§216. CONSISTENT ADDITIONAL TERMS與書面文書一致的附加條款
(1) Evidence of a consistent additional term is admissible to supplement an integrated agreement unless the court finds that the agreement was completely integrated.
(2) An agreement is not completely integrated if the writing omits a consistent additional agreed term which is
(a) agreed to for separate consideration, or
(b) such a term as in the circumstances might naturally be omitted from the writing.
(1) 與書面文書一致的附加條款可以作為證據(jù)補(bǔ)充到不可分割合同中，除非法院認(rèn)為該合同是完全不可分割的合同。
(2) 如果書面文書中忽略了一個(gè)與其一致的附加條款，并且該附加條款屬于以下情形的，則說(shuō)明該合同并非完全不可分割的合同
(a) 為了個(gè)別的約因而達(dá)成該附加條款，或
(b) 在此情況下，書面文書可能自然地忽略了該條款。
 
§217. INTEGRATED AGREEMENT SUBJECT TO ORAL REQUIREMENT OR A
CONDITION
受制于某一條件口頭要求的不可分割合同
 
Where the parties to a written agreement agree orally that performance of the agreement is subject to the occurrence of the agreements is subject to the occurrence of a stated condition, the agreement is not integrated with respect to the oral condition.
如果書面合同的雙方當(dāng)事人口頭上約定合同的履行受制于合同的締結(jié)，而合同的締結(jié)受制于所述條件的成就，那么，與該口頭條件有關(guān)的合同就是可分割的。
 
§218. UNTRUE RECITALS; EVIDENCE OF CONSIDERATION
不真實(shí)的陳述；約因是否存在的證明
 
(1) A recital of a fact in an integrated agreement may be shown untrue.
(2) Evidence is admissible to prove whether or not there is consideration for a promise, even though the parties have reduced their agreement to writing which appears to be completely integrated agreement.
(1) 不可分割合同中就事實(shí)的陳述可能被證明是不真實(shí)的。
(2) 雖然雙方當(dāng)事人認(rèn)為書面文書好象是完全不可分割的合同，但是仍然可以用證據(jù)證明有關(guān)允諾是否存在約因。
 
TOPIC 4. SCOPE AS AFFECTED BY USAGE主題四 慣例適用的范圍
§219. USAGE. 慣例
Usage is habitual or customary practice.慣例是指習(xí)慣性地做法。
 
§220. USAGE RELEVANT TO INTERPRETATION有關(guān)合同解釋的慣例
 
 
(1) An agreement is interpreted in accordance with a relevant usage if each party knew or had reason to know of the usage and neither party knew or had reason to know that the meaning attached by the other was inconsistent with the usage.
(2) When the meaning attached by one party accorded with a relevant usage and the other knew or had reason to know of the usage, the other is treated as having known or had reason to know the meaning attached by the first par ty.
(1) 如果每一方當(dāng)事人知道或有理由知道合同解釋的慣例，并且雙方當(dāng)事人都不知道或都沒(méi)有合理的理由知道對(duì)方所賦予的合同含義是與慣例相沖突的，則 該合同應(yīng)依慣例作出解釋。
(2) 如果一方當(dāng)事人賦予的合同含義與相關(guān)慣例一致，并且他方當(dāng)事人知道或有理由知道該慣例，則該方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是知道或有理由知道對(duì)方當(dāng)事人所 賦予的含義。
 
§221. USAGE SUPPLEMENTING AN AGREEMENT補(bǔ)充合同的慣例
An agreement is supplemented or qualified by a reasonable usage with respect to agreements of the same type if each party knows or has reason to know of the usage and neither party knows or has reason to know that the other party has an intention inconsistent with the usage.
如果任一方當(dāng)事人知道或有合理的理由知道存在補(bǔ)充合同的慣例，并且雙方當(dāng)事人都不知道或都沒(méi)有合理的理由知道對(duì)方當(dāng)事人擁有與慣例相沖突的意圖，則可以通過(guò)相同類型合同所適用的合理慣例補(bǔ)充或限制該合同。
 
§222. USAGE OF TRADE. 行業(yè)慣例
(1) A usage of trade is a usage having such regularity of observance in a place, vocation, or trade as to justify an expectation that it will be observed with respect to a particular agreement. It may include a system of rules regularly observed even though particular rules are changed from time to time.
(2) The existence and scope of a usage of trade are to be determined as questions of fact. If a usage is embodied in a written trade code or similar writing t he interpretation of the writing is to be determined by the court as a question of law.
(3) Unless otherwise agreed, a usage of trade in the vocation or trade in which the parties are engaged or a usage of trade of which they know or have reason to know gives meaning to or supplements or qualifies their agreement.
(1) 行業(yè)慣例指交易的實(shí)踐。此種實(shí)踐在一個(gè)地方、一種行業(yè)或一類貿(mào)易中已經(jīng)得到經(jīng)常性地遵循，從而使人有理由期望它在該有爭(zhēng)議的交易中也將得到遵守。 行業(yè)慣例可能包含一種經(jīng)常遵守的規(guī)則制度，盡管某些規(guī)則不時(shí)的在發(fā)生變化。
 
 
(2) 行業(yè)慣例之存在與范圍屬于一個(gè)事實(shí)問(wèn)題。如果在書面的貿(mào)易發(fā)電或類似書面文書中具體地表達(dá)了一個(gè)行業(yè)慣例，則法院對(duì)該書面文書的解釋就屬于法律 問(wèn)題。
(3) 除非雙方當(dāng)事人另有約定，在雙方當(dāng)事人所從事的職業(yè)或貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的行業(yè)慣例或雙方當(dāng)事人知道或有理由知道的行業(yè)慣例可以就合同的含義作出補(bǔ)充 或限制。
 
§223. COURSE OF DEALING交易過(guò)程
(1) A course of dealing is a sequence of previous conduct between the parties to an agreement which is fairly to be regarded as establishing a common basis of understanding for interpreting their expressions and other product.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed, a course of dealing between the parties gives meaning to or supplements or qualifies their agreements.
(1) 交易過(guò)程指特定交易的當(dāng)事人在此交易之前實(shí)施的，可以被合理地視為構(gòu)成一種當(dāng)事人共同理解的依據(jù)的，用以解釋他們的意思表示和其他行為的一系列行為。
 (2) 除非雙方當(dāng)事人另有約定，雙方當(dāng)事人之間的交易過(guò)程可以就合 同的含義作出補(bǔ)充或限制。
 
TOPIC 5. CONDITIONS AND SIMILAR EVENTS主題五 條件和類似事件
§224. CONDITION DEFINED條件的定義
A condition is an event, not certain to occur, which must occur, unless its non- occurrence is excused, before performance under a contract becomes due.
條件就是指成就的時(shí)間并不確定的事件，這一事件必然會(huì)成就，除非在合同項(xiàng)下的義務(wù)履行之前，當(dāng)事人免除了該事件的成就。
 
§225. EFFECTS OF THE NON-OCCURRENCE OF CONDITION條件不成就的效力
(1) Performance of a duty subject to a condition cannot become due unless the condition occurs or its non-occurrence is excused.
(2) Unless it has been excused, the non-occurrence of a condition discharges the duty when the condition can no longer occur.
(3) Non-occurrence of a condition is not a breach by a party unless he is under a duty that the condition occurs.
(1) 附條件義務(wù)的履行不會(huì)到期，除非條件成就或條件成就被免除。
(2) 當(dāng)條件的成就不再可能，那么，除非該條件已經(jīng)被免除，否則條件不予成就可以解除當(dāng)事人的合同義務(wù)。
(3) 條件不予成就并非一方當(dāng)事人的違約，除非該當(dāng)事人負(fù)有使條件成就的義務(wù)。
 
§226. HOW AN EVENT MAY BE MADE A CONDITON事件何以成為合同的條件
An event may be made a condition either by the agreement of the parties or by a term supplied by the court.
雙方當(dāng)事人可以在合同中約定某一事件為合同的條件，或者法院可以將某一事件補(bǔ)充為合同的條件。
 
§227. STANDARDS OF PREFERENCE WITH REGARD TO CONDITIONS
優(yōu)先選擇有關(guān)條件之解釋的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
 
