§313. GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS政府合同
(1) the rules stated in this chapter apply to contracts with a government or governmental agency except to the extent that application would contravene the policy of the law authorizing the contract or prescribing remedies for its breach
(2) In particular, a promisor who contracts with a government or government al agency to do an act for render a service to the public is not subject to contractual liability to a member of the public for consequential damages resulting from performance or failure to perform unless
(a) the terms of the promise provide for such liability; or
(b) the promisee is subject to liability to the member of the public for the dam ages and a direct action against the promisor is consistent with the terms of t he contract and with the policy of the law authorizing the contract and prescribing remedies for its breach.
(1) 本章的規(guī)定適用于與政府締結(jié)的合同或與政府的代理人締結(jié)的合同，但是在適用時(shí)不得違反法律有關(guān)授權(quán)訂立合同或違約救濟(jì)的規(guī)定。
(2) 在特殊情況下，為向公眾提供服務(wù)而與政府或政府的代理人訂立合同的允諾人并不就履行或不履行而導(dǎo)致的直接損害向公眾之一承擔(dān)合同責(zé)任，除非
(a) 允諾中規(guī)定了其應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)合同責(zé)任；或
(b) 受允諾人就這些損害向該公民承擔(dān)合同責(zé)任，并且對(duì)該允諾人直接提起訴訟符合合同約定，也符合法律有關(guān)授權(quán)訂立合同或違約救濟(jì)的規(guī)定。
 
§314. SURETYSHIP DEFENSES受允諾人以存在保證責(zé)任而為抗辯
 
An indeed beneficiary who has an enforceable claim against the promisee is affected by the incidents of the suretyship of the promisee from the time he has knowledge of it.
如果對(duì)受允諾人義務(wù)存在保證責(zé)任，則真正的受益人得知保證責(zé)任存在之日起，其強(qiáng)制受允諾人履行義務(wù)的請(qǐng)求權(quán)受到限制。
 
  §315. EFFET OF A PROMISE OF INCIDENTAL BENEFIT允諾對(duì)意外受益人的效力
 
An incidental beneficiary acquires by virtue of the promise no right against the promisor or the promisee.
 意外受益人不得依據(jù)允諾獲得對(duì)允諾人或受允諾人的權(quán)利。
 
CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON
第十五章  合同權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓與合同義務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)托
 
§316. SCOPE OF THIS CHAPTER本章的規(guī)定所適用的范圍
(1) In this chapter, references to assignment of a right or delegation of a duty or condition, to the obligee or obligor of an assigned right or delegated duty, or to an assignor or assignee, are limited to rights, duties, and conditions arising under a contract or for breach of a contract.
(2) The statement in this Chapter are qualified in some respects by statutory and other rules governing negotiable instruments and documents, relating to interests in land, and affecting other classes of contracts.
(1) 在本章中，有關(guān)權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓或義務(wù)或約因的委托，已轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利或已委托義務(wù)的債權(quán)人或債務(wù)人，轉(zhuǎn)讓人或受讓人應(yīng)受合同所規(guī)定的權(quán)利、義務(wù)以及條件或 者違約的限制。
(2) 本章的規(guī)定在某些方面是受有關(guān)可轉(zhuǎn)讓票據(jù)和信用證、土地利益以及其他類型合同的法令或其他規(guī)則的限制。
 
TOPIC 1. WHAT CAN BE ASSIGNED OR DELEGATED
主題一  什么權(quán)利可以被轉(zhuǎn)讓或義務(wù)可以被轉(zhuǎn)托
 
§317. ASSIGNMENT OF A RIGHT權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓
(1) An assignment of right is a manifestation of the assignor’s intention to transfer it by virtue of which the assignor’s rights to performance by the obligor i s extinguished in whole or in part and the assignee acquires a right to such performance.
(2) A contract right can be assigned unless
 (a) the substitution of a right of the assignee for the right of the assignor would materially change the duty of the obligor, or materially increase the burden or risk imposed on him by his contract, or materially impair his chance of obtaining return performance, or materially reduce its value to him,. Or
(b) the assignment is forbidden by statute or is otherwise inoperative on grounds of public policy, or
(c) assignment is validly precluded by contract.
 (1) 轉(zhuǎn)讓合同權(quán)利就是轉(zhuǎn)讓人將其享有的對(duì)債務(wù)人履行行為的權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓給他人，由此轉(zhuǎn)讓人享有的轉(zhuǎn)讓合同的權(quán)利全部或部分地消滅，受讓人獲得了對(duì)債務(wù)人履行行為的權(quán)利。
(2) 合同權(quán)利在下列情況下不可轉(zhuǎn)讓：
(a) 轉(zhuǎn)讓可能會(huì)實(shí)質(zhì)性地改變債務(wù)人的義務(wù)，或者實(shí)質(zhì)性地增加了債務(wù)人的負(fù)擔(dān)或風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，或者實(shí)質(zhì)性地?fù)p害了債務(wù)人獲得相應(yīng)履行的機(jī)會(huì)，或者實(shí)質(zhì)性地減少了合同的價(jià)金，或
(b) 法令禁止轉(zhuǎn)讓合同權(quán)利或者依照公共政策，轉(zhuǎn)讓在其他方面是無(wú)效的，或
(c) 合同中包含了禁止轉(zhuǎn)讓的條款。
 
§318. DELETATION OF PERFORMANCE OF DUTY義務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)托
 
(1) An obligor can properly delegate the performance of his duty to another unless the delegation is contrary to public policy or the terms of his promise.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed, a promise requires performance by a particular person only to the extent that the obligee has a substantial interest in having that person perform or control the acts promised.
(3) Unless the obligee agrees otherwise, neither delegation of performance nor a contract to assume the duty made with the obligor by the person delegate d discharge any duty or liability of the delegating obligor.
(1) 債務(wù)人可以適當(dāng)?shù)貙⑵渌�承�?dān)的履行義務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)托給他人，除非轉(zhuǎn)托行為是違反公共政策或是違反允諾的條款。
(2) 除非雙方當(dāng)事人另有約定，只有在債權(quán)人在讓原有的債務(wù)人履行該義務(wù)方面擁有實(shí)質(zhì)性利益時(shí)，才必須由原債務(wù)人履行合同。
(3) 除非債權(quán)人有相反的意思表示，不僅義務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)托，而且被轉(zhuǎn)托人與債務(wù)人締結(jié)的承擔(dān)義務(wù)的合同并不解除作出轉(zhuǎn)托的債務(wù)人一方的任何義務(wù)或責(zé)任。
 
 §319. DELEGATION OF PERFORMCE OF CONDITION. 義務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)托條件
 
(1) Where a performance by a person is made a condition of a duty, performance by a person delegated by him satisfies that requirement unless the delegation is contrary to public policy or the terms of the agreement.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed, an agreement requires performance of aconditi on by a particular person only to the extent that the obligor has a substantial interest in having that person perform or control the acts required.
(1) 如果某一個(gè)人的履行行為是合同義務(wù)履行的條件之一，則除非轉(zhuǎn)托行為違反公共利益或違反合同約定，否則他人就該人所轉(zhuǎn)托義務(wù)的履行即為條件的成就。
(2) 除非當(dāng)事人另約定，只有在債務(wù)人在讓原有的債權(quán)人履行該義務(wù)方面擁有實(shí)質(zhì)性利益時(shí)，才必須由原有的債權(quán)人履行合同。
 
§320. ASSIGNMENT OF CONDITIONAL RIGHTS附條件權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓
 
The fact that a right is created by an option contract or is conditional on the performance of a return promise or is otherwise conditional does not prevent it s assignment before the condition occurs.
如果某一合同權(quán)利是基于選擇權(quán)合同而享有的，或者是相應(yīng)履行承諾的條件或 者是附有其他條件，則在條件成就之前，該權(quán)利是可以被轉(zhuǎn)讓的。
 
§321. ASSIGNMENT OF FUTURE RIGHTS未來(lái)權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓
 
(1) Except as otherwise provided by statute, an assignment of a right to payment expected to arise out of an existing employment or other continuing business relationship is effective in the same way as an assignment of an existing right.
(2) Except as otherwise provided by statute and as stated in subsection (1), a purported assignment of a right expected to arise under a contract not in existence operates only as a promise to assign the right when it arises and as a power to enforce it.
(1) 除了法令另有規(guī)定外，如果權(quán)利人轉(zhuǎn)讓其基于現(xiàn)有的雇傭關(guān)系或其他持續(xù)的商業(yè)關(guān)系而期望在將來(lái)獲得支付的權(quán)利，則該轉(zhuǎn)讓行為與轉(zhuǎn)讓現(xiàn)有權(quán)利的行 為一樣有效。
(2) 除了法令另有規(guī)定和(1) 小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，轉(zhuǎn)讓現(xiàn)在并不存在但是期望在將來(lái) 產(chǎn)生的合同權(quán)利的主張，在該權(quán)利產(chǎn)生時(shí)只能是相當(dāng)于轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利的允諾和執(zhí)行該允諾的一種權(quán)力。
 
§322. CONTRACTUAL PROHIBITION OF ASSIGNMENT合同條款對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)讓的禁止
 
(1) Unless the circumstances indicate the contrary, a contract term prohibiting assignment of “the contract” bars only the delegation to an assignee of the performance by the assignor of a duty or condition.
(2) A contract term prohibiting assignment of rights under the contract, unless a different intention is manifested,
(a) does not forbid assignment of rights to damages for breach of the whole contract or a right arising out of the assignor’s due performance of his entire obligation;
(b) gives the obligor a right to damages for breach of the terms forbidding as signment but does not render the assignment ineffective;
(c) is for the benefit of the obligor, and does not prevent the assignee from acquiring rights against the assignor or the obligor from discharging his duty as i f there were no such prohibition.
(1) 除非有相反的情形出現(xiàn)，禁止轉(zhuǎn)讓的合同條款只是禁止轉(zhuǎn)讓人向受讓人轉(zhuǎn)托義務(wù)的履行。
(2) 除非有不同的意思表示，禁止轉(zhuǎn)讓的合同條款
(a) 并不禁止當(dāng)事人轉(zhuǎn)讓因完全違約獲得的損害賠償?shù)臋?quán)利或者是因轉(zhuǎn)讓人全部義務(wù)履行已到期而產(chǎn)生的權(quán)利；
(b) 賦予債務(wù)人因?qū)Ψ疆?dāng)事人違反禁止轉(zhuǎn)讓條款而獲得的損害賠償權(quán)，但是并不會(huì)使該轉(zhuǎn)讓行為無(wú)效；
 (c) 是為保護(hù)債務(wù)人的利益，并且也不阻止受讓人獲得針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)讓人行使的權(quán)利或阻止債務(wù)人解除其合同義務(wù)，就好象合同并沒(méi)有作出這些禁止一樣。
 
§323.OBLIGOR’S ASSENT TO ASSIGNMENT OF DELEGATION
債務(wù)人同意轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利或轉(zhuǎn)托義務(wù)
 
