損害方取得損害賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)，該權(quán)利既可以單獨(dú)行使，也可以和任何其他救濟(jì)手段一并行使，但該不履行根據(jù)本通則屬可以免責(zé)的除外。

Any non-performance gives the aggrieved party a right to damages either exclusively or in conjunction with any other

remedies except where the non-performance is excused under these Principles.

 

第7.4.2條 賠償  ARTICLE 7.4.2 Full compensation

(1)受損害方對(duì)由于不履行而遭受的損害有權(quán)得到完全賠償。該損害既包括該方當(dāng)事人遭受的任何損失，也包括其被剝奪的任何收益，但應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮到受損害方因避免發(fā)生的成本或損害而得到的任何收益。

(1) The aggrieved party is entitled to full compensation for harm sustained as a result of the non-performance. Such harm includes both any loss which it suffered and any gain of which it was deprived, taking into account any gain to the aggrieved party resulting from its avoidance of cost or harm.

 

(2)此損害可以是非金錢性質(zhì)的，并且包括例如肉體或精神上的痛苦。

(2) Such harm may be non-pecuniary and includes, for instance, physical suffering or emotional distress.

 

第7.4.3條 損害的確定  ARTICLE 7.4.3 Certainty of harm

(1)賠償僅適用于根據(jù)合理的確定性程度而證實(shí)的損害，包括未來損害。

(1) Compensation is due only for harm, including future harm, that is established with a reasonable degree of certainty.

 

(2)對(duì)機(jī)會(huì)損失的賠償可根據(jù)機(jī)會(huì)發(fā)生的可能性程度來確定。

(2) Compensation may be due for the loss of a chance in proportion to the probability of its occurrence.

 

(3)凡不能以充分確定性程度來確定損害賠償?shù)慕痤~，賠償金額的確定取決于法院的自由裁量權(quán)。

(3) Where the amount of damages cannot be established with a sufficient degree of certainty, the assessment is at the discretion of the court.

 

第7.4.4條 損害的可預(yù)見性  ARTICLE 7.4.4 Foreseeability of harm

不履行方僅對(duì)在訂立合同時(shí)他已經(jīng)預(yù)見到的或應(yīng)當(dāng)合理預(yù)見到的、因其不履行可能產(chǎn)生的損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

The non-performing party is liable only for harm which it foresaw or could reasonably have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract as being likely to result from its non-performance.

 

第7.4.5條 存在替代交易情況時(shí)的損害證明 

ARTICLE 7.4.5 Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction

在受損害方已終止合同并在合理時(shí)間內(nèi)以合理方式進(jìn)行了替代交易的情況下，該方當(dāng)事人可對(duì)原合同價(jià)格與替代交易價(jià)格之間的差額以及任何進(jìn)一步的損害要求賠償。

Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has made a replacement transaction within a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price of the replacement transaction as well as damages for any further harm.

 

第7.4.6條 依時(shí)價(jià)確定損害的證明   ARTICLE 7.4.6  Proof of harm by current price

(1)在受損害方已終止合同但未進(jìn)行替代交易的情況下，如果對(duì)于合同約定的履行存在時(shí)價(jià)，則該方當(dāng)事人可對(duì)合同價(jià)格與合同終止時(shí)的時(shí)價(jià)之間的差額以及任何進(jìn)一步的損害要求賠償。

(1) Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has not made a replacement transaction but there is a current price for the performance contracted for, it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price current at the time the contract is terminated as well as damages for any further harm.

 

(2)時(shí)價(jià)是指在合同應(yīng)當(dāng)履行的地點(diǎn)，對(duì)應(yīng)交付之貨物或應(yīng)提供之服務(wù)在可比情況下通常所收取的價(jià)格，或者如果該地?zé)o時(shí)價(jià)，時(shí)價(jià)為可合理參照的另一地的時(shí)價(jià)。

(2) Current price is the price generally charged for goods delivered or services rendered in comparable circumstances at the place where the contract should have been performed or, if there is no current price at that place, the current price at such other place that appears reasonable to take as a reference.

 

第7.4.7條 部分歸咎于受損害方的損害  ARTICLE 7.4.7 Harm due in part to aggrieved party

如果損害部分歸咎于受損害方的作為或不作為，或是由該方當(dāng)事人承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的其他事件所導(dǎo)致，在考慮到各方當(dāng)事人行為的情況下，損害賠償金額應(yīng)扣除因上述因素導(dǎo)致的損害部分。

Where the harm is due in part to an act or omission of the aggrieved party or to another event as to which that party bears the risk, the amount of damages shall be reduced to the extent that these factors have contributed to the harm, having regard to the conduct of each of the parties.