(1) In resolving doubts as to whether an event is made a condition of an obligor's duty, and as to the nature of such an event, an interpretation is preferred that will reduce the obligee's risk of forfeiture, unless the event is within the obligee's control or the circumstances indicate that he has assumed the risk.
(2) Unless the contract is of a type under which only one party generally undertakes duties, when it is doubtful whether
(a) a duty is imposed on an obligee that an event occur, or
(b) the event is made a condition of the obligor's duty, or
(c) the event is made a condition of the obligor's duty and a duty is imposed on the obligee that the event occur, the first interpretation is preferred if the event is within the obligee's control.
(3) In case of doubt, an interpretation under which an event is a condition of an obligor's duty is preferred over an interpretation under which the non-occurrence of the event is a ground for discharge of that duty after it has become a duty to perform.
(1) 在決定一個(gè)事件是否屬于債權(quán)人履行義務(wù)的條件，以及確定該事件的本質(zhì)時(shí)，應(yīng)優(yōu)先作出減少債權(quán)人被沒(méi)收財(cái)產(chǎn)之風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的解釋，除非該事件處于債權(quán)人的控制之中或特定的情況表明他已經(jīng)承擔(dān)了這一風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
(2) 除非合同為通常只有一方當(dāng)事人承擔(dān)義務(wù)的合同，如果對(duì)下列問(wèn)題并不確定，即
(a) 是否債權(quán)人負(fù)有使事件成就的義務(wù)，或
(b) 是否該事件是債務(wù)人履行義務(wù)的條件，或
(c) 是否該時(shí)間是債務(wù)人履行義務(wù)的條件并且債權(quán)人負(fù)有使事件成就的義務(wù)，如果該事件處于債權(quán)人的控制之中，則應(yīng)優(yōu)先解釋為債權(quán)人負(fù)有使事件成就的 義務(wù)。
(3) 在對(duì)事件的性質(zhì)并不確定的情況下，當(dāng)這一事件已經(jīng)成為一項(xiàng)義務(wù)時(shí)，將事件解釋為是債務(wù)人履行義務(wù)的條件要比其解釋為不成就就可以解除債務(wù)人的義務(wù)更為可取。
 
§228. SATISFACTION OF THE OBLIGOR AS A CONDITION
以債務(wù)人之滿意作為一個(gè)條件
 
When it is a condition of an obligor’s duty that he be satisfied with respect to the obligee’s performance or with respect to something else, and it is practical to determine whether a reasonable person in the position of the oligator would be satisfied, an interpretation is preferred under which the condition occurs if such a reasonable person in the position of the obligor would be satisfied.
如果債務(wù)人履行義務(wù)的條件是債權(quán)人的履行行為或其他行為能令其滿意，并且確定處于債務(wù)人地位的一個(gè)正常人是否會(huì)對(duì)該履行行為或其他行為感到滿意是可行的，那么，如果處于債務(wù)人地位的正常人會(huì)對(duì)之滿意，則應(yīng)解釋為該條件成就。
 
§229. EXCUSE OF A CONDITION TO AVOID FORFEITURE
為避免沒(méi)收而免去條件成就
 
To the extent that the non-occurrence of a condition would cause disproportionate forfeiture, a court may excuse the non-occurrence of that condition unless its occurrence was a material part of the agreed exchange.
如果條件的不成就會(huì)導(dǎo)致當(dāng)事人財(cái)產(chǎn)不適當(dāng)?shù)氐貨](méi)收，則法院可以免去條件的成就，除非該條件的成就屬于已達(dá)成交易的重要組成部分。
 
§230. EVENT THAT TERMINATES A DUTY終止合同義務(wù)的事件
(1) Except as stated in subsection(2), if under the terms of the contract the occurrence of an event is to terminate an obligor’s duty of immediate performance or one to pay damages for breach, that duty is discharged if the event occurs.
(2) The obligor’s duty is not discharged if occurrence of the event
(a) is the result of a breach by the obligor of his duty of good faith and fair dealing, or
 (b) could not have been prevented because of impracticability and continuance of the duty does not subject the obligor to a material increase burden.
(3) The obligor’s duty is not discharged if, before the event occurs, the obligor promises to perform the duty even if the event occurs and does not revoke hi s promise before the obligee material changes his position in reliance on it.
(1) 除了(2)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，如果依據(jù)合同，事件的發(fā)生會(huì)終止債務(wù)人的即時(shí)義務(wù)或支付違約賠償金的義務(wù)，那么，如果該事件發(fā)生，則該義務(wù)被解除。
(2) 如果事件的發(fā)生屬于下列情形，則債務(wù)人的義務(wù)并不解除
(a) 事件的發(fā)生是由于債務(wù)人違反了善意義務(wù)和公平交易的義務(wù)而導(dǎo)致的，或
(b) 事件的發(fā)生由于合同的無(wú)法實(shí)施而不可能被阻卻，并且義務(wù)的連續(xù)性要求不得在實(shí)質(zhì)上增加債務(wù)人的負(fù)擔(dān)。
(3) 如果在事件發(fā)生之前，債務(wù)人允諾即使事件發(fā)生其也會(huì)履行義務(wù)，并且在債權(quán)人基于對(duì)這一允諾的信賴而實(shí)質(zhì)性地變更其主張之前不撤回該允諾，那么，該債務(wù)人的義務(wù)并不解除。
 
CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE
第十章  合同的履行與不履行
TOPIC 1. PERFORMANCES TO BE EXCHANGED UNDER AN EXCHANGE OF PROMISES
主題一  以允諾換履行
§231. CRITERION FOR DETERMINING WHEN PERFORMANCES ARE TO BE EX CHANGED UNDER AN EXCHANGE OF PROMISES
確定何時(shí)可以以允諾交換履行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
 
Performances are to be exchanged under an exchange of promises if each promise is at least part of the consideration for the other and the performance of each promise is to be exchanged at least in part for the performance of the other.
如果一個(gè)允諾對(duì)于他方當(dāng)事人而言至少屬于部分約因，并且該允諾的履行至少是為部分地?fù)Q取他方當(dāng)事人的履行行為，那么，該履行行為即為以允諾為交換之履行。
 
§232. WHEN IT IS PRESUMED THAT PERFORMANCES ARE TO BE EXCHANGE D UNDER AN EXCHANGE OF PROMISES
何時(shí)可以推定履行行為是以允諾為交換之履行
 
When the consideration given by each party to a contract consists in whole or in part of promises, all the performances to be rendered by each party taken collectively are treated as performances to be exchanged under an exchange of promise, unless a contrary intention is clearly manifested.
如果合同的每一方當(dāng)事人所提供的約因中全部或部分地包含了多個(gè)允諾，那么，除非有明顯的相反意圖表示，由每一方當(dāng)事人所共同實(shí)施的所有履行行為應(yīng)被視為以允諾為交換之履行。
 
§233. PERFORMANCE AT ONE TIME OR IN INSTALLMENTS一次性或分期履行
(1) Where performances are to be exchanged under an exchange of promises, and the whole of one party’s performance can be rendered at one time, it is due at one time, unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary.
(2) Where only a part of one party’s performance is due at one time under subsection(1), if the other party’s performance can be so apportioned that there is a comparable part that can also be rendered at that time, it is due at that ti me, unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary.
(1) 在以允諾換履行的情況下，除非語(yǔ)言或特定情況表明了相反的含義，一方當(dāng)事人之全部履行義務(wù)可以一次性作出，一次性到期。
(2) 依據(jù)(1)小節(jié)的規(guī)定，在一方當(dāng)事人的履行義務(wù)一次只有部分到期的情況下，如果他方當(dāng)事人的履行行為被分配成若干部分，以至在上述一方當(dāng)事人的部分 履行義務(wù)到期的時(shí)候，該當(dāng)事人也作出了相應(yīng)部分的履行，那么，除非語(yǔ)言或 特定情況表明了相反的含義，該他方當(dāng)事人之義務(wù)在當(dāng)時(shí)也一并到期。
 