(1) A term of a contract manifesting an obligor’s assent to the future assignment of a right or an obligee’s assent to the future delegation of the performance of a duty or condition is effective despite any subsequent objection.
(2) A manifestation of such assent after the formation of a contract is similarly effective if made for consideration or in circumstances in which a promise would be binding without consideration, or if a material change of position takes p lace in reliance on the manifestation.
(1) 如果合同中有條款表明債務(wù)人同意轉(zhuǎn)讓將來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利或債權(quán)人同意將來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)托義務(wù)，則盡管債務(wù)人或債權(quán)人事后會(huì)提出反對(duì)，該條款有效。
(2) 如果上述債務(wù)人或債權(quán)人同意的意思表示是為獲得約因、或者是無(wú)約因之允諾具有約束力的情況下作出的、或者如果當(dāng)事人基于對(duì)該意思表示的信賴而實(shí)質(zhì) 性地變更了其主張，則在合同成立之后，該意思表示也同樣有效。
 
TOPIC 2. MODE OF ASSIGNMENT OR DELEGATION
主題二  權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓或義務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)托的方式
 
§324. MODE OF ASSIGNMENT IN GENERAL轉(zhuǎn)讓的一般方式
 
It is essential to an assignment of a right that the obligee manifest an intention to transfer the right to another person without further action or manifestation of intention by the obligee. The manifestation may be made to the other or to a third person on his behalf and, except as provided by statute or by contra ct, may be made either orally or by a writing.
債權(quán)人在沒(méi)有進(jìn)一步的行為或意思表示的情況下作出向他人轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利的意思表示對(duì)權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓至關(guān)重要。該意思表示可以由他人代表債權(quán)人向?qū)Ψ疆?dāng)事人或第三人作出。除了法令的規(guī)定或合同的約定外，該意思表示可以采用口頭或書(shū)面方式作出。
 
  §325. ORDER AS ASSIGNMENT轉(zhuǎn)讓單證
(1) A written order drawn upon an obligor and signed and delivered to another person by the obligee is an assignment of it is conditional on the existence o f a duty of the drawee to the drawer to comply with the order and the drawer manifests an intention that a person other than the drawer is to retain the per formance.
(2) An order which directs the drawer to render a performance without reference to any duty of the draw is not of itself an assignment, even though the drawee is under a duty to the drawer to comply with the order and even though the order indicated a particular account to be debited or any other fund or source from which reimbursement is expected.
(1) 債權(quán)人對(duì)債務(wù)人而開(kāi)立的書(shū)面單據(jù)經(jīng)簽署后交付給他人即為轉(zhuǎn)讓，該轉(zhuǎn)讓以付款人依據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)讓單證向出票人負(fù)有支付義務(wù)的存在為條件的，并且出票人作出意思表示除出票人之外的人仍然應(yīng)為履行行為。
(2) 如果轉(zhuǎn)讓單證指定出票人作出與開(kāi)立單證義務(wù)無(wú)關(guān)的履行行為，則該單證本身并不代表轉(zhuǎn)讓行為，盡管付款人依照該單證對(duì)出票人承擔(dān)責(zé)任，并且盡管 該單證指出了將要記入貸方的特殊帳目或打算用于償付的任何其他資金。
 
 §326.PARTIAL ASSINMENT部分轉(zhuǎn)讓
 
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), an assignment of a part of a right, whether the part is specified as a fraction, as an amount, or otherwise, is operative as to that part to the same extent and in the same manner as of the part ha d been a separate right.
(2) If the obligor has not contracted to perform separately the assigned part of a right, no legal proceeding can be maintained by the assignor or assignee against the obligor over his objection, unless all the persons entitled to the promised performance are joined in the proceeding, or unless joined is not feasible and it is equitable to proceed without joinder.
(1) 除了(2)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，不管是點(diǎn)、數(shù)還是其他形式的部分權(quán)利，在與獨(dú)立權(quán)利相同的范圍內(nèi)，以與獨(dú)立權(quán)利相同的方式對(duì)該部分權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓對(duì)該部分權(quán)利 而言是有效的。
(2) 如果債務(wù)人沒(méi)有訂立合同以單獨(dú)履行被轉(zhuǎn)讓的部分權(quán)利，則法院不得支持轉(zhuǎn)讓人或受讓人對(duì)提出反對(duì)意見(jiàn)的債務(wù)人提起的訴訟，除非所有對(duì)該履行行為 享有權(quán)利的人聯(lián)合起來(lái)起訴，或者除非聯(lián)合起訴并不可行，并且不提起聯(lián)合訴 訟會(huì)導(dǎo)致不公平的結(jié)果。
 
§327. ACCEPTANCE OR DISCLAIMER BY THE ASSIGNEE
受讓人的接受或放棄
 
(1) A manifestation of assent by an assignee to the assignment is essential to make it effective unless
(a) a third person gives consideration for the assignment, or
(b) the assignment is irrevocable by virtue of the delivery of a writing to a third person,
(2) An assignee who has not manifested assent to an assignment may, within a reasonable time after learning of its existence and terms, render it inoperative from the beginning by disclaimer.
(1) 如果受讓人對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)讓行為作出同意的意思表示，則該轉(zhuǎn)讓行為有效，除非
(a) 第三人對(duì)該轉(zhuǎn)讓行為支付了對(duì)價(jià)，或
(b) 轉(zhuǎn)讓文書(shū)一經(jīng)交付給第三人即不可撤消。
(2) 受讓人如果在得知轉(zhuǎn)讓行為存在和轉(zhuǎn)讓條款之后的合理期間，如果沒(méi)有作 出同意轉(zhuǎn)讓的意思表示，則該受讓人可以以棄權(quán)表示該轉(zhuǎn)讓行為自始無(wú)效。
 
  §328. INTERPRETATION OF WORDS OF ASSIGNMENT; EFFECT OF ACEPTANCE OF ASSIGNMENT
轉(zhuǎn)讓文字的解釋；接受轉(zhuǎn)讓的法律后果
 
(1) Unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary, as in an a ssignment for security, an assignment of “the contract” or of “all my rights under the contract” or an assignment in similar general terms is an assignment of the assignor’s rights and a delegation of his unperformed duties under the contract.
(2) Unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary, the acceptance by an assignee operates as a promise to the assignor to perform the assignor’s unperformed duties, and the obligor of the assigned rights is an intend ed beneficiary of the promise.
(1) 除非合同語(yǔ)言或當(dāng)時(shí)的情況表明了相反的意思，在為擔(dān)保而進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)讓的文書(shū)中，含有“合同的轉(zhuǎn)讓”或“合同項(xiàng)下我所有的權(quán)利”或使用類似通用術(shù)語(yǔ) 表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)讓書(shū)所轉(zhuǎn)讓的是轉(zhuǎn)讓人享有的合同權(quán)利，轉(zhuǎn)托的是轉(zhuǎn)讓人未履行的合 同義務(wù)。
 (2) 除非合同語(yǔ)言或當(dāng)時(shí)的情況表明了相反的意思，如果受讓人接受了轉(zhuǎn)讓行為，則表明受讓人向轉(zhuǎn)讓人允諾履行轉(zhuǎn)讓人未履行的義務(wù)，并且被轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利的 義務(wù)人成為了該允諾的意向中的受益人。
 
§329. REPUDIATION BY ASSIGNOR AND NOVATION WITH ASSIGNEE
轉(zhuǎn)讓人的毀棄行為以及與受讓人義務(wù)的更新
 
(1) The legal effect of a repudiation by an assignor of his duty to the obligor o f the assigned right is not limited by the fact that the assignee is a competent and has promised to perform the duty.
(2) If the obligor, with knowledge of such a repudiation, accepts any performance from the assignee without reserving his rights against the assignor, a novation arises by which the duty of the assignor is discharged and a similar duty of the assignee is substituted.
(1) 如果受讓人有能力并且允諾履行轉(zhuǎn)讓人的義務(wù)，轉(zhuǎn)讓人仍然可以毀棄其對(duì)于被轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利的義務(wù)人所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)。
(2) 如果債務(wù)人明知?dú)�棄事�?shí)存在，并且在沒(méi)有保留其對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)讓人所享有的權(quán)利的情況下，接受了受讓人的履行行為，則轉(zhuǎn)讓人的義務(wù)被解除，受讓人的類似 義務(wù)被取代。
 
§330. CONTRACTS OF ASSIGN IN THE FUTURE, OR TO TRANSGER PROCEED S TO BE RECEIVED.
有關(guān)將來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)讓的合同或?qū)��?lái)轉(zhuǎn)讓已經(jīng)獲得的收益
 
(1) A contract to make a future assignment of a right, or to transfer proceeds to be received in the future by the promisor, is not an assignment.
(2) Except as provided by statute, the effect of such a contract on the rights and duties of the obligor and third persons is determined by the rules relating t o specific performance of contracts.
(1) 如果合同約定在將來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)讓某個(gè)權(quán)利或約定轉(zhuǎn)讓允諾人在將來(lái)獲得的收益， 則此合同并不屬于轉(zhuǎn)讓合同。
 (2) 除了法令的規(guī)定外，有關(guān)強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行合同的規(guī) 定決定了上述合同對(duì)于債務(wù)人以及第三人權(quán)利和義務(wù)的法律效力。
 
TOPIC 3. EFFECT BETWEEN ASSIGNOR AND ASSIGNEE
轉(zhuǎn)讓人與受讓人之間的法律關(guān)系
 
§331. PARTIALLY EFFECTIVE ASSIGNMENTS部分有效的轉(zhuǎn)讓
 
An assignment may be conditional, revocable, or voidable by the assignor, or unenforceable by virtue of a Statute of Frauds.
依據(jù)防止欺詐條例，轉(zhuǎn)讓行為可以是附條件的，可撤回的或者可以由轉(zhuǎn)讓人撤消，或者并不具有執(zhí)行力。
 
 §332. REVOCABILITY OF GRATUITOUS ASSIGNMENTS無(wú)償轉(zhuǎn)讓合同的可撤消性
(1) Unless a contrary intention is manifested, a gratuitous assignment is irrevocable if
(a) the assignment is in a writing either signed or under seal that is delivered by the assignor; or
(b) the assignment is accompanied by delivery of a writing of a type customarily accepted as a symbol or as evidence of the right assigned.
(1) 除非有相反的意思表示，在下列情況下，無(wú)償轉(zhuǎn)讓是可以被撤消的：
(a) 該轉(zhuǎn)讓是以書(shū)面形式作出，經(jīng)簽署或蓋印后交付給受讓人；或
(b) 該轉(zhuǎn)讓行為附帶有交付某一類通常被認(rèn)為能象征或證明被轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利的文書(shū)。
 