 

第7.4.8條 損害的減輕  ARTICLE 7.4.8 Mitigation of harm

(1)不履行方對(duì)于受損害方所蒙受的本來可以通過其采取合理措施減少的那部分損害，不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

(1) The non-performing party is not liable for harm suffered by the aggrieved party to the extent that the harm could have been reduced by the latter party’s taking reasonable steps.

 

(2)受損害方有權(quán)對(duì)試圖減少損害而發(fā)生的一切合理費(fèi)用要求補(bǔ)償。

(2) The aggrieved party is entitled to recover any expenses reasonably incurred in attempting to reduce the harm.

 

第7.4.9條 未付金錢債務(wù)的利息  ARTICLE 7.4.9 Interest for failure to pay money

(1)如果一方當(dāng)事人未支付一筆到期的金錢債務(wù)，受損害方有權(quán)要求支付自該筆債務(wù)到期時(shí)起至支付時(shí)止的利息，而不管該不付款是否可被免責(zé)。

(1) If a party does not pay a sum of money when it falls due the aggrieved party is entitled to interest upon that sum from the time when payment is due to the time of payment whether or not the non-payment is excused.

 

(2)利率應(yīng)為付款地銀行對(duì)主要借款人借貸支付貨幣的短期平均貸款通行利率。若該地?zé)o此利率，則為支付貨幣國家的此種利率。當(dāng)上述兩地均無此利率時(shí)，應(yīng)為支付貨幣國法律規(guī)定的適當(dāng)利率。

(2) The rate of interest shall be the average bank short-term lending rate to prime borrowers prevailing for the currency of payment at the place for payment, or where no such rate exists at that place, then the same rate in the State of the currency of payment. In the absence of such a rate at either place the rate of interest shall be the appropriate rate fixed by the law of the State of the currency of payment.

 

(3)受損害方有權(quán)對(duì)不付款給其造成的更大的損害要求額外的損害賠償。

(3) The aggrieved party is entitled to additional damages if the non-payment caused it a greater harm.

 

第7.4.10條 損害賠償?shù)睦��?nbsp; ARTICLE 7.4.10 Interest on damages

除非另有約定，對(duì)非金錢債務(wù)不履行的損害賠償?shù)睦�息自不履行之時(shí)起算。

Unless otherwise agreed, interest on damages for non-performance of non-monetary obligations accrues as from the time of non-performance.

 

第7.4.11條 金錢賠償?shù)姆绞?nbsp; ARTICLE 7.4.11 Manner of monetary redress

(1)損害賠償應(yīng)一次付清。但是，當(dāng)損害的性質(zhì)適于分期付款償付時(shí)，也可分期償付。

(1) Damages are to be paid in a lump sum. However, they may be payable in instalments where the nature of the harm makes this appropriate.

(2)分期支付損害賠償金時(shí)，可以按指數(shù)調(diào)整。

(2) Damages to be paid in instalments may be indexed.

 

第7.4.12條 估算損害賠償金的貨幣  ARTICLE 7.4.12 Currency in which to assess damages

損害賠償金既可以用表示金錢債務(wù)的貨幣確定，也可以用遭受損害的貨幣確定，以兩者中最為適當(dāng)?shù)呢泿艦闇?zhǔn)。

Damages are to be assessed either in the currency in which the monetary obligation was expressed or in the currency in which the harm was suffered, whichever is more appropriate.

 

第7.4.13條 對(duì)不履行所約定的付款  ARTICLE 7.4.13 Agreed payment for non-performance

(1)如果合同規(guī)定不履行方應(yīng)支付受損害方一筆約定的金額，則受損害方有權(quán)獲得該筆金額，而不管其實(shí)際損害如何。

(1) Where the contract provides that a party who does not perform is to pay a specified sum to the aggrieved party for such non-performance, the aggrieved party is entitled to that sum irrespective of its actual harm.

 

(2)但是，如果約定金額嚴(yán)重超過因不履行以及其他情況導(dǎo)致的損害，則可將該約定金額減少至一個(gè)合理的數(shù)目，而不考慮任何與此相反的約定。

(2) However, notwithstanding any agreement to the contrary the specified sum may be reduced to a reasonable amount where it is grossly excessive in relation to the harm resulting from the non-performance and to the other circumstances.
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