 §234. ORDER OF PERFORMANCES履行的順序
(1) Where all or part of the performances to be exchanged under an exchange of promises can be rendered simultaneously, they are to that extent due simultaneously, unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary.
(2) Except to the extent stated in Subsection(1), where the performance of only one party under such an exchange requires a period of time, his performance is due at an earlier time than that of the other party, unless the language o r the circumstances indicate the contrary.
(1) 如果以允諾為交換的全部或部分履行行為可以同時(shí)作出，那么，除非語(yǔ)言或特定情況有相反的暗示，這些履行義務(wù)也應(yīng)同時(shí)到期。
(2) 除了(1)小節(jié)所規(guī)定的范圍外，在以允諾換取履行行為的情況下，如果只有一方當(dāng)事人為履行行為還需一段時(shí)間，那么，除非語(yǔ)言或特定情況有相反的暗示，該當(dāng)事人的履行義務(wù)早于對(duì)方當(dāng)事人到期。
 
TOPIC2. EFFECT OF PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE
主題二  履行和不履行的法律后果
§235. EFFECT OF PERFORMANCE AS DISCHARGE AND OF NON-PERFROMANCE AS BREACH
履行解除合同，不履行構(gòu)成違約
 
(1) Full performance of a duty under a contract discharges the duty.
(2) When performance of a duty under a contract is due any non-performance is a breach.
(1) 合同項(xiàng)下義務(wù)的全部履行解除了當(dāng)事人的合同義務(wù)。
(2) 如果合同項(xiàng)下義務(wù)的履行到期，任何不履行行為都構(gòu)成違約。
 
§236. CLAIMS FOR DAMAGES FOR TOTAL AND FOR PARTIAL BREACH
全部違約和部分違約時(shí)的損害賠償請(qǐng)求
 
(1) A claim for damages for total breach is one for damages based on all of the injured party’s remaining rights to performance.
(2) A claim for damages for partial breach is one for damages based on only p art of the injured party’s remaining rights to performance.
(1) 如果受損一方當(dāng)事人享有要求他方履行剩余義務(wù)的全部權(quán)利，則其可以就他方當(dāng)事人之全部違約提出損害賠償請(qǐng)求。
(2) 如果受損一方當(dāng)事人享有要求他方履行剩余義務(wù)的部分權(quán)利，則其可以就他方當(dāng)事人之部分違約提出損害賠償請(qǐng)求。
 
§237. EFFECT ON OTHER PARTY’S DUTIES OF A FAILURE TO RENDER PERFORMANCE
沒(méi)有實(shí)施履行行為對(duì)他方當(dāng)事人所承擔(dān)義務(wù)的法律效力
 
Except as stated in §240, it is a condition of each party’s remaining duties to r ender performances to be exchanged under an exchange of promises that the re be no uncured material failure by the other party to render any such performance due at an earlier time.
除了§240 的規(guī)定外，在以允諾換履行的情況下，如果他方當(dāng)事人可以在義務(wù)到期之前通過(guò)實(shí)施履行行為對(duì)重大違約進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救，則每一方當(dāng)事人都負(fù)有實(shí)施該履行行為的義務(wù)。
 
§238. EFFECT ON OTHER PARTY’S DUTIES OF A FAILURE TO OFFER PERFORMANCE
沒(méi)有提出履行行為對(duì)他方當(dāng)事人所承擔(dān)義務(wù)的法律效力
 
Where all or part of the performance to be exchanged under an exchange of promises are due simultaneously, it is a condition of each party’s duties to render such performance that the other party either render or, with manifested p resent ability to do so, offer performance of his part of the simultaneous exchange.
在以允諾換履行、并且全部或部分的履行義務(wù)同時(shí)到期的情況下，如果他方當(dāng)事人明確以現(xiàn)有的能力實(shí)施履行行為、或者提出履行其同時(shí)交換的部分行為，則每一方當(dāng)事人都負(fù)有實(shí)施該履行行為的義務(wù)。
 
§239. EFFECT ON OTHER PARTY’S DUTIES OF A FAILURE JUSTIFIED BY NON- OCCURRENCE OF A CONDITION
他方當(dāng)事人由于條件未成就合法而不履行義務(wù)時(shí)的法律后果
 
(1) A party’s failure to render or to offer performance may, except as stated in subsection (2), affect the other party’s duties under the rules stated in §§237 and 238 even though failure is justified by the non-occurrence of a condition.
(2) The rule stated in Subsection (1) does not apply if the other party assumed the risk that he would have to perform in spite of such a failure.
(1) 除了(2) 小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，如果一方當(dāng)事人不實(shí)施或不提出實(shí)施履行行為，則會(huì)影響他方當(dāng)事人依照§§237 所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)，盡管該當(dāng)事人是基于條件未成就這一合法理由而為此行為的。
(2) 盡管一方當(dāng)事人基于條件未成就的合法理由而不實(shí)施或不提出實(shí)施履行行為，但是如果他方當(dāng)事人承擔(dān)不得不為履行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，則(1) 小節(jié)的規(guī)定不予適用。
 
§240. PART PERFORMANCES AS AGREED EQUIVALENTS部分履行作為約定的等價(jià)物
If the performances to be exchanged under an exchange of promises can be apportioned into corresponding pairs of part performances so that the parts o f each pair are properly regarded as agreed equivalents, a party’s performance of his part of such a pair has the same effect on the other’s duties to render performance of the agreed equivalent as it would have if only that pair of performances had been promised.
在以允諾換履行的情況下，如果當(dāng)事人的履行有可能分解成相互對(duì)應(yīng)的一對(duì)對(duì)部分履行，以至于每對(duì)中的部分履行都可以適當(dāng)?shù)乇灰暈槭羌s定的等價(jià)物，那么，只有在雙方當(dāng)事人已經(jīng)就該對(duì)履行達(dá)成一致的情況下，一方當(dāng)事人就該對(duì)中的部分履行行為對(duì)他方當(dāng)事人就約定的等價(jià)物所實(shí)施的履行行為具有與其全部履行時(shí)相同的效力。
 
 §241. CIRCUMSTANCES SIGNIFICANT IN DETERMINING WHETHER A FAILURE IS MATERIAL
確定是否存在重大違約時(shí)應(yīng)考慮的重要情形
 
In determining whether a failure to render or to offer performance is material, the following circumstances are significant:
(a) the extent to which the injured party will be deprive of the benefit which he reasonably expected;
(b) the extent to which the injured party can be adequately compensated for t he part of that benefit of which he will be deprived;
(c) the extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will suffer forfeiture;
(d) the likelihood that the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will cure his failure, taking account of all the circumstances including any reasonable assurances;
(e) the extent to which the behavior of the party failing to perform or to offer to perform comports with standards of good faith and fair dealing.
在確定當(dāng)事人不實(shí)施履行或提出履行的行為是否屬于重大違約時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮下列
重要情形：
(a) 受損一方被剝奪的、其合理期待之利益的范圍；
(b) 受損一方被剝奪的、其合理期待之部分利益能夠獲得充分補(bǔ)償?shù)姆秶��?br /> (c) 沒(méi)有履行或沒(méi)有提出履行的一方當(dāng)事人遭受沒(méi)收的程度；
(d) 通觀考慮了包括合理的擔(dān)保在內(nèi)的所有情形后，沒(méi)有履行或沒(méi)有提出履行的一方當(dāng)事人作出補(bǔ)救的可能性；
(e) 沒(méi)有履行或沒(méi)有提出履行的一方當(dāng)事人的行為與善意及公平交易之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的符合程度。
 
§242. CIRCUMSTANCES SIGNIFICANT IN DETERMINING WHEN REMAINING DUTIES ARE DISCHRGED
確定何時(shí)免除剩余義務(wù)時(shí)應(yīng)考慮的重要情形
 
In determining the time after which a party’s uncured material failure to render or to offer performance under the rules stated in §§237 and 238, the following circumstances are significant:
(a) those stated in §241;
(b) the extent to which it reasonably appears to the injured party that delay may prevent or hinder him in making reasonable substitute arrangements;
(c) the extent to which the agreement provides for performances without delay, but a material failure to perform or to offer to perform on a stated day does not of itself discharge the other party’s remaining duties unless the circumstances, including the language of the agreement, indicate that performance or a n offer to perform by that day is important.
在確定此后一方當(dāng)事人無(wú)法依據(jù)§§237 和 238 的規(guī)定對(duì)違約進(jìn)行救濟(jì)的時(shí)間時(shí)因考慮下列重要情形：
 (a) §241 所規(guī)定的那些情形；
(b) 延遲履行合同可能會(huì)阻礙或阻卻其作出合理的替代合同這一情形對(duì)受損方而言看似合理；
(c) 合同規(guī)定了不得延遲履行，但是在一個(gè)約定日期的重大違約本身并不解除他方當(dāng)事人的剩余義務(wù)，除非特殊情況，包括合同語(yǔ)言等表明那日的履行行為或 允諾履行意義重大。
 