(2) Except as stated in this Section, a gratuitous assignment is revocable and the right of the assignee is terminated by the assignor’s death or incapacity, b y a subsequent assignment by the assignor, or by notification from the assign or received by the assignee or by the obligor.
(2) 除了本節(jié)的規(guī)定外，無(wú)償轉(zhuǎn)讓合同是可以被撤消的，并且如果轉(zhuǎn)讓人死亡 或喪失行為能力、或者轉(zhuǎn)讓人事后進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)讓、或轉(zhuǎn)讓人向受讓人或債務(wù)人發(fā)出通 知，則受讓人的權(quán)利即告終止。
 
(3) A gratuitous assignment ceases to be revocable to the extent that before t he assignee’s right is terminated he obtains
(a) payment or satisfaction of the obligations, or
(b) judgment against the obligor, or
(c) a new contract of the obligor by novation.
(3) 在受讓人的權(quán)利終止之前，在下列情況下，則無(wú)償轉(zhuǎn)讓合同不再是可撤消 的。
(a) 如果受讓人領(lǐng)受了給付或領(lǐng)受了債務(wù)人的義務(wù)履行，或  (b) 獲得了對(duì)債務(wù) 人作出的判決，或
(c) 與債務(wù)人締結(jié)了新的合同。
 
(4) A gratuitous assignment is irrevocable to the extent necessary to avoid injustice where the assignor should reasonably expect the assignment to induce action or forbearance by the assignee or a sub assignee and the assignment does induce such action or forbearance.
(4) 如果轉(zhuǎn)讓人應(yīng)該合理地預(yù)料到轉(zhuǎn)讓會(huì)導(dǎo)致受讓人或次受讓人的作為或不作 為，并且該轉(zhuǎn)讓行為事實(shí)上也導(dǎo)致了受讓人或次受讓人的作為或不作為，則在 避免不公正所必要的范圍內(nèi)，無(wú)償轉(zhuǎn)讓合同是不可撤消的。
 
(5) An assignment is gratuitous unless it is given or taken.
(a) in exchange for a performance or return promise that would be consideration for a promise; or
 (b) as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a pre-existing debt or ot her obligation.
  (5) 在下列情況下，轉(zhuǎn)讓行為并不是無(wú)償?shù)模?br /> (a) 轉(zhuǎn)讓行為換取了可以是允諾之約因的履行行為或相應(yīng)承諾；或
(b) 轉(zhuǎn)讓是為擔(dān)保既存?zhèn)鶆?wù)或其他債務(wù)獲得全部或部分的履行。
 
 
§333. WARRANTIES OF AN ASSIGNOR轉(zhuǎn)讓人的保證
 
(1) Unless a contrary intention is manifested, one who assigns or purports or assign a right by assignment under seal or for value warrants to the assignee
(a) that he will do nothing to defeat or impair the value of the assignment an d has no knowledge of any fact which would do so;
(b) that the right, as assigned, actually exists and is subject to no limitations or defenses good against the assignor other than those stated or apparent at the time of the assignment;
 (c) that any writing evidencing the right which of delivered to the assignee or exhibited to him to induce him to accept the assignment is genuine and what it purports to be.
(1) 除非有相反的意思表示，如果轉(zhuǎn)讓人以蓋印轉(zhuǎn)讓書(shū)或有償方式轉(zhuǎn)讓或有意
轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利，則該轉(zhuǎn)讓人應(yīng)向受讓人作如下保證：
(a) 轉(zhuǎn)讓人保證不從事有損于被轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利的價(jià)值的行為，并且對(duì)導(dǎo)致這種損害 的事實(shí)一無(wú)所知；
(b) 轉(zhuǎn)讓人保證所轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利是實(shí)際存在的，不從屬于任何限制或抗辯權(quán)的， 除非該權(quán)利的瑕疵、受到的限制或抗辯已經(jīng)由轉(zhuǎn)讓人作出了說(shuō)明或者在轉(zhuǎn)讓發(fā)生 時(shí)已經(jīng)明顯地存在了；  (c) 所有與該轉(zhuǎn)讓有關(guān)的文件或合同都是真實(shí)的并與其 所聲稱的保持一致
 
(2) An assignment does not of itself operate as a warranty that the obligor is solvent or that he will perform his obligation.
(3) An assignor is bound by affirmations and promises to the assignee with re ference to the right assigned in the same way and to the same extent that on e who transfers goods is bound in like circumstances.
(4) An assignment of a right to a sub-assignee does not operate as an assign ment of the assignee’s right under his assignor’s warranties unless an intentio n is manifested to assign the rights under the warranties.
(2) 轉(zhuǎn)讓本身并不對(duì)債務(wù)人是有償付能力的或債務(wù)人將會(huì)履行義務(wù)作出擔(dān)保。
(3) 轉(zhuǎn)讓人對(duì)受讓人就被轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利所作的陳述或承諾與類似情況下轉(zhuǎn)讓物品之 人在方式和程度上對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)讓人具有相同的約束力。
(4) 轉(zhuǎn)讓人向次受讓人轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利的行為不得轉(zhuǎn)讓受讓人基于轉(zhuǎn)讓人的保證而享 有的權(quán)利，除非有意思表示表明轉(zhuǎn)讓人有意轉(zhuǎn)讓該被保證的權(quán)利。
 
 
TOPIC 4. EFFECT ON THE OBLIGOR’S DUTY
主題四 轉(zhuǎn)讓對(duì)債務(wù)人義務(wù)的法律效力
 
 §334. VARIATON OF OBLIGOR’SDUTY B Y ASSIGNMENT
轉(zhuǎn)讓對(duì)債務(wù)人的債務(wù)的變化
 
(1) If the obligor’s duty is conditional on the personal cooperation of the original obligee or another person, an assignee’s right is subject to the same condition.
(2) If the obligor’s duty is conditional on cooperation which the obligee could properly delegate to an agent, the condition may occur if there is similar cooperation by an assignee.
(1) 如果債務(wù)人債務(wù)的履行以原債權(quán)人或他人的個(gè)人配合為條件，則轉(zhuǎn)讓以后受讓人的享有的權(quán)利也受此條件的限制。
  (2) 如果債務(wù)人義務(wù)的履行以債權(quán)人 可以適當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)托代理人的合作為條件，那么，只有在受讓人也能作出類似合作時(shí)，該條件成就。
 
§335. ASSIGNEMNT BY A JOINT OBLIGEE共同債權(quán)人的轉(zhuǎn)讓
 
A joint obligee may effectively assign his right, but the assignee can enforce it only in the same manner and to the same extent as the assignor could have enforced it.
共同債權(quán)人轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利的行為有效，但是，受讓人只能以轉(zhuǎn)讓人行使權(quán)利的方式， 在轉(zhuǎn)讓人行使權(quán)利的范圍內(nèi)行使該權(quán)利。
 
336. DEFENSES AGAINST AN ASSIGNEE對(duì)受讓人的抗辯
 
(1) By an assignment the assignee acquires a right against the obligor only to the extent that the obligor is under a duty to the assignor; and if the right of t he assignor would be voidable by the obligor or unenforceable against him if no assignment had been made, the right of the assignee is subject to the infirmity.
(2) The right of an assignee is subject to any defense or claim of the obligor which accrues before the obligor receives notification of the assignment, but n ot to defenses or claims which accrue there after except as stated in this secti on or as provided by statute.
(3) Where the right of an assignor is subject to discharge or modification in w hole or in part by impracticability, public policy, non-occurrence of a condition, or present or prospective failure of performance by an obligee, the right of th e assignee is to that extent subject to discharge or modification even after the obligor receives notification of the assignment.
(4) An assignee’s right against the obligor is subject to any defense or claim arising from his conduct or to which he was subject as a party or a prior assign ee because he had notice.
(1) 通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)讓，受讓人只能是在債務(wù)人對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)讓人所負(fù)義務(wù)的范圍內(nèi)獲得對(duì)債務(wù)人的權(quán)利；并且如果沒(méi)有發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)讓，轉(zhuǎn)讓人的權(quán)利可能被債務(wù)人撤消或是不可 強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行，則受讓人因轉(zhuǎn)讓獲得的權(quán)利也受此權(quán)利瑕疵的限制。
(2) 如果債務(wù)人在收到轉(zhuǎn)讓通知之前提出任何抗辯或權(quán)利主張，則受讓人的權(quán)利應(yīng)受該抗辯或權(quán)利主張的限制，但是，除了本節(jié)的規(guī)定或法令的規(guī)定外，受 讓人的權(quán)利并不受債務(wù)人在收到轉(zhuǎn)讓通知之后所提出的抗辯或權(quán)利主張的限制。
(3) 如果轉(zhuǎn)讓人的權(quán)利可以因債務(wù)無(wú)法履行、公共政策、條件不成就或債權(quán)人現(xiàn)有或預(yù)期違約行為而被解除或變更，則即使在債務(wù)人收到轉(zhuǎn)讓通知之后，受讓 人所獲得的權(quán)利也可以因上述原因而被解除或變更。
(4) 債務(wù)人可以就受讓人自己的行為或受讓人作為受讓當(dāng)事人或先受讓方提出抗辯或權(quán)利主張。
 
§337. ELEMINATION OF DEFENSE BY SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
后發(fā)事件導(dǎo)致抗辯消滅
 
Where the right of an assignor is limited or voidable or unenforceable or subject to discharge or modification, subsequent events which would eliminate the limitation or defense have the same effect on the right of the assignee.
如果轉(zhuǎn)讓人所享有的權(quán)利是有限的，或者是可以撤消的，或者是不可強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的，或是可以被解除或變更的，則可以消滅這些限制或抗辯的后發(fā)事件可以使 受讓人所獲得的權(quán)利不受限制或不受制于這些抗辯。
 