§243.EFFECT OF A BREACH BY NON-PERFORMANCE AS GIVING RIASE TO A CLAIM FOR DAMAGES FOR TOTAL BREACH
不履行義務(wù)的違約行為如果造成了當(dāng)事人就全部違約提出損害賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)時(shí)的法律后果
 
(1) With respect to performances to be exchanged under an exchange of promises, a breach by non-performance gives rise to a claim for damages for tot al breach only if it discharges the injured party’s remaining duties to render such performance, other than a duty to render an agreed equivalent under §240.
(2) Except as stated in Subsection (3), a breach by non-performance accompanied or followed by a repudiation gives rise to a claim for damage for total breach.
(3) Where at the time of the breach the only remaining duties of performance are those of the party in breach and are for the payment of money installments not related to one another, his breach by non-performance as to less than t he whole, whether or not accompanied or followed by a repudiation, does not give rise to claim for damages for total breach.
(4) In any case other than those stated in the preceding subsections, a breach by non-performance gives rise to a claim for total breach only if it so substantially impairs the value of the contract to the injured party at the time of the breach that it is just in the circumstances to allow him to recover damages based on all his remaining rights to performance.
(1) 在以允諾換履行的情況下，只有當(dāng)不履行義務(wù)的違約行為解除了受損方實(shí)施履行的剩余義務(wù)，而非依據(jù)§240 的規(guī)定提出一個(gè)等價(jià)物的義務(wù)時(shí)，受損方可以就全部違約行為提出損害賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)。
(2) 除了(3)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，由于不履行之后決議毀棄合同的違約行為也可以使對(duì)方當(dāng)事人就全部違約行為提出損害賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)。
 (3) 如果在違約之時(shí)，違約方只有系列分期付款的義務(wù)沒(méi)有履行，并且這些分期付款的義務(wù)彼此并不相關(guān)，而且違約方只是就部分的分期付款義務(wù)沒(méi)有履行， 那么，不論違約之后會(huì)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)合同的毀棄，該違約行為并不產(chǎn)生對(duì)全部違約 行為的損害賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)。
(4) 在前面所述情形之外的任何情況下，如果不履行義務(wù)的違約行為實(shí)質(zhì)上損害了受損方的合同利益，以至于基于其享有的要求履行的這一未行使權(quán)利應(yīng)給予其賠償，則該違約行為可以使受損方就全部違約提出損害賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)。
 
§244. EFFECT OF SUBSEQUENT EVENTS ON DUTY TO PAY DAMAGES
事后事件對(duì)支付損害賠償金的法律后果
 
A party’s duty to pay damages for total breach by non-performance is discharged if appears after the breach that there would have been a total failure by t he injured party to perform his return promise.
如果在一方當(dāng)事人不履行義務(wù)而違約之后，受損害的一方本來(lái)就完全不能履行該方相應(yīng)的承諾，違約方因該完全違約而支付損害賠償金的義務(wù)便因此而被免除。
 
 
EFFECT OF A BREACH BY NON-PERFORMANCE AS EXCUSING THE NON OCCURRENCE OF A CONDITION
當(dāng)不履行義務(wù)的違約行為免除條件之不成就時(shí)的法律后果
 
Where a party’s breach by non-performance contributes materially to the non- occurrence of a condition of one of his duties, the non-occurrence is excused.
如果一方當(dāng)事人不履行義務(wù)的違約行為實(shí)質(zhì)上造成了其所承擔(dān)的某一義務(wù)的條件不成就，則免去該條件的成就。
 
§246. EFFECT OF ACCEPTANCE AS EXCUSING THE NON-OCCURRENCE OF A CONDITION
當(dāng)承諾免去條件成就時(shí)的法律后果
 
(1) Except as stated in Subsection(2), an obligor’s acceptance or his retention for an unreasonable time of the obligee’s performance, with knowledge of or reason to know of the non-occurrence of a condition of the obligor’s duty, operates as a promise to perform in spite of that non-occurrence, under the rules stated in §84
(2) If at the time of its acceptance or retention the obligee’s performance involves such attachment to the obligor’s property that removal would cause material loss, the obligor’s acceptance or retention of that performance operates as a promise to perform in spite of the non-occurrence of the condition, under th e rules stated in §84, only if the obligor with knowledge of or reason to know of the defects manifests assent to the performance.
(1) 除了(2) 小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，債務(wù)人如果知道或有理由知道其義務(wù)履行的條件并不會(huì)成就，那么，該債務(wù)人的承諾行為或在債權(quán)人履行義務(wù)的不合理期間內(nèi)保 持沉默的行為就等于其允諾雖然條件并不成 就，但債務(wù)人還是會(huì)依據(jù)§84 節(jié)的 規(guī)定履行義務(wù)。
(2) 如果在債務(wù)人作出承諾或在債權(quán)人履行義務(wù)的不合理期間內(nèi)保持沉默之時(shí) ， 債權(quán)人的履行行為增加了債務(wù)人的財(cái)產(chǎn)，以至于剝奪這些財(cái)產(chǎn)會(huì)給債務(wù)人造成 重大損失，則只有在該債務(wù)人知道或有理由知道雙方的意思表示存在瑕疵的情 況下，該債務(wù)人的承諾行為或沉默行為相當(dāng)于其允諾盡管條件不成就，但債務(wù) 人還是會(huì)依據(jù)§84 節(jié)的規(guī)定履行義務(wù)。
 
§247. EFFECT OF ACCEPTANCE OF PART PERFORMANCE AS EXCUSING THE S UBSEQUENT NON-OCCUTRENCE OF A CONDITION
部分履行的承諾免去事后條件的成就時(shí)的法律后果
 
An obligor’s acceptance of part of the obligee’s performance, with knowledge or reason to know of the non-occurrence of a condition of the obligor’s duty, operates as a promise to perform in spite of a subsequent non-occurrence of the condition under the rules stated in §84 to the extent that it justifies the obligee in believing that subsequent performances will be accepted in spite of that non-occurrence.
如果債務(wù)人知道或有理由知道其義務(wù)履行的條件并不成就，那么，如果該債務(wù)人接受了債權(quán)人的部分履行行為，則相當(dāng)于其允諾盡管事后條件并不成就，仍會(huì)依據(jù)§84 節(jié)的規(guī)定履行義務(wù)，只要債權(quán)人合理地相信雖然條件不會(huì)成就，但是債務(wù)人還會(huì)接受以后的履行行為。
 
 
§248. EFFECT OF INSUFFICIENT REASON FRO REJECTION AS EXCUSING THE NON-OCCURRENCE OF A CONDITION
拒絕接受的不充足理由免去條件成就時(shí)的法律后果
 
where a party rejecting a defective performance or offer of performance gives an insufficient reason for rejection the non-occurrence of a condition of his duty is excused only if he knew or had reason to know of that non-occurrence and then only to the extent that the giving of an insufficient reason substantially contributes to a failure by the other party to cure.
如果當(dāng)事人拒絕接受有瑕疵的履行行為或作出履行的承諾，并提供了一個(gè)不充足的理由，只有在他知道或有理由知道條件不會(huì)成就，并且只有在提供出一個(gè)不充足的理由在實(shí)質(zhì)上有助于使他方當(dāng)事人不為補(bǔ)救，則可以免去其履行義 務(wù)條件的成就。
 
§249. WHEN PAYMENT OTHER THAN BY LEGAL TENDER IS SUFFICIENT
使用非法定貨幣支付何時(shí)是充分的
 
Where the payment of offer of payment of money is made a condition of an obligor’s duty, payment or offer of payment in any manner current in the ordinary course of business satisfies the requirements unless the obligee demands payment in legal tender and gives any extension of time reasonably necessary to procure it.
如果債務(wù)人履行義務(wù)的條件是債權(quán)人作出支付或作出支付的承諾，則在通常的商業(yè)過(guò)程中以任何貨幣作出的支付都符合要求，除非債權(quán)人要求使用法定貨幣支付并且給與了收取該類貨幣所需要的合理的延長(zhǎng)期限。
 
TOPIC 3, EFFECT OF PROSPECTIVE NON-PERFORMANCE
主題三 預(yù)期違約的法律后果
 
§250. WHEN A STATEMENT OR AN ACT IS A REPUDIATION
什么樣的陳述或行為表明是對(duì)合同的毀棄
 
A repudiation is合同的毀棄就是
(a) a statement by the obligor to the obligee indicating that the obligor will commit a breach that would of itself give the oblige a claim for damages for tot al breach under §243, or
(b) a voluntary affirmative act which renders the obligor unable or apparently unable to perform without such a breach.
(a) 債務(wù)人向債權(quán)人聲明其要實(shí)施違約，并且該違約本身賦予債權(quán)人有權(quán)依據(jù)§243 節(jié)的規(guī)定就全部違約提出損害賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)，或
(b) 債務(wù)人自愿的、確定性的行為表表明債務(wù)人不得不或好象必須違約。
 
§251. WHEN A FAILURE TO GIVE ASSURANCE MAY BE TREATED AS A REPUDIATION
沒(méi)有提供擔(dān)保何時(shí)應(yīng)被視為是毀棄合同
 
(1) Where reasonable grounds arise to believe that the obligor will commit a b reach by non-performance that would of itself give the obligee a claim for da mages for total breach under §243, the obligee may demand adequate assurance of due performance and may, if reasonable, suspend any performance for which he has not already received the agreed exchange until he receives such assurance.
(2) The obligee may treat as a repudiation the obligor’s failure to provide with in a reasonable time such assurance of due performance as is adequate in the circumstances of the particular case.
(1) 如果債權(quán)人有合理的理由相信債務(wù)人將要違約，并且該違約行為本身賦予了債權(quán)人依據(jù)§243 就全部違約提出損害賠償請(qǐng)求的權(quán)利，則該債權(quán)人可以要求債務(wù)人對(duì)到期義務(wù)提供充分的擔(dān)保，并且，如果合理的話，可以暫停直到他收到擔(dān)保之后才可以收到的、已達(dá)成對(duì)價(jià)所交換的任何履行行為。
(2) 如果債務(wù)人在合理的期間內(nèi)，沒(méi)有就到期的義務(wù)提供對(duì)于有爭(zhēng)議案件的特殊情況充分的擔(dān)保，則債權(quán)人應(yīng)將其位提供擔(dān)保的行為視為對(duì)合同的毀棄。
 
 
§252. EFFECT OF INSOLVENCY破產(chǎn)的法律后果
(1) Where the obligor’s insolvency gives the obligee reasonable grounds to believe that the obligor will commit a breach under the rule sated in §251, the obligee may suspend any performance for which he has not already received th e agreed exchange until he receive assurance in the form of performance itself, an offer of performance, or adequate security.
(2) A person is insolvent who either has ceased to pay his debts in the ordinary course of business or cannot pay his debts as they become due or is insolvent within the meaning of the federal bankruptcy law.
(1) 如果債務(wù)人的破產(chǎn)使得債權(quán)人有合理的理由相信債務(wù)人將要實(shí)施 §251 中規(guī)定的違約行為，則該債權(quán)人可以暫停直到他收到擔(dān)保之后才可以收到的、已達(dá)成 對(duì)價(jià)所交換的任何履行行為，其擔(dān)保的形式可以是履行行為本身，或作出履行 的承諾或是提供充分的擔(dān)保。
(2) 如果一個(gè)人在正常的商業(yè)過(guò)程中停止支付債務(wù)或當(dāng)債務(wù)到期時(shí)無(wú)法支付債務(wù)，則其屬于破產(chǎn)債務(wù)人或者屬于聯(lián)邦破產(chǎn)法意義上的破產(chǎn)人。
 
 §253. EFFECT OF A REPUDIATION AS A BREACH AND ON OTHER PARTY’S DUTIES
以毀棄合同實(shí)施違約的法律后果和對(duì)他方當(dāng)事人義務(wù)的影響
 
(1) Where an obligor repudiates a duty before he has committed a breach by non-performance and before he has received all of the agreed exchange for it his repudiation alone gives rise to a claim for damages for total breach.
(2) Where performance are to be exchanged under an exchange of promises, one party’s repudiation of a duty to render performance discharges the other’s remaining duties to render performance.
(1) 如果債務(wù)人在違約之前以及收到所有已達(dá)成的交換之前，毀棄了他為之作出交換的義務(wù)，則其毀棄行為本身只賦予了對(duì)方債權(quán)人就全部違約可以提出損 害賠償請(qǐng)求的權(quán)利。
(2) 在以允諾換履行的情況下，一方當(dāng)事人毀棄其履行的義務(wù)解除了他方當(dāng)事人未履行的義務(wù)。
 
§254. EFFECT OF SUBSEQUENT EVENTS ON DUTY TO PAY DAMAGES
事后事件對(duì)支付損害賠償金義務(wù)的效力
 
(1) A party’s duty to pay damages for total breach by repudiation is discharged if it appear after the breach that there would have been a total failure by the injured party to perform his return promise.
(2) A party’s duty to pay damages for total breach by repudiation is discharged if it appears after the breach that the duty that he repudiated would have been discharged by impracticability or frustration before any breach by non-performance.
(1) 如果情況表明，在一方因拒絕履約而完全違約之后，受損害的一方本來(lái)就完全不能履行該方相應(yīng)的承諾，違約方因該完全違約而支付損害賠償金的義務(wù) 便因此而被免除。
 (2) 如果情況表明，在一方因拒絕履約而完全違約之后，一方當(dāng)事人所毀棄的義務(wù)在違約之前本來(lái)就應(yīng)基于不可實(shí)施性或落空性而免除， 違約方因該完全違約而支付賠償金的義務(wù)便因此而被免除。
 
§255. EFFECT OF A REPUDIATION AS EXCUSING THE NON-OCCURRENCE OF A CONDITION
合同的毀棄免去條件成就的法律后果
 
Where a party’s repudiation contributes materially to the non-occurrence of a condition of one of his duties, the non-occurrence is excused.
 如果一方當(dāng)事人毀棄合同的行為實(shí)質(zhì)上造成了其履行義務(wù)的一個(gè)條件的成就， 則可以免去該條件的成就。
 
§256. NULLIFICATION OF REPUDIATION OR BASIS FOR REPUDAIATION
毀棄無(wú)效或毀棄的理由
 
(1) The effect of a statement as constituting a repudiation under §250 or the basis for repudiation under §251 is nullified by a retraction of the statement if notification of the retraction comes to the attention of the injured party before he materially changes his position in reliance on the repudiation or indicates t o the other party that he considers the repudiation to be final.
(2) The effect of events other than a statement as constituting a repudiation under §250 or the basis for a repudiation under §251 is nullified if, to the knowledge of the injured party, those events have ceased to exist before he materially changes his position in reliance on the repudiation or indicates to the ot her party that he considers the repudiation to be final.
(1) 依據(jù)§250 作出的毀棄聲明或依據(jù)§251 所提供的毀棄理由可以通過(guò)作出一個(gè)撤回聲明而使其失去效力，條件是在當(dāng)事人基于對(duì)毀棄行為的信賴而實(shí)質(zhì)性地 變更其決定之前或在向他方當(dāng)事人表明該毀棄合同的行為具有最終性之前，撤 回毀棄的通知書到達(dá)了受損方。
(2) 對(duì)于除依據(jù)§250 作出的毀棄聲明或依據(jù)§251 所提供的毀棄理由之外的事件而言，如果受損方知道這些事件的存在，那么，這些事件在當(dāng)事人基于對(duì)毀棄 行為的信賴而實(shí)質(zhì)性地變更其決定之前或在向他方當(dāng)事人表明該毀棄合同的行 為具有最終性之前是無(wú)效的。
 
§257. EFFECT OF URGING PERFORMANCE IN SPITE OF REPUDIATION
盡管合同已經(jīng)毀棄，仍然鼓勵(lì)履行的法律效力
 