§338. DISCHARGE OF AN OBLIGOR AFTER ASSIGNMENT
.轉(zhuǎn)讓行為之后債務(wù)人債務(wù)的解除
 
(1) Except as stated in this section, notwithstanding an assignment, the assignor retains his power to discharge or modify the duty of the obligor to the ext ent that the obligor performs or otherwise gives value until but not after the obligor receives notification that the right has been assigned and that performance is to be rendered to the assignee.
(2) So far as an assigned right is conditional on the performance of a return promise, and notwithstanding notification of the assignment, any notification of or substitution for the contract made by the assignor and obligor in good faith and in accordance with reasonable commercial standards is effective against t he assignee. The assignee acquires corresponding rights under the modified or substituted contract.
(3) Notwithstanding a defect in the right of an assignee, he has the same power his assignor had to discharge or modify the duty of the obligor to the extent that the obligor gives value or otherwise changes his position in good faith a nd without knowledge or reason to know the defect.
(4) Where there is writing of a type customarily accepted as a symbol or as evidence of the right assigned, a discharge or modification is not effective
(a) against the owner or an assignor having a power of avoidance, unless given by him or by a person in possession of the writing with his consent and an y necessary endorsement or assignment;
(b) against subsequent assignee who takes possession the writing and gives v alue in good faith and without knowledge or reason to know of the discharge or modification.
(1) 除了本節(jié)的規(guī)定外，盡管進(jìn)行了權(quán) 利的轉(zhuǎn)讓，但是，在債務(wù)人收到權(quán)利已經(jīng)被轉(zhuǎn)讓或應(yīng)向受讓人為履行行為的通 知之前，轉(zhuǎn)讓人仍然保留在債務(wù)人實(shí)施履行行為或以其他方式作出給付的范圍 內(nèi)解除或變更債務(wù)人債務(wù)的權(quán)利。但是當(dāng)債務(wù)人收到這一通知之后，則轉(zhuǎn)讓人不再享有這一權(quán)利。
(2) 如果被轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利的行使是以相應(yīng)承諾的履行為條件，則雖然轉(zhuǎn)讓人已經(jīng) 發(fā)出了有關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)讓的通知書(shū)，但是轉(zhuǎn)讓人和債務(wù)人善意地依照合理的商業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì) 受讓人發(fā)出的任何有關(guān)合同修訂的通知或替代合同的通知仍然有效。受讓人獲得 了被修訂之后的合同或替代合同項(xiàng)下的相應(yīng)權(quán)利。
(3) 雖然受讓人的權(quán)利存在 瑕疵，但是，只要債務(wù)人善意地，并且是在不知道或沒(méi)有理由知道該權(quán)利瑕疵 的情況下作出給付或以其他方式變更其主張，則受讓人享有與轉(zhuǎn)讓人相同的解 除或變更該債務(wù)人債務(wù)的權(quán)利。
(4) 如果存在一個(gè)公認(rèn)的能夠象征或證明被轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利的書(shū)面文書(shū)，則下列解除 或變更義務(wù)的行為是無(wú)效的：
(a) 解除或變更義務(wù)的行為對(duì)權(quán)利所有人或享有撤消權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)讓人不利，但是如 果該行為是由其作出或由擁有該書(shū)面文書(shū)的人在獲得其同意之后，并且是在作 出了必要背書(shū)或轉(zhuǎn)讓的情況下作出的，則解除或變更行為有效；
(b) 解除或變更義務(wù)的行為，對(duì)于擁有該書(shū)面文書(shū)，并且在不知道或沒(méi)有理由
知道解除或變更行為存在的情況下支付了價(jià)金的事后受讓人不利。
 
 §339. PROTECTION OF OBLIGOR IN CASE OF ADVERSE CLAIMS
如果存在不利主張的情況下對(duì)債務(wù)人利益的保護(hù)
 
Where a claim adverse to that of an assignee subjects the obligor to a substantial risk beyond that imposed on him by his contract, the obligor will be grant ed such relief as is equitable in the circumstances.
如果對(duì)受讓人不利的權(quán)利主張使得債務(wù)人在其應(yīng)承擔(dān)的債務(wù)之外，實(shí)質(zhì)上承擔(dān)了一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，則給與債務(wù)人在此特定情況之下公平的救濟(jì)。
 
TOPIC 5. PRIORITIES BETWEEEN ASSIGNEE AND ADVERSE CLAIMANTS
主題五 受讓人與提出不利請(qǐng)求的原告之間的優(yōu)先權(quán)
 
§340. EFFECT OF ASSIGN ON PRIORITY AND SECURITY
轉(zhuǎn)讓行為對(duì)優(yōu)先權(quán)和擔(dān)保權(quán)的法律效力
 
(1) An assignee is entitled to priority of payment from the obligor’s insolvent e state to the extent that the assignor would have been so entitled in the absence of assignment.
(2) Where an assignor holds collateral as security for the assigned right and does not effectively transfer the collateral to the assignee, the assignor is a con structive trustee of the collateral for the assignee in accordance with the rules stated for pledges in §§29-34 of the Restatement of Security.
(1) 受讓人有權(quán)從債務(wù)人的破產(chǎn)財(cái)產(chǎn)中獲得優(yōu)先償付，但必須是轉(zhuǎn)讓人在沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)讓的情況下本來(lái)就享有優(yōu)先獲得償付的權(quán)利。
(2) 如果轉(zhuǎn)讓人持有對(duì)被轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利的擔(dān)保物，并且沒(méi)有合法地將該擔(dān)保物轉(zhuǎn)讓 給受讓人，則依據(jù)擔(dān)保法重述中§§29-34 中就擔(dān)保的規(guī)定，該轉(zhuǎn)讓人為擔(dān)保物 的指定托管人。
 
 §341. CREDITORS OF AN ASSIGNOR轉(zhuǎn)讓人的債權(quán)人
 
(1) Except as provide by statute, the right of an assignee is superior to a judicial lien subsequently obtained against the property of the assignor, unless the assignment is ineffective or revocable by the assignor or by the person obtaining the lien or is in fraud of creditors.
(2) Notwithstanding the superiority of the right of an assignee, an obligor who does not receive notification of the assignment until after he has lost his opportunity to assert the assignment as a defense in the proceeding in which the judicial lien was obtained is discharged from his duty to the assignee to the ex tent of his satisfaction of the lien.
 (1) 除了法令的規(guī)定外，受讓人對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)讓人的財(cái)產(chǎn)所享有的權(quán)利優(yōu)于事后獲得的司法留置權(quán)，除非該轉(zhuǎn)讓行為是無(wú)效的或者可以被轉(zhuǎn)讓人撤回，或者可以被獲得該留置權(quán)的人或欺詐債權(quán)人的人撤回。
(2) 盡管受讓人享有優(yōu)先權(quán)，如果債務(wù)人在有關(guān)司法留置權(quán)的訴訟中喪失了以轉(zhuǎn)讓行為提出抗辯的機(jī)會(huì)，則在此之前，如果債務(wù)人沒(méi)有收到有關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)讓的通知書(shū)，則該債務(wù)人的債務(wù)被解除，但是只限于司法留置權(quán)被已被行使的范圍內(nèi)。
 
 §342. SUCCESSIVE ASSIGNEES FROM THE SAME ASSIGNOR
源自同一轉(zhuǎn)讓人的連續(xù)受讓人
 
Except as otherwise provided by statute, the right of an assignee is superior t o that of a subsequent assignee of the same right from the same assignor, unless
(a) the first assignment is ineffective or revocable is voidable by the assignor or by the subsequent assignee; or
(b) the subsequent assignee in good faith and without knowledge or reason t o know of the prior assignment gives value and obtains
(i) payment or satisfaction of the obligation, (ii) judgment against the obligor,(iii) a new contract with the obligor by novation, or
(iv) possession of a writing of a type customarily accepted as a symbol or as evidence of the right assigned.
除了法令有相反規(guī)定，受讓人的權(quán)利是優(yōu)于來(lái)自同一轉(zhuǎn)讓人的后來(lái)的受讓人所享有的權(quán)利，除非
(a) 第一次轉(zhuǎn)讓行為是無(wú)效的、可以撤回的，或者可以被轉(zhuǎn)讓人或后來(lái)的受讓人 撤消；或
(b) 后來(lái)的受讓人在不知道或沒(méi)有理由知道先前轉(zhuǎn)讓行為存在的情況下作出給付行為，并且
(i) 獲得付款或領(lǐng)受了債務(wù)人所履行的債務(wù)，
(ii) 獲得了對(duì)債務(wù)人的判決，
(iii) 與債務(wù)人締結(jié)了新的合同，或
 (iv) 擁有一個(gè)公認(rèn)地可以象征或證明被轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利的書(shū)面文書(shū)。
 
§343. LATENT EQUITIES隱性的公平
 
If an assignor’s right against the obligor is held in trust or constructive trust for or subject to a right of avoidance or equitable lien of another than the obligor, an assignee does not so hold it if he gives value and becomes an assignee i n good faith and without notice of the right of the other.
如果轉(zhuǎn)讓人對(duì)債務(wù)人享有的權(quán)利為信托組織或擬制的信托組織持有，或者受制于除債務(wù)人之外的其他人的撤消權(quán)或衡平的留置權(quán)，那么，如果該受讓人在沒(méi)有收到有關(guān)這些權(quán)利限制的通知的情況下作出給付并成為受讓人，則該受讓人 獲得的權(quán)利不受信托組織托管或不受上述權(quán)利的限制。
 
CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES第十六章  違約救濟(jì)
 
TOPIC 1. IN GENERAL 主題一  違約救濟(jì)的一般規(guī)定
§344. PURPOSES OF REMEDIES 救濟(jì)的目的
 
Judicial remedies under the rules stated in this Restatement serve to protect one or more of the following interests of a promisee:
(a) his "expectation interest," which is his interest in having the benefit of his bargain by being put in as good a position as he would have been in had the contract been performed,
(b) his "reliance interest," which is his interest in being reimbursed for loss ca used by reliance on the contract by being put in as good a position as he would have been in had the contract not been made, or
(c) his "restitution interest," which is his interest in having restored to him any benefit that he has conferred on the other party.
合同法重述中所規(guī)定的司法救濟(jì)旨在保護(hù)受允諾人的以下一項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)利益：
(a) “期待利益”，即為如果合同被履行，則合同當(dāng)事人本應(yīng)享有的合同利益。
(b) “信賴?yán)��?rdquo;，即為如果合同沒(méi)有締結(jié)，就當(dāng)事人由于對(duì)合同的信賴所遭受的損失給與補(bǔ)償?shù)睦�益�?br /> (c) “替代利益”，即為將授與他方當(dāng)事人的利益返還給當(dāng)事人的利益。
 
§345. JUDICIAL REMEDIES AVAILABLE可以適用的司法救濟(jì)
The judicial remedies available for the protection of the interests stated in §344 include a judgment or order
(a) awarding a sum of money due under the contract or as damages,
(b) requiring specific performance of a contract or enjoining its non-performance,
(c) requiring restoration of a specific thing to prevent unjust enrichment,
(d) awarding a sum of money to prevent unjust enrichment,
(e) declaring the rights of the parties, and
(f) enforcing an arbitration award.
§344 節(jié)中所規(guī)定的為保護(hù)受允諾人的利益而可以適用的司法救濟(jì)包括以下判決或命令：
(a) 判決支付合同到期金額或判決損害賠償金，
(b) 要求強(qiáng)制履行合同或要求頒發(fā)不履行禁止令，
(c) 要求返還不當(dāng)?shù)美�所獲之物，
(d) 要求返還不當(dāng)?shù)美�所獲之金額，
(e) 宣布雙方當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利，和
(f) 強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行仲裁判決。
 
TOPIC 2. ENFORCEMENT BY AWARD OF DAMAGES
主題二  以獲得損害賠償強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行合同
 
§346. AVAILABILITY OF DAMAGES損害賠償金的適用
(1) The injured party has a right to damages for an breach by a party against whom the contract is enforceable unless the claim for damages has been suspended or discharged.
(2) If the breach caused no loss or if the amount of the loss is not proved under the rules stated in this chapter, a small sum fixed without regard to the amount of loss will be awarded as nominal damages.
(1) 受損的合同當(dāng)事人有權(quán)就被強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行合同的另一方當(dāng)事人的違約行為提出損害賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)，除非該請(qǐng)求權(quán)已經(jīng)被中止或解除。
(2) 如果一方當(dāng)事人的違約并沒(méi)有造成損失，或損失的數(shù)額無(wú)法依據(jù)本章的規(guī)定加以證明，則應(yīng)給與受損方確定數(shù)額的賠償作為名義上的損害賠償金。
 