The injured party does not change the effect of a repudiation by urging the repudiator to perform in spite of his repudiation or to retract his repudiation.
受損的一方不得通過(guò)鼓勵(lì)作出毀棄的當(dāng)事人在毀棄之后履行合同或撤回毀棄決定來(lái)變更合同毀棄之后的效力。
 
TOPIC 4. APPLICATION OF PERFORMANCE主題四 履行適用
 
§258. OBLIGOR’S DIRECTION OF APPLICATION債務(wù)人指示
 
(1) Except as stated in subsection (2), as between two or more contractual duties owed by an obligor to the same obligee, a performance is applied according to a direction made by the obligor to the obligee at or before the time of performance.
(2) If the obligor is under a duty to a third person to devote a performance to the discharge of a particular duty that the obligor owes to the obligee and the obligee knows or has reason to know this, the obligor’s performance is applied to that duty.
(1) 除了(2) 小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，如果債務(wù)人所負(fù)有的兩項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)合同義務(wù)是針對(duì)同一債權(quán)人，則在履行義務(wù)之時(shí)或之前，應(yīng)依據(jù)債務(wù)人對(duì)債權(quán)人的指示履行義務(wù)。
 (2) 如果債務(wù)人對(duì)第三人的一項(xiàng)義務(wù)解除了其對(duì)債權(quán)人所負(fù)有的特殊義務(wù)，并且債權(quán)人知道或有理由知道該事實(shí)，則債務(wù)人履行義務(wù)的行為解除了其對(duì)債權(quán) 人所負(fù)有的特殊義務(wù)。
 
§259. CREDITOR’S APPLICATION債權(quán)人權(quán)利的實(shí)現(xiàn)
(1) Except as stated in subsection (2) and (3), if the debtor has not directed application of a payment as between two or more matured debts, the payment is applied according to a manifestation of intention made within a reasonable time by the creditor to the debtor.
(2) A creditor cannot apply such a payment to debt if
(a) the debtor could not have directed its application to that debt, or
(b) a forfeiture would result from a failure to apply it to another debt and the creditor knows or has reason to know this, or
(c) the debt is disputed or is unenforceable on grounds of public policy.
(3) If a creditor is owed one such debt in his own right and another in a fiduciary capacity, he cannot, unless empowered to do so by the beneficiary, effectively apply to the debt in his own right a greater proportion of a payment than that borne by the unsecured portion of that debt to the unsecured portions of both claims.
 (1) 除了(2)和(3)的規(guī)定外，如果債務(wù)人還沒(méi)有就兩項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)已經(jīng)到期的債務(wù)之間的支付作出指示，則債務(wù)人應(yīng)依據(jù)債權(quán)人在合理的期間內(nèi)向債務(wù)人所作出的意思表示作出支付。
(2) 在下列情況下，債權(quán)人不得申請(qǐng)適用上述支付：
(a) 債務(wù)人不可能就債務(wù)作出指示；
(b) 如果沒(méi)有就另外的債務(wù)作出支付會(huì)導(dǎo)致沒(méi)收的結(jié)果，并且債權(quán)人知道或有合理的理由知道該事實(shí)；或
(c) 該債務(wù)是有爭(zhēng)議的或者基于公共政策是不可執(zhí)行的。
(3) 如果債權(quán)人自身負(fù)有這樣的債務(wù)，并且同時(shí)作為受托人負(fù)有這樣的債務(wù)，則除非獲得受益人的授權(quán)，否則如果權(quán)利人就這些未擔(dān)保的債務(wù)提出兩項(xiàng)主張， 則該債權(quán)人以自己的權(quán)利地履行其中超過(guò)因未擔(dān)保而導(dǎo)致的債務(wù)的那一部分給 付義務(wù)的行為無(wú)效。
 
§260. APPLICATION OF PAYMENTS WHERE NEITHER PARTY EXERCISES HIS POWER
如果雙方當(dāng)事人都沒(méi)有行使權(quán)利時(shí)的支付行為
 
(1) If neither the debtor nor the creditor has exercised his power with respect to the application of a payment as between two or more matured debts, the payment is applied to debts to which the creditor could have applied it with jus t regard to the interests of third persons, the debtor and the creditor.
(2) In applying payments under the rule stated in subsection(1), a payment is applied to the earliest matured debt and ratably among debts of the same maturity, except that preference is given
(a) to a debt that the debtor is under a duty to a third person to pay immediately, and
(b) if he is not under such a duty,
(i) to overdue interest rather than principal, and
(ii) to an unsecured or precarious debt rather than one that is secured or certain of payment.
(1) 如果債務(wù)人和債權(quán)人都沒(méi)有就兩項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)已到期的債務(wù)之間的支付行使權(quán)力時(shí)，則此項(xiàng)支付只包含債權(quán)人應(yīng)就第三人、債務(wù)人和債權(quán)人的利息所獲得的支付。
(2) 在依據(jù)(1)小節(jié)的規(guī)定作出支付時(shí)，應(yīng)支付最早到期的債務(wù)，并且如果是同時(shí)到期的，應(yīng)先支付可估價(jià)的債務(wù)，但除了應(yīng)優(yōu)先支付
(a) 債務(wù)人對(duì)第三人承擔(dān)的即時(shí)支付義務(wù)，和
(b) 如果債務(wù)人對(duì)第三人不承擔(dān)這樣的即時(shí)支付義務(wù)， 應(yīng)支付過(guò)期利息，而不是本金，和應(yīng)支付未擔(dān)保的或者是不確定的債務(wù)，而不是已擔(dān)保的或確定的債務(wù)。
 
CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE AND FRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE
第十一章  履行不能和履行目的落空
§261. DISCHARGE BY SUPERVENING IMPRACTICABILITY
由于事后的無(wú)法實(shí)施而解除合同義務(wù)
 
Where, after a contract is made, a party’s performance is made impracticable without his fault by the occurrence of an event the non-occurrence of which w as a basic assumption on which the contract was made, his duty to render that performance is discharged, unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary.
在合同訂立之后，如果在當(dāng)事人并沒(méi)有過(guò)錯(cuò)的情況下，由于某一事件的發(fā)生導(dǎo)致了該當(dāng)事人的義務(wù)無(wú)法履行，并且該事件的不發(fā)生是合同訂立時(shí)的基本假定，則應(yīng)解除該當(dāng)事人的履行義務(wù)，除非合同語(yǔ)言或特殊情況表明了相反的含義。
 
§262. DEATH OR INCAPACITY OF PERSON NECESSARY FOR PERFORMANCE
履行義務(wù)的必要人物死亡或喪失行為能力
 
If the existence of a particular person is necessary for the performance of a duty, his death or such incapacity as makes performance impracticable is an event the non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the contract was made.
如果履行義務(wù)的必要人物死亡或喪失行為能力，則表明合同訂立時(shí)的基本假定 沒(méi)有成就，因此義務(wù)的履行成為不可能。
 
 
§263. DESTRUCTION, DETERIORATION OR FAILURE TO COME INTO EXISTE NCE OF THING NECESSARY FOR PERFORMANCE
履行義務(wù)所必要的事物的毀損、破壞或落空
 
If the existence of a specific thing is necessary for the performance of a duty, its failure to come into existence, destruction, or such deterioration as makes performance impracticable is an event the non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the contract was made.
如果對(duì)于義務(wù)履行所必要的事物不存在、被毀損或被破壞，則表明合同訂立時(shí)的基本假定沒(méi)有成就，因此義務(wù)的履行成為不可能。
 
§264. PREVENTION BY GOVERNMENTALREGULATION OR ORDER
由于政府法令而使履行受阻
 
If the performance of a duty is made impracticable by having to comply with a domestic or foreign governmental regulation or order, that regulation or order is an event the non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which t he contract was made.
如果依據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)或國(guó)外的某一政府法令，履行合同義務(wù)并不可行，則這一政府法令即為合同訂立時(shí)基本假定沒(méi)有成就而導(dǎo)致履行不能的事件。
 
§265. DISCHARGE BY SUPERVENING FRUSTRATION
由于事后合同目的的落空而解除合同
 
Where, after a contract is made, a party’s principal purpose is substantially frustrated without his fault by the occurrence of an event the no-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the contract was made, his remaining duties to render performance are discharged, unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary.
在合同訂立之后，由于合同賴以訂立的基本假定的不發(fā)生導(dǎo)致一方當(dāng)事人主要的合同目的實(shí)質(zhì)上落空，而該方當(dāng)事人并沒(méi)有過(guò)錯(cuò)，在這種情況下，應(yīng)解除該當(dāng)事人未履行的合同義務(wù)，除非合同語(yǔ)言或特殊情況表明了相反的意思。
 
§266. EXISTING IMPRACTICABILITY OR FRUSTRATION現(xiàn)有的履行不能或目的落空
 
(1) Where, at the time a contract is made, a party’s performance under it is impracticable without his fault because of a fact of which he has no reason to know and the non-existence of which is a basic assumption on which the contract is made, no duty to render that performance arise, unless the language o r circumstances indicate the contrary.
(2) Where, at the time a contract is made, a party’s principal purpose is substantially frustrated without his fault by a fact of which he has no reason to know and the non-existence of which is a basic assumption on which the contract is made, no duty of that party to render performance arises, unless the language or circumstances indicate the contrary.
(1) 如果在合同訂立時(shí)，在當(dāng)事人沒(méi)有過(guò)錯(cuò)的情況下，由于其沒(méi)有理由知道事實(shí)的存在，并且合同賴以訂立的基本假定并不存在，從而導(dǎo)致合同義務(wù)并不存 在，則發(fā)生履行不能的情形，除非合同語(yǔ)言或特殊情況有表明了相反的意思。
(2) 如果在合同訂立時(shí)，在當(dāng)事人沒(méi)有過(guò)錯(cuò)的情況下，由于其沒(méi)有理由知道事實(shí)的存在，并且合同賴以訂立的基本假定并不存在，從而導(dǎo)致合同義務(wù)并不存在，則說(shuō)明該當(dāng)事人的主要合同目的實(shí)質(zhì)上已經(jīng)落空，除非合同語(yǔ)言或特殊情 況有表明了相反的意思。
 
§267. EFFECT ON OTHER PARTY’S DUTIES OF A FAILURE JUSTIFIED BY IMPR ACTICABILITY OR FRUSTRATION
履行不能或合同目的落空合法致使一方當(dāng)事人不履行義務(wù)對(duì)他方當(dāng)事人所承擔(dān)義務(wù)的法律效力
 
(1) a party’s failure to render or to offer performance may, except as stated in subsection (2), affect the other party’s duties under the rules stated in §§237 and 238 even though the failure is justified under the rules stated in this chapter.
(2) The rule stated in subsection (1) does not apply if the other party assumed the risk that he would have to perform despite such a failure.
(1) 除了(2) 小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，雖然本章規(guī)定一方當(dāng)事人可以合法地不履行義務(wù)， 但是其不履行義務(wù)的行為可以影響他方當(dāng)事人依據(jù)§§237 和 238 所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)。
(2) 如果他方當(dāng)事人在上述履行不能存在的情況下，仍然承擔(dān)本應(yīng)該履行義務(wù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，則(1) 小節(jié)的規(guī)定不予適用。
 
§268. EFFECT ON OTHER PARTY’S DUTIES OF A PROSPECTIVE FAILURE JUST IFIED BY IMPRACTICABILITY OR FRUSTRATION
履行不能或合同目的落空致使預(yù)期違約對(duì)他方當(dāng)事人所承擔(dān)義務(wù)的法律效力
 
(1) A party’s prospective failure of performance may, except as stated in subsection (2), discharge the other party’s duties or allow him to suspend performance under the rues stated in §§251(1) and 253(2) even though the failure would be justified under the rules stated in this chapter.
(2) The rule stated in Subsection (1) does not apply if the other party assume d the risk that he would have to perform in spite such a failure.
(1) 除了(2)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，雖然本章規(guī)定一方當(dāng)事人可以合法地不履行義務(wù)，但是預(yù)期違約可以解除他方當(dāng)事人的合同義務(wù)或允許他方當(dāng)事人暫停 §§251(1) 和 253(2)中規(guī)定的合同義務(wù)。
(2) 如果他方當(dāng)事人在上述履行不能存在的情況下，仍然承擔(dān)本應(yīng)該履行義務(wù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，則(1) 小節(jié)的規(guī)定不予適用。
 
§269. TEMPORARY IMPRACTICABILITY OR FRUSTRATION
暫時(shí)性地履行不能或合同目的落空
 
impracticability of performance or frustration of purpose that is only temporary suspends the obligor’s duty to perform while the impracticability or frustration exists but does not discharge his duty or prevent it from arising unless his performance after the cessation of the impracticability or frustration would be materially more burdensome than had there been no impracticability or frustration.
如果履行不能或合同目的落空事實(shí)只是存在，而并不解除當(dāng)事人的義務(wù)或阻止目的的實(shí)現(xiàn)，則該履行不能或合同目的落空只是暫停了債務(wù)人的履行義務(wù)，除 非該債務(wù)人所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)在上述事實(shí)消滅之后實(shí)質(zhì)上要比如果沒(méi)有上述事實(shí)存 在時(shí)所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)更為繁重。
 
 §270. PARTIAL IMPRACTICABILITY部分履行不能
 
Where only part of an obligor’s performance is impracticable his duty to render the remaining part is unaffected if
(a) it is still practicable for him to render performance that is substantial, taking account of any reasonable substitute performance that he is under a duty to render; or
(b) the obligee, within a reasonable time, agrees to render any remaining performance in full and to allow the obligor to retain any performance that as already been rendered.
在下列情況下，如果債務(wù)人的義務(wù)只是部分不能履行，則其剩余義務(wù)的履行并不受此影響：
(a) 考慮債務(wù)人負(fù)有義務(wù)實(shí)施的任何合理的替代履行行為，債務(wù)人實(shí)施實(shí)質(zhì)意義上的履行行為仍然可行；或
(b) 債權(quán)人在合理的期間內(nèi)同意全部履行未履行的行為，并且允許債務(wù)人保留已經(jīng)完成的履行行為。
 
§271. IMPRACTICABILITY AS EXCUSE FOR NON-OCCURRENCE OF A CONDITI ON
履行不能作為條件不成就的理由
 
Impracticability excuses the non-occurrence of a condition if the occurrence of the condition is not a material part of the agreed exchange and forfeiture would otherwise result.
如果條件的成就并非雙方當(dāng)事人已達(dá)成交換的重要部分，并且沒(méi)收會(huì)導(dǎo)致相反的結(jié)果，則履行不能可以作為條件不成就的理由。
 
§272. RELIEF INCLUDING RESTITUTION包括恢復(fù)原狀在內(nèi)的救濟(jì)
(1) In any case governed by the rules stated in this chapter, either party may have a claim for relief including restitution under the rules stated in §§240 an d 377.
(2) In any case governed by the rules stated in this chapter, if those rules tog ether with the rules stated in chapter 16 will not avoid injustice, the court ma y grant relief on such terms as justice requires including protection of the parties reliance interests.
(1) 如果本章所規(guī)定的任何情形發(fā)生，任何當(dāng)事人都可以依據(jù)§§240 和 377 的規(guī)定提出包括恢復(fù)原狀在內(nèi)的救濟(jì)請(qǐng)求。
(2) 在適用本章所規(guī)定規(guī)則的情況下，如果這些規(guī)則連同第十六章所規(guī)定的規(guī)則并不能避免不公正，則法院可以依據(jù)公正的要求給予當(dāng)事人包括信賴?yán)�益在�?nèi)的救濟(jì)。
 
 CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION
第十二章  雙方合意或變更合同以解除合同義務(wù)
 
TOPIC 1, THE REQUIREMENT OF CONSIDERATION 主題一  對(duì)約因的要求
§273. REQUIREMENT OF CONSIDERATION OR A SUBSTITUTE
 
Except as stated in §§274-77, an obligee’s manifestation of assent to discharge is not effective unless
(a) it is made for consideration,
(b) it is made in circumstances in which a promise would be enforceable with out consideration, or
(c) it has induced such action or forbearance as would make a promise enforceable.
§273. 約因或替代約因的要求
除了§§274-77 的規(guī)定外，債權(quán)人解除合同義務(wù)的意思表示無(wú)效，除非
(a) 該意思表示是為約因而作出，
(b) 該意思表示是在允諾在沒(méi)有約因時(shí)可執(zhí)行的情況下作出的，或
(c) 該意思表示誘使他方作出可使允諾具有執(zhí)行力的作為或不作為。
 