§347. MEASURE OF DAMAGES IN GENERAL損害賠償金的一般計(jì)算方式
Subject to the limitations stated in §§350-53, the injured party has a right to damages based on his expectation interest as measured by
(a) the loss in the value to him of the other party's performance caused by its failure or deficiency, plus
(b) any other loss, including incidental or consequential loss, caused by the br each, less
(c) any cost or other loss that he has avoided by not having to perform.
依據(jù)§§350-53 所規(guī)定的限制，受損方有權(quán)基于期待利益而獲得損害賠償金，該損害賠償金應(yīng)通過(guò)以下計(jì)算方式得出：
(a) 他方當(dāng)事人因違約或履行瑕疵而導(dǎo)致應(yīng)給付價(jià)金的損失，加上
(b) 任何其他因違約造成的直接或間接的損失，減去
 (c) 任何其他因?yàn)椴宦男泻贤�所避免的費(fèi)用或其他損失。
 
§348. ALTERNATIVES TO LOSS IN VALUE OF PERFORMANCE
對(duì)履行價(jià)金損失的替代賠償
 
(1) If a breach delays the use of property and the loss in value to the injured party is not proved with reasonable certainty, he may recover damages based on the rental value of the property or on interest on the value of the property.
(2) If a breach results in defective or unfinished construction and the loss in value to the injured party is not proved with sufficient certainty, he may recover damages based on
(a) the diminution in the maker price of the property caused by the breach, or
(b) the reasonable cost of completing performance or of remedy the defects if that cost is not clearly disproportionate to the probable loss in value to him.
(3) If a breach is of a promise conditioned on a fortuitous event and it is uncertain whether the event would have occurred had there been no breach, the injured party may recover damages based on the value of the conditional right at the time of breach.
(1) 如果一方當(dāng)事人的違約行為延遲了對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)的使用，并且受損方無(wú)法以合理的確信證明該損失存在，則該受損方可以基于該財(cái)產(chǎn)的租稅價(jià)或財(cái)產(chǎn)利益請(qǐng)求獲得賠償。
(2) 如果一方當(dāng)事人的違約行為導(dǎo)致了建筑物存在缺陷或建筑物未完成，并且受損方無(wú)法以充分的確定性證明該損失存在，則受損方可以依據(jù)下列事實(shí)，請(qǐng)求獲得損害賠償：
(a) 違約造成的財(cái)產(chǎn)價(jià)格的降低部分，或
(b) 如果繼續(xù)完成該建筑物的建造所需要的費(fèi)用明顯地與大概造成的損失不成比例，則可以要求對(duì)完成該建筑物或彌補(bǔ)瑕疵所需要的合理費(fèi)用。
(3) 如果一方當(dāng)事人的違約行為是以意外事件的發(fā)生為條件，并且如果沒(méi)有違約，該意外事件是否會(huì)發(fā)生并不確定，則受損方可以基于在違約時(shí)附條件權(quán)利的價(jià)值請(qǐng)求獲得賠償。
 
§349.DAMAGES BASED ON RELIANCE INTEREST基于信賴?yán)�益獲得損害賠償
As an alternative to the measure of damages stated in §347, the injured party has a right to damages based on his reliance interest, including expenditures made in preparation for performance or in performance, less any loss that the party in breach can prove with reasonable certainty the injured party would have suffered had the contract been performed.
作為一種對(duì)§347 規(guī)定的有關(guān)損害賠償金的計(jì)算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的替代，受損害的一方有權(quán)依其信賴權(quán)益得到賠償，包括在準(zhǔn)備履行或履行合同的過(guò)程中支出的費(fèi)用，減去違約方能夠用具有合理的確定性的證據(jù)證明的該受損害的一方在合同得到履行時(shí)也會(huì)蒙受的損失。
 
§350. AVOIDABILITY AS A LIMITATION ON DAMAGES
損害的可避免性對(duì)損害賠償請(qǐng)求的限制
 
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), damages are not recoverable for loss t hat the injured party could have avoided without undue risk, burden, or humiliation.
(2) The injured party is not precluded from recovery by the rule stated in Sub section (1) to the extent that he has made reasonable but unsuccessful effort s to avoid loss.
(1) 除了(2)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，如果受損方在不必承擔(dān)不正當(dāng)?shù)娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)、負(fù)擔(dān)或恥辱的情況下本可以避免損害的發(fā)生，但是沒(méi)有避免該損害的發(fā)生，則對(duì)于該損害不得獲得賠償。
(2) 如果受損方已經(jīng)盡了合理的努力但是并沒(méi)有成功地避免損害的發(fā)生，則 (1)小節(jié)的規(guī)定并不排除受損方獲得賠償。
 
§351. UNFORESEEABILITY AND RELATED LIMITATIONS ON DAMAGES
不可預(yù)見(jiàn)性以及其他相關(guān)情形對(duì)賠償?shù)南拗?br />  
(1) Damages are not recoverable for loss that the party in breach did not have reason to foresee as a probable result of the breach when the contract was made.
(2) Loss may be foreseeable as a probable result of a breach because it follow s from the breach
(a) in the ordinary course of events, or
(b) as a result of special circumstances, beyond the ordinary course of events, that the party in breach had reason to know.
(3) A court may limit damages for foreseeable loss by excluding recovery for loss of profits, by allowing recovery only for loss incurred in reliance, or other wise if it concludes that in the circumstances justice so requires in order to avoid disproportionate compensation.
(1) 如果在訂立合同時(shí)，違約方?jīng)]有理由預(yù)見(jiàn)到，所發(fā)生的損失是違約很可能發(fā)生的結(jié)果，那么，損害賠償金不能獲得。
(2) 在以下情況下，損失可以作為違約很可能發(fā)生的結(jié)果是可以被預(yù)見(jiàn)到：
(a) 該違約是在事件發(fā)展的通常過(guò)程中發(fā)生的；或者
(b) 該違約不是在事件發(fā)展的通常過(guò)程中發(fā)生的，而是特殊情況發(fā)展的結(jié)果，但該違約方有理由知道該特殊情況。
 (3) 如果在特殊情況下為獲得公平，避免 使受損害方得到不相稱的損害賠償金，法院可以通過(guò)不對(duì)利潤(rùn)損失進(jìn)行賠償、只對(duì)基于信賴?yán)�益造成的損失后其他方式限制由于不可預(yù)見(jiàn)造成的損失。
 
§352. UNCERTAINTY AS A LIMITATION ON DAMAGES
賠償范圍的不確定性對(duì)賠償?shù)南拗?br />  
Damages are not recoverable for loss beyond an amount that the evidence permits to be established with reasonable certainty.
當(dāng)損失的數(shù)額超出了證據(jù)所能證明的具有合理的確定性的范圍時(shí)，超出這一范圍的損失不能得到賠償。
 
§353.LOSS DUE TO EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE由于情緒障礙造成的損失
Recovery for emotional disturbance will be excluded unless the breach also ca used bodily harm or the contract or the breach is of such a kind that serious e motional disturbance was a particularly likely result.
對(duì)于情緒障礙所產(chǎn)生的損害，受損方不得獲取賠償，除非違約同時(shí)造成了身體上的傷害，或者合同或違約是如此的特殊以至于嚴(yán)重的情緒障礙成為一種極易發(fā)生的結(jié)果。
 
§354. INTEREST AS DAMAGES利息的賠償
(1) If the breach consists of a failure to pay a definite sum in money or to render a performance with fixed or ascertainable monetary value, interest is recoverable from the time for performance on the amount due less all deductions to which the party in breach is entitled.
(2) In any other case, such interest may be allowed as justice requires on the amount that would have been just compensation had it been when performance was due.
(1) 如果當(dāng)事人的違約屬于沒(méi)有支付確定數(shù)額的金錢或沒(méi)有以固定的或可確定的價(jià)款為履行行為，則受損方有權(quán)就該項(xiàng)支付到期日起應(yīng)得的利息獲得賠償，但是應(yīng)減去違約方有權(quán)扣除的部分。
(2) 在任何其他情況下，依據(jù)公平的要求，上述受損方可以獲得的利息應(yīng)為在 合同義務(wù)到期時(shí)應(yīng)獲得的利息。
 
§355. PUNITIVE DAMAGES懲罰性的損害賠償
Punitive damages are not recoverable for a breach of contract unless the conduct constituting the breach is also a tort for which punitive damages are recoverable.
受損方不得基于他方當(dāng)事人的違約獲得懲罰性的損害賠償，除非該違約行為同時(shí)構(gòu)成了應(yīng)獲得懲罰性賠償?shù)那謾?quán)行為。
 
. LIQUIDATED DAMAGES AND PENALTIES. 法定違約金和懲罰性的違約金
(1) Damages for breach by either party may be liquidated in the agreement but only at an amount that is reasonable in the light of the anticipated or actual loss caused by the breach and the difficulties of proof of loss. A term fixing unreasonably large liquidated damages is unenforceable on grounds of public policy as a penalty.
(2) A term in a bond providing for an amount of money as a penalty for non-occurrence of the condition of the bond is unenforceable on grounds of public policy to the extent that the amount exceeds the loss caused by such non-occurrence.
(1) 任何一方當(dāng)事人因違約或獲得的賠償金可以在合同中予以約定，但只是限于可以依據(jù)違約所造成的預(yù)期或事實(shí)的損害以及損害存在的證明難度確定的合 理數(shù)額。如果合同的某一條款規(guī)定了不合理的違約金，則該條款基于公共政策作為對(duì)違約的一種懲罰應(yīng)是不可強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的。
(2) 如果合同的某一條款就合同條件不成就規(guī)定了懲罰性的賠償數(shù)額，則如果這一規(guī)定的數(shù)額超過(guò)了條件不成就所造成的損失數(shù)額，那么，該條款基于公共政策是不可強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行。
 
TOPIC 3. ENFORCEMENT BY SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE AND INJUNCTION
主題三 以強(qiáng)制履行和申請(qǐng)禁止令的方式執(zhí)行合同
 
§357. AVAILABILITY OF SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE AND INJUNCTION
強(qiáng)制履行和申請(qǐng)禁止令方式的可適用性
 
(1) Subject to the rules stated in §§359-69, specific performance of a contract duty will be granted in the discretion of the court against a party who has committed or is threatening to commit a breach of the duty.
(2) Subject to the rules stated in §§359-69, an injunction against breach of a contract duty will be granted in the discretion of the court against a party who has committed or is threatening to commit a breach of the duty if
(a) the duty is one of forbearance, or
(b) the duty is one of act and specific performance would be denied only for reasons that are inapplicable to an injunction.
(1) 依據(jù)§§359-69 的規(guī)定，如果合同一方當(dāng)事人實(shí)施違約行為或威脅要實(shí)施違約行為，則他方當(dāng)事人可以向法院申請(qǐng)強(qiáng)制履行令。
(2) 依據(jù)§§359-69 的規(guī)定，如果合同一方當(dāng)事人實(shí)施違約行為或威脅實(shí)施違約行為，并且其違反的合同義務(wù)如果屬于以下情形，則他方當(dāng)事人可以申請(qǐng)法院 頒發(fā)禁止令：
(a) 違反的合同義務(wù)屬不作為義務(wù)，或
(b) 違反的合同義務(wù)屬于作為義務(wù)，并且屬于無(wú)法適用申請(qǐng)法院強(qiáng)制履行的情形。
 
§358. FORM OF ORDER AND OTHER RELIEF執(zhí)行命令的方式以及其他救濟(jì)方法
(1) An order of specific performance or an injunction will be so drawn as best to effectuate the purposes for which the contract was made and on such term s as justice requires. It need not be absolute in form and the performance that it requires need not be identical with that due under the contract.
(2) If specific performance or an injunction is denied as to part of the performance that is due, it may nevertheless be granted as to remainder.
(3) In addition to specific performance or an injunction, damages and other relief may be awarded in the same proceeding and an indemnity against future harm may be required.
(1) 強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令的頒發(fā)應(yīng)依照公平的要求，最大程度地實(shí)現(xiàn)訂立合同目的而作出。而且作出時(shí)并不需要絕對(duì)的形式，同時(shí)強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令所要求的履 行行為可以與合同項(xiàng)下到期的履行行為不一致。
(2) 如果部分到期的合同義務(wù)不得被強(qiáng)制履行或不得授與禁止令，則對(duì)于剩余的合同義務(wù)仍然可以強(qiáng)制履行或授與禁止令。
(3) 除了強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令外，法院可以在同一訴訟程序中，判決給與受損方賠償金和其他救濟(jì)，也可以就受損方將來(lái)所遭受的損害判決給與補(bǔ)償。
 
§359. EFFECT OF ADEQUACY OF DAMAGES獲得足額的賠償金的法律效力
(1) Specific performance or an injunction will not be ordered if damages would be adequate to protect the expectation interest of the injured party.
(2) The adequacy of the damage remedy for failure to render one part of the performance due does not preclude specific performance or injunction as to t he contract as a whole.
(3) Specific performance or an injunction will not be refused merely because t here is remedy for breach other than damages, but such a remedy may be considered in exercising discretion under the rule stated in §357.
(1) 如果損害賠償金足以保護(hù)受損方的期待利益，則不應(yīng)申請(qǐng)強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令。
(2) 受損方就部分違約獲得足額賠償金的行為并不排除受損方就合同整體申請(qǐng)強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令。
(3) 不得因?yàn)榇嬖诔�賠償金之外的其他救濟(jì)方式拒絕適用強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令，但是法院可以依據(jù)§357 的規(guī)定運(yùn)用自由裁量權(quán)給與受損方賠償金之外的其他救濟(jì)。
 
§360. FACTORS AFFECTING ADEQUACY OF DAMAGES影響足額賠償?shù)囊蛩?br /> In determining whether the remedy in damages would be adequate, the following circumstances are significant:
(a) the difficulty of proving damages with reasonable certainty,
(b) the difficulty of procuring a suitable substitute performance by means of money awarded as damages, and
(c) the likelihood that an award of damages could not be collected.
在確定賠償金是否足額時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮以下情形：
(a) 以合理的確定性證明損害存在的難度，
(b) 憑借損害賠償金獲得一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)奶娲�履行行為的難度，
(c) 損害賠償金不被收取的可能性。
 
§361. EFFECT OF PROVISION FOR LIQUIDATED DAMAGES
規(guī)定法定賠償金的合同條款的效力
 
Specific performance or an injunction may be granted to enforce a duty even though there is a provision for liquidated damages for breach of that duty.
盡管合同中就違約規(guī)定了法定的賠償金，受損方仍然可以獲得強(qiáng)制履行或禁止 令的救濟(jì)。
 
§362. EFFECT OF UNCERTAINTY OF TERMS合同條款不確定時(shí)的法律效力
Specific performance or an injunction will not be granted unless the terms of t he contract are sufficiently certain to provide a basis for an appropriate order.
除非合同充分確定地規(guī)定了獲得適當(dāng)?shù)膹?qiáng)制履行令或禁止令的理由，否則不得授與受損方強(qiáng)制履行令或禁止令。
 
§363.EFFECT OF INSECURITY AS TO THE AGREED EXCHANGE
對(duì)于已達(dá)成的交換無(wú)擔(dān)保時(shí)的法律后果
 
Specific performance or an injunction may be refused if a substantial part of t he agreed exchange for the performance to be compelled is unperformed and its performance is not secured to the satisfaction of the court.
如果被強(qiáng)制行為所交換的義務(wù)履行的實(shí)質(zhì)部分并不可執(zhí)行，并且也沒(méi)有獲得令法院滿意的擔(dān)保，則對(duì)于該義務(wù)不得適用強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令。
 
§364. EFFECT OF UNFAIRNESS適用強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令救濟(jì)不公平時(shí)的法律效力
(1) Specific performance or an injunction will be refused if such relief would b e unfair because
(a) the contract was induced by mistake or by unfair practices, or
(b) the relief would cause unreasonable hardship or loss to the party in breach or to third persons, or
(c) the exchange is grossly inadequate or the terms of the contract are other wise unfair.
(2) Specific performance or an injunction will be granted in spite of a term of the agreement if denial of such relief would be unfair because it would cause unreasonable hardship or loss to the party seeking relief or to third persons.
 (1) 在下列情況下適用強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令救濟(jì)會(huì)導(dǎo)致不公平，則應(yīng)不予適用：
(a) 合同是因意思表示錯(cuò)誤而訂立的或是通過(guò)不公平的慣例所締結(jié)的，或
(b) 該救濟(jì)可能會(huì)給違約方或第三人造成不合理的困難或損失，或
(c) 雙方所達(dá)成的交換總體而言是不充分的，或者合同的條款是不公平的。
(2) 如果拒絕適用強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令救濟(jì)由于會(huì)給尋求救濟(jì)的一方當(dāng)事人或第三人造成困難或損失而導(dǎo)致不公平，則應(yīng)適用強(qiáng)制履行了或禁止令
 
§365. EFFECT OF PUBLIC POLICY公共政策對(duì)強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令救濟(jì)適用的法律效力
 
Specific performance or an injunction will not be granted if the act or forbeara nce that would be compelled or the use of compulsion is contrary to public pol icy.
如果可能被強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的作為或不作為行為或與公共政策相悖或使用強(qiáng)制手段本身就違反公共政策，則不得使用強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令救濟(jì)。
 
§366. EFFECT OF DIFFICULTY IN ENFORCEMENT OR SUPERVISION
執(zhí)行或監(jiān)督困難時(shí)的法律效力
 
A promise will not be specifically enforced if the character and magnitude of t he performance would impose on the court burdens in enforcement or supervision that are disproportionate to the advantages to be gained from enforcement and to the harm to be suffered from its denial.
如果強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行合同義務(wù)給法院在執(zhí)行或監(jiān)督方面造成的負(fù)擔(dān)，使得強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行所獲得的收益與不予強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行所遭受的損害不成比例，則不得強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行該允諾。
 
§367.CONTRACT FOR PERSONAL SERVICE OR SUPERVISION
提供個(gè)人服務(wù)或監(jiān)督合同
 
(1) A promise to render personal service will not be specifically enforced.
 
 
(2) A promise to render personal service exclusively for one employer will not be enforced by an injunction against serving another if its probable result will be compel a performance involving personal relations the enforced continuance of which is undesirable or will be leave the employee without other reasonable means of making a living.
(1) 提供個(gè)人服務(wù)的允諾不應(yīng)被強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行。
(2) 對(duì)于某一專門為雇主提供個(gè)人服務(wù)的允諾，如果法院發(fā)出禁令很可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致個(gè)人關(guān)系無(wú)法繼續(xù)，或可能使一個(gè)受雇人喪失其合理的謀生手段而不得不依 合同規(guī)定為雇主提供服務(wù)，則不得強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行該允諾。
 
 §368. EFFECT OF POWER OF TERMINATION終止履行的法律效力
(1) Specific performance or an injunction will not be granted against a party w ho can substantially nullify the effect of the order by exercising a power of termination or avoidance.
 (2) Specific performance or an injunction will not be denied merely because t he party seeking relief has a power to terminate or avoid his duty unless the power could be used, in spite of the order, to deprive the other party of reason able security for the agreed exchange for his performance
(1) 如果合同一方當(dāng)事人可以通過(guò)行使終止權(quán)或撤消權(quán)，實(shí)質(zhì)性地導(dǎo)致法院發(fā)出的命令無(wú)效，則強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令的救濟(jì)不適用于該當(dāng)事人。
(2) 如果尋求救濟(jì)的合同當(dāng)事人有權(quán)終止或撤消其合同義務(wù)，并且即使在法院發(fā)出命令的情況下，該合同當(dāng)事人仍然可以運(yùn)用該權(quán)力剝奪他方當(dāng)事人就已達(dá)成交換所獲得的合理?yè)?dān)保，則不得否決強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令的救濟(jì)。
 
§369. EFFECT OF BREACH BY PARTY SEEKING RELIEF
尋求救濟(jì)的合同當(dāng)事人違約的法律效力
 
Specific performance or an injunction may be granted in spite of a breach by t he party seeking relief, unless the breach is serious enough to discharge the other party’s remaining duties of performance.
尋求救濟(jì)的一方當(dāng)事人的違約行為并不影響強(qiáng)制履行或禁止令救濟(jì)的適用，除非其違約行為非常嚴(yán)重，導(dǎo)致解除他方當(dāng)事人剩余的合同義務(wù)。
 
TOPIC 4. RESTITUTION主題四 恢復(fù)原狀
 
§370. REQUIREMENT THAT BENEFIT BE CONFERRED
恢復(fù)原狀應(yīng)以已經(jīng)獲得合同利益為條件
 
A party is entitled to restitution under the rules stated in this Restatement onl y to the extent that he has conferred a benefit on the other party by way of p art performance or reliance.
如果一方當(dāng)事人使他方當(dāng)事人基于部分履行或信賴獲得合同利益，則該當(dāng)事人有權(quán)依據(jù)重述的合同法請(qǐng)求恢復(fù)原狀。
 
§371. MEASURE OF RESTITUTION INTEREST返還利益的計(jì)算方式
If a sum of money is awarded to protect a party's restitution interest, it may a s justice require be measured by either
 (a) the reasonable value to the other party of what he received in terms of w hat it would have cost him to obtain it from a person in the claimant's position or
(b) the extent to which the other party's property has been increased in value or his other interests advanced.
為保護(hù)一方當(dāng)事人的返還利益而返還給其一定數(shù)額的金錢時(shí)，返還的數(shù)額依據(jù)公平的要求應(yīng)采用以下方式計(jì)算
(a) 依據(jù)當(dāng)事人從他方當(dāng)事人那里獲得合同利益時(shí)所支出的費(fèi)用，就其從他方 當(dāng)事人那里已經(jīng)獲得的合理價(jià)值；或  (b) 限于他方當(dāng)事人財(cái)產(chǎn)的增值或其他利 益的增加。
 
§372. SPECIFIC RESTITUTION強(qiáng)制恢復(fù)原狀
(1) Specific restitution will be granted to a party who is entitled to restitution, except that:
(a) specific restitution based on a breach by the other party under the rule stated in §373 may be refused in the discretion of the court if it would unduly interfere with the certainty of title or otherwise cause injustice, and
(b) specific restitution in favor of the party in breach under the rule stated in§374 will not be granted.
(2) A decree of specific restitution may be made conditional on return of or compensation for anything that the party claiming restitution has received.
(3) If specific restitution, with or without a sum of money, will be substantially as effective as restitution in money in putting the party claiming restitution in the position he was in before rendering any performance, the other party can discharge his duty by tendering such restitution before suit is brought and keeping his tender good.
(1) 在下列情況下，法院不得給與有權(quán)主張恢復(fù)原狀的一方當(dāng)事人強(qiáng)制恢復(fù)原狀的救濟(jì)：
(a) 如果依據(jù)§373 的規(guī)定他方當(dāng)事人違約，則如果法院認(rèn)為判決強(qiáng)制恢復(fù)原狀可能會(huì)不正當(dāng)?shù)馗深A(yù)了權(quán)利的確定性或以其他方式導(dǎo)致不公正，則法院可以依自由裁量權(quán)而拒絕作出強(qiáng)制恢復(fù)原狀的決定，和
(b) 如果強(qiáng)制恢復(fù)原狀依據(jù)§374 的規(guī)定，對(duì)違約方有利，則法院也不得作出強(qiáng)制恢復(fù)原狀的決定。
(2) 強(qiáng)制恢復(fù)原狀判決的作出是以權(quán)利人已獲收益的返還或?qū)υ撌找孢M(jìn)行補(bǔ)償為條件的。
(3) 如果強(qiáng)制恢復(fù)原狀，不管是否需要給付一定數(shù)額的金錢，實(shí)質(zhì)上將會(huì)像返還金錢一樣，使得權(quán)利主張人恢復(fù)到義務(wù)履行之前的狀態(tài)，則他方當(dāng)事人可以通過(guò)在起訴之前恢復(fù)原狀和繼續(xù)履行實(shí)物以解除其合同義務(wù)。
 
§373. RESTITUTIOIN WHEN OTHER PARTY IS IN BREACH
他方當(dāng)事人違約時(shí)，一方當(dāng)事人請(qǐng)求恢復(fù)原狀
 
(1) subject to the rule stated in Subsection (2), on a breach by non-performance that gives rise to a claim for damages for total breach or on a repudiation, the injured party is entitled to restitution for any benefit that he has conferred on the other party by way of part performance or reliance.
(2) The injured party has no right to restitution if he has performed all of his under the contract and no performance by the other party remains due other than payment of a definite sum of money for that performance.
(1) 除了本節(jié)(2)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，如果因一方當(dāng)事人不履行義務(wù)導(dǎo)致違約，另一方當(dāng)事人因此對(duì)全部違約或合同毀棄請(qǐng)求損害賠償，受損方有權(quán)就因部分履行或信賴而支付給他方當(dāng)事人的任何利益主張恢復(fù)原狀。
(2) 如果受損方已經(jīng)履行了合同項(xiàng)下的所有義務(wù)，并且他方當(dāng)事人除了已完成履行為一定數(shù)額金錢給付外，別無(wú)其他到期的履行義務(wù)，則受損方無(wú)權(quán)主張恢 復(fù)原狀。
 
§374. RESTITUTION IN FAVOR OF PARTY IN BREACH恢復(fù)原狀有利于違約方
(1) Subject to the rule stated in Subsection (2), if a party justifiable refused to perform on the ground that his remaining duties of performance have been discharged by the other party’s breach, the party in breach is entitled to restitution for any benefit that he has conferred by way of part performance or reliance in excess of the loss that he has caused by his own breach.
(2) To the extent that, under the manifested assent of the parties, a party’s performance is to be retained in the case of breach, that party is not entitled to restitution if the value of the performance as liquidated damages is reasonable in the light of the anticipated or actual loss caused by the breach and the difficulties of proof of loss.
(1) 依據(jù)(2)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，一方當(dāng)事人基于其剩余的履行義務(wù)因他方當(dāng)事人違 約而被消滅這一理由，合法地拒絕履行義務(wù)時(shí)，違約方當(dāng)事人有權(quán)就其因部分 履行或信賴而交付給他方當(dāng)事人的，超過(guò)了其對(duì)違約所造成損害部分的任何利 益，可以主張恢復(fù)原狀。
 (2) 依據(jù)雙方當(dāng)事人的意思表示，如果一方當(dāng)事人的 履行行為在違約的情況下被默認(rèn)，那么，如果依據(jù)違約所導(dǎo)致的預(yù)期損失或現(xiàn) 實(shí)損失以及證明損失存在的難度，作為法定違約金的履行價(jià)金是合理的，則該 當(dāng)事人的不得主張恢復(fù)原狀。
 
§375. RESTITUTION WHEN CONTRACT IS WITHIN STATUTE OF FRAUDS
當(dāng)合同屬于防止欺詐條例所規(guī)定的合同時(shí)請(qǐng)求恢復(fù)原狀
 
A party who would otherwise have a claim in restitution under a contract is no t barred from restitution for the reason that the contract is unenforceable by him because of the Statute of Frauds unless the Statute provides otherwise or its purpose would be frustrated by allowing restitution.
如果一方當(dāng)事人可以以其他方式主張恢復(fù)原狀，則不得因防止欺詐條例的規(guī)定 禁止該方當(dāng)事人以合同無(wú)法強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行而要求恢復(fù)原狀，除非欺詐條例另有規(guī)定 或如果允許恢復(fù)原狀，防止欺詐條例的目的就會(huì)落空。
 
§376. RESTITUTION WHEN CONTRACT IS VOIDABLE合同可撤消時(shí)請(qǐng)求恢復(fù)原狀
A party who has avoided a contract on the grounds of lack of capacity, mistake, misrepresentation, duress, undue influence or abuse of a fiduciary relation i s entitled to restitution for any benefit that he has conferred on the other part y by way of part performance or reliance.
如果一方當(dāng)事人因存在無(wú)締約能力、意思表示錯(cuò)誤、虛假陳述、脅迫、不正當(dāng)?shù)挠绊懟驗(yàn)E用信托關(guān)系將合同撤消，則該當(dāng)事人有權(quán)就因部分履行或信賴而支付給 他方當(dāng)事人的任何利益主張恢復(fù)原狀。
 
§377. RESTITUTION IN CASES OF IMPRACTICABILITY, FRUSTRATION, NON- OCCURRENCE OF CONDITION OR DISCLAIMER BY BENEFICIARY
合同無(wú)法履行、合同目的落空、條件不成就或受益人棄權(quán)時(shí)請(qǐng)求恢復(fù)原狀
 
A party whose duty of performance does not arise or is discharged as a result of impracticability of performance, frustration of purpose, non-occurrence of a condition or disclaimer by a beneficiary is entitled to restitution for any benefit that he has conferred on the other party by way of part performance or reliance.
如果一方當(dāng)事人的履行義務(wù)因合同履行不能、合同目的落空、履行條件不成就或受益人放棄權(quán)利并沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生或被解除，則該方式人有權(quán)就因部分履行或信賴而 支付給他方當(dāng)事人的任何利益主張恢復(fù)原狀。
 
TOPIC 5. PRECLUSION BY ELECTION AND AFFIRMANCE
主題五 通過(guò)選擇和確認(rèn)救濟(jì)方式排除適用恢復(fù)原狀救濟(jì)
 
§378. ELECTION AMONG REMEDIES在多種救濟(jì)手段中作出選擇
If a party has more than one remedy under the rules stated in this chapter, hi s manifestation of a choice of one of them by bring suit or otherwise is not a bar to another unless the remedies are inconsistent and the other party mater ially changes his position in reliance on the manifestation.
如果一方當(dāng)事人依據(jù)本章的規(guī)定不只享有一種救濟(jì)方式，則該當(dāng)事人通過(guò)起訴或以其他方式選擇其中一種救濟(jì)方式的意思表示并不禁止其使用其他救濟(jì)方式， 除非這些救濟(jì)方法是不一致的，并且他方當(dāng)事人基于對(duì)意思表示的信賴實(shí)質(zhì)性 地變更了其主張。
 
§379. ELECTION TO TREAT DUTIES OF PERFORMANCE UNDER ALEATORY
CONTRACT AS DISCHARGED
選擇視履行不確定合同項(xiàng)下的義務(wù)已經(jīng)被解除
 
If a right or duty of the injured party is conditional on an event that is fortuitous or is supposed by the parties to be fortuitous, he cannot treat his remaining duties to render performance as discharged on the ground of the other party’s breach by non-performance if he does not manifest to the other party his intention to do so before any adverse change in the situation of the injured party resulting from the occurrence of that event or a material change in the probability of its occurrence.
如果受損方的權(quán)利的行使或義務(wù)的履行是以某一偶然事件或雙方當(dāng)事人假定的偶然事件的發(fā)生為條件，則如果在因該事件的發(fā)生所導(dǎo)致的對(duì)受損方任何不利的變化發(fā)生之前或該事件發(fā)生的可能性出現(xiàn)重大變更之前，該當(dāng)事人并沒(méi)有向他方當(dāng)事人表示其打算視剩余的合同義務(wù)已經(jīng)被解除，則該受損方不得以他方 當(dāng)事人不履行義務(wù)違約為由認(rèn)為其剩余的合同義務(wù)已經(jīng)被解除。
 
 §380. LOSS OF POWER OF AVOIDANCE BY AFFIRMANCE
確認(rèn)行為造成撤消合同的權(quán)力喪失
(1) The power of a party to avoid a contract for incapacity, duress, undue influence or abuse of a fiduciary relation is lost if, after the circumstances that made the contract voidable have ceased to exist, he manifests to the other part y his intention to affirm it or acts with respect to anything that he has receive d in a manner inconsistent with disaffirmance.
(2) The power of a party to avoid a contract for mistake or misrepresentation is lost if after he knows or has reason to know of the mistake or of the misrepresentation if it is non-fraudulent or knows of the misrepresentation if it is fraudulent, he manifests to the other party his intention to affirm it or acts with respect to anything that he has received in a manner inconsistent with disaffirmance.
(3) If the other party rejects an offer by the party seeking avoidance to return what he has received, the party seeking avoidance if entitled to restitution can, after the lapse of a reasonable time, enforce a lien on what he has received by selling it and crediting the proceeds toward his claim restitution.
(1) 在使合同可撤消的情形，如無(wú)行為能力、脅迫、不正當(dāng)?shù)挠绊懟驗(yàn)E用信托關(guān)系消滅之后，如果有權(quán)撤消合同的一方當(dāng)事人向他方當(dāng)事人表示了確認(rèn)該事實(shí) 的意圖或以與確認(rèn)一致的方式為履行行為，則該當(dāng)事人喪失了以無(wú)行為能力、脅迫、不正當(dāng)?shù)挠绊懟驗(yàn)E用信托關(guān)系為由撤消合同的權(quán)力。
 (2) 如果一方當(dāng)事人在知道或有理由知道意思表示錯(cuò)誤或虛假陳述并不具有欺詐性或知道虛假陳述具 有欺詐性之后，如果其向他方當(dāng)事人表示了確認(rèn)該事實(shí)的意圖或以與確認(rèn)一致 的方式為履行行為，則該當(dāng)事人喪失了以意思表示錯(cuò)誤或虛假陳述為由撤消合同的權(quán)力。
(3) 如果一方當(dāng)事人希望撤消合同，返還其已經(jīng)領(lǐng)受的履行，但是遭到了他方當(dāng)事人的拒絕，那么，如果該當(dāng)事人有權(quán)主張恢復(fù)原狀，則一段合理的期間過(guò)后，他有權(quán)以出售和將恢復(fù)原狀之收益記入貸方之方式對(duì)其所領(lǐng)受的履行行使 強(qiáng)制留置權(quán)。
 
 §381.LOSS OF POWER OF AVOIDANCE BY DELAY
延遲行使權(quán)力造成撤消合同的權(quán)力喪失
 
(1) The power of a party to avoid a contract for incapacity, duress, undue influence or abuse of a fiduciary relation is lost if, after the circumstances that made it voidable have ceased to exist, he does not within a reasonable time manifest to the other party his intention to avoid it.
(2) The power of a party to avoid a contract for misrepresentation or mistake is lost if after he knows of a fraudulent misrepresentation or knows or has reason to know of a non-fraudulent misrepresentation or mistake he does not within a reasonable time manifest to the other party his intention to avoid. The power of a party to avoid a contract for non-fraudulent misrepresentation or mi stake is also lost if the contract has been so far performed or the circumstances have otherwise so changed that avoidance would be inequitable and if dam ages will be adequate compensation.
(3) In determining what is a reasonable time, the following circumstances are significant:
(a) the extent to which the delay enable or might have enable the party with t he power of avoidance to speculate at the other party’s risk;
(b) the extent to which the delay resulted or might have resulted in justifiable reliance by the other party or by third person;
(c) the extent to which the ground for avoidance was the result of any fault b y either party; and
(d) the extent to which the other party’s conduct contributed to the delay.
(4) If a right or duty of the party who has the power of avoidance for non-fraudulent misrepresentation or mistake is conditional on an event that is fortuitous or is supposed by the parties to be fortuitous, a manifestation of intention under subsection (1) or (2) is not effective unless it is made before any adverse change in his situation resulting from the occurrence of that event or mater ial change in the probability of its occurrences.
(1) 在使合同可撤消的情形，如無(wú)行為能力、脅迫、不正當(dāng)?shù)挠绊懟驗(yàn)E用信托關(guān)系消滅之后，如果有權(quán)撤消合同的一方當(dāng)事人沒(méi)有在合理的期間向他方當(dāng)事人表示其打算撤消的意圖，則該當(dāng)事人喪失了以無(wú)行為能力、脅迫、不正當(dāng)?shù)挠绊?或?yàn)E用信托關(guān)系為由撤消合同的權(quán)力。
(2) 如果有權(quán)以虛假陳述或意思表示錯(cuò)誤為由撤消合同的一方當(dāng)事人，在知道欺詐性虛假陳述或知道或有理由知道非欺詐性虛假陳述或錯(cuò)誤之后的合理期間 內(nèi)，沒(méi)有向他方當(dāng)事人表示其打算撤消合同的意圖，則該當(dāng)事人喪失了以上述 理由撤消合同的權(quán)力。對(duì)于有權(quán)以非欺詐性虛假陳述或錯(cuò)誤為由撤消合同的一方 當(dāng)事人，如果合同已經(jīng)被履行或上述情形發(fā)生了相反的變化，導(dǎo)致了撤消合同 是不公平的，并且如果當(dāng)事人的損害可以足額補(bǔ)償，則該當(dāng)事人喪失了以上述 理由撤消合同的權(quán)力。
 (3) 在確定合理的期間時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮以下情形：
(a) 延遲行使權(quán)力導(dǎo)致或可能導(dǎo)致有權(quán)撤消合同的一方對(duì)他方當(dāng)事人所承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的估計(jì)；
(b) 延遲行使權(quán)力導(dǎo)致或可能導(dǎo)致他方當(dāng)事人或第三人合法的信賴；
(c) 任何一方當(dāng)事人的錯(cuò)誤對(duì)撤消合同事由出現(xiàn)的影響；和
(d) 他方當(dāng)事人的行為對(duì)延遲行為的促進(jìn)。
(4) 如果有權(quán)以非欺詐性的虛假陳述或錯(cuò)誤而撤消合同的一方當(dāng)事人，其權(quán)利的行使或義務(wù)的履行是以某一偶然事件或雙方當(dāng)事人假定的偶然事件的發(fā)生為 條件，則其依據(jù)(1)或(2)小節(jié)作出的意思表示是無(wú)效的，除非該意思表示是在 因該事件的發(fā)生所導(dǎo)致的對(duì)受損方任何不利的變化發(fā)生之前或該事件發(fā)生的可 能性出現(xiàn)重大變更之前作出的。
 
§382. LOSS OF POWER TO AFFIRM BY PRIOR AVOIDANCE
因先前的撤消行為造成確認(rèn)權(quán)喪失
 
(1) If a party has effectively exercised his power of avoidance，a subsequent manifestation of intent to affirm is inoperative unless the other party manifest s his assent to affirmance by refusal to accept a return of his performance or otherwise.
(2) A party has not exercised his power of avoidance under the rule stated in Subsection (1) until
(a) he has regained all or a substantial part of what he would be entitled to b y way of restitution on avoidance,
(b) he has obtained a final judgment of or based on avoidance, or
(c) the other party has materially relied on or manifested his assent to a statement of disaffirmance.
(1) 如果一方當(dāng)事人已經(jīng)有效地行使了其撤消合同權(quán)，則如果事后再對(duì)撤消事由作出確認(rèn)，則其確認(rèn)行為是無(wú)效的，除非他方當(dāng)事人以拒絕接受返還的履行 或以其他方式對(duì)確認(rèn)行為表示同意。
(2) 在下列情形發(fā)生之前，一方當(dāng)事人不得依據(jù)(1)小節(jié)的規(guī)定行使撤消權(quán)：
(a) 該當(dāng)事人已經(jīng)重新獲得了其在撤消后通過(guò)恢復(fù)原狀而享有的、全部或部分實(shí)質(zhì)性的履行，
(b) 該當(dāng)事人已經(jīng)獲得了撤消合同的、或以撤消合同為基礎(chǔ)的最終判決，或
(c) 他方當(dāng)事人已經(jīng)實(shí)質(zhì)上信賴了其不予確認(rèn)的陳述或作出了同意該不予確認(rèn)陳述的意思表示。
 
§383. AVOIDANCE IN PART部分撤消
 
A contract cannot be avoided in part except that where one or more correspo nding pairs of part performance have been fully performed by one or both par ties the rest of the contract can be avoided.
不得部分撤消合同。但是，如果一對(duì)或多對(duì)的部分履行已經(jīng)被一方或雙方全部履行，則合同的剩余部分可以被撤消。
 
§384. REQUIREMENT THAT PARTY SEEKING RESTITUTION RETURN BENEFIT
要求恢復(fù)原狀的當(dāng)事人返還利益的條件
 
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), a party will not be granted restitution unless
(a) he returns or offers to return, conditional on restitution, any interest in property that he has received in exchange in substantially as good condition as w hen it was received by him, or
(b) the court can assure such return in connection with the relief granted.
 (2) The requirement stated in Subsection (1) does not apply to property
(a) that was worthless when received or that has been destroyed or lost by th e other party or as a result of its own defects,
(b) that either could not from the time of receipt have been returned or has been used or disposed of without knowledge of the grounds for restitution if justice requires that compensation be accepted in its place and the payment of such compensation can be assured, or
(c) as to which the contract apportions the price if that part of the price is not included in the claim for restitution.
(1) 除了(2)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，法院只有在下列情況下才可以給與一方當(dāng)事人恢復(fù)原狀的救濟(jì)：
(a) 該當(dāng)事人一經(jīng)恢復(fù)原狀請(qǐng)求提出就返還或承諾返還其通過(guò)交換已經(jīng)收取的任何財(cái)產(chǎn)利益，或
(b) 法院確信這些救濟(jì)利益能夠被返還。
(2) (1) 小節(jié)規(guī)定的條件并不適用于下列財(cái)產(chǎn)：
(a) 在收到時(shí)該財(cái)產(chǎn)是無(wú)用的或者被他方當(dāng)事人損壞或損失，或者是由于自身
的瑕疵而被損害，
(b) 自收到之日起，該財(cái)產(chǎn)就不可能被返還，或在當(dāng)事人不知道恢復(fù)原狀這一理由的存在的情況下，已經(jīng)被使用或處理，同時(shí)按照公平的要求，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)該 接受對(duì)該財(cái)產(chǎn)提供的補(bǔ)償，并且這一補(bǔ)償是能夠確保的，或  (c) 如果合同對(duì)該 財(cái)產(chǎn)的價(jià)值進(jìn)行了分割，并且該部分財(cái)產(chǎn)不屬于恢復(fù)原狀請(qǐng)求的范圍。
 
§385. EFFECT OF POWER OF AVOIDANCE ON DUTY OF PERFORMANCE OR O N DUTY ASRISING OUT OF BREACH
撤消權(quán)對(duì)履行義務(wù)或違約所生義務(wù)的法律效力
 
(1)  Unless  an  offer  to  restore  performance  received  is  a  condition  of avoidance, a party has no duty of performance while his power of avoidance exists.
(2) If an offer to restore performance received is a condition of avoidance, a duty to pay damage is terminated by such an offer made before the power of avoidance is lost.
(1) 除非已收到的恢復(fù)履行的要約是行使撤消權(quán)的條件，否則有權(quán)撤消合同的 當(dāng)事人在其撤消權(quán)存在的情況下，沒(méi)有義務(wù)履行合同義務(wù)。
(2) 如果已收到恢復(fù)履行的要約是行使撤消權(quán)的條件，則在撤消權(quán)喪失之前， 該要約終止了支付損害賠償金的義務(wù)。