§274. CANCELLATION, DESTRUCTION OR SURRENDER OF A WRITING
書面文書的撤消、毀損或收回
 
An obligee’s cancellation, destruction or surrender to the obligor of a writing of a type customarily accepted as a symbol or as evidence of his right discharges without consideration the obligor’s duty if it is done with the manifested intention to discharge it.
如果債權(quán)人向債務(wù)人撤消、毀損或收回一個(gè)通常被認(rèn)為是其行使權(quán)利的象征或證據(jù)的書面文書，并且債權(quán)人同時(shí)作出了撤消債務(wù)人義務(wù)的意思表示，則債券人撤消、毀損或收回該文書的行為不帶約因地解除了債務(wù)人的義務(wù)。
 
§275. CONSENT TO DISCHARGE DUTY OF RETURN PERFORMANCE
同意解除作出相應(yīng)承諾的義務(wù)
 
If a party, before he has fully performed his duty under a contract, manifests t o the other party his assent to discharge the other party’s duty to render part or all of the agreed exchange, the duty is to that extent discharged without condition.
如果一方當(dāng)事人在完全履行合同項(xiàng)下的義務(wù)時(shí)，向他方當(dāng)事人表示其同意解除他方當(dāng)事人就已達(dá)成的交換而為部分或全部履行的義務(wù)，則該義務(wù)為不帶約因而被解除的義務(wù)。
 
§276. ASSENT TO DISCHARGE DUTY TO TRANSGER PROPERTY
同意解除轉(zhuǎn)讓財(cái)產(chǎn)的義務(wù)
 
A duty of an obligor in possession of identified personal property to transfer a n interest in that property is discharged without consideration if the oblige manifests to the obligor his assent to the discharge of that duty.
如果債權(quán)人向債務(wù)人表示同意解除債務(wù)人轉(zhuǎn)讓其擁有的確定動(dòng)產(chǎn)利益的義務(wù)，則該債務(wù)人的轉(zhuǎn)讓動(dòng)產(chǎn)的義務(wù)為不帶約因而被解除的義務(wù)。
 
§277. RENUNCIATION對(duì)債務(wù)人義務(wù)的放棄
(1) A written renunciation signed and delivered by the obligee discharges with out consideration a duty arising out of a breach of contract
(2) A renunciation by the oblibee on his acceptance from the obligor of some performance under a contract discharges without consideration a duty to pay damages for a breach that gives rise only to a claim for damages for partial breach of contract.
 (1) 如果債券人簽署并且交付了一個(gè)書面的放棄文書，則該文書不帶約因地解除了由于違約造成的義務(wù)。
(2) 如果債權(quán)人放棄了債務(wù)人就合同義務(wù)履行所作出的承諾，那么，如果債務(wù)人的違約使得債權(quán)人就部分違約可以提出賠償請(qǐng)求，則債權(quán)人的放棄行為不帶 約因地解除了債務(wù)人支付違約賠償金的義務(wù)，
 
TOPIC 2. SUSTITUTED PERFORMANCE, SUBSTITUTED CONTRACT, ACCORD AND ACCONT STATED
主題二  替代履行行為、替代合同，和解協(xié)議以及明細(xì)帳
 
§278. SUBSTITUTED PERFORMANCE替代履行行為
(1) If an obligee accepts in satisfaction of the obligor’s duty a performance offered by the obligor that differs from what is due, the duty is discharged.
 
 
(2) If an obligee accepts in satisfaction of the obligor’s duty a performance offered by a third person, the duty is discharged, but an obligor who has not previously assented to the performance for his benefit may in a reasonable time after learning of it render the discharge inoperative from the beginning by disclaimer.
(1) 如果債務(wù)人提供與到期義務(wù)不同的履行為其合同義務(wù)的履行，并為債權(quán)人所接受，則原有的到期義務(wù)被解除。
(2) 如果第三人代替?zhèn)鶆?wù)人履行合同義務(wù)為債權(quán)人所接受，則債務(wù)人原有的義務(wù)被解除，但是如果債務(wù)人如果在此之前并未就第三人代為履行義務(wù)的行為表 示同意，該債務(wù)人可以在得知之后的合理時(shí)間內(nèi)主張?jiān)�有合同的解除從義務(wù)解 除一開始就無(wú)效。
 
  §279. SUBSTITUTED CONTRACT替代合同
(1) A substituted contract is a contract that is itself accepted by the obligee in satisfaction of the obligor is existing duty.
(2) The substituted contract discharges the original duty and breach of the substituted contract by the obligor does not give the obligee a right to enforce t he original duty.
(1) 如果債務(wù)人以訂立合同作為履行現(xiàn)有義務(wù)的方式，并為債權(quán)人所接受，則該合同為替代合同。
 (2) 替代合同解除了債務(wù)人原有的合同義務(wù)，而且債權(quán)人不得因債務(wù)人違反替代合同而要求其強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行原有的合同義務(wù)。
 
§280. NOVATIOIN合同的更新
A novation is a substituted contract that includes as a party one who was neither the obligor nor the obligee of the original duty.
 如果合同的一方當(dāng)事人既非債務(wù)人，也非原有合同義務(wù)的債權(quán)人，則該替代合同即為新合同。
 
§281. ACCORD AND SATISFACTION和解與清償
(1) An accord is a contract under which an obligee promises to accept a state d performance in satisfaction of the obligor’s existing duty. Performance of the accord discharged the original duty.
(2) Until performance of the accord, the original duty is suspended unless the re is such a breach of the accord by the obligor as discharges the new duty of the obligee to accept the performance in satisfaction. If there is such a breach the obligee may enforce either the original duty or any duty under the accord.
(3) Breach of the accord by the obligee does not discharge the original duty, b ut the obligor may maintain a suit for specific performance of the accord, in addition to any claim for damages for partial breach.
(1) 如果債務(wù)人以一個(gè)陳述的行為履行其現(xiàn)存的合同義務(wù)，并且債權(quán)人承諾接 受該履行行為，則由此雙方達(dá)成的協(xié)議為和解合同。和解合同的履行解除了債務(wù)人原有的義務(wù)。
(2) 在和解合同實(shí)施之前，債務(wù)人的原有合同義務(wù)暫停履行，除非債務(wù)人違反和解合同的行為導(dǎo)致債權(quán)人接受該履行行為的新義務(wù)被解除。在這種情況下，債權(quán)人可以執(zhí)行原有的合同義務(wù)或者也可以執(zhí)行和解合同項(xiàng)下的任何義務(wù)。
(3) 債權(quán)人違反和解合同的行為并不解除其原有的合同義務(wù)，但是債務(wù)人可以就和解合同的強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行提起訴訟，另外也可以就部分違約提起損害賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)。
 
§282. ACCOUNT STATED明細(xì)帳
(1) An account stated is a manifestation of assent by debtor and creditor to a stated sum as an accurate computation of an amount due the creditor. A party’s retention without objection for an unreasonably long time of a statement o f account rendered by the other party is manifestation of assent.
(2) The account stated does not itself discharge any duty but is an admission by each party of the facts asserted and promise by the debtor to pay according to its terms.
 (1) 明細(xì)帳就是債務(wù)人和債權(quán)人對(duì)作為到期金額的精確計(jì)算而達(dá)成的意思表示。 一方當(dāng)事人如果在一個(gè)不夠合理長(zhǎng)的期限內(nèi)保持沉默，沒(méi)有就他方當(dāng)事人提出的帳目說(shuō)明表示反對(duì)，則應(yīng)視為對(duì)明細(xì)帳作出了同意的意思表示。
(2) 該明細(xì)帳本身并不解除任何義務(wù)，而是由各當(dāng)事人就聲稱的事實(shí)問(wèn)題所作出的陳述，同時(shí)也是債務(wù)人表示依照其履行支付的允諾。
 
TOPIC 3. AGREEMENT OF RESCISSION, RELEASE AND CONTRACT NOT TO S UE
主題三 解約協(xié)議、棄權(quán)書和非訴合同
 
§283. AGREEMENT OF RESCISSION解約協(xié)議
(1) An agreement of rescission is an agreement under which each party to discharge all of the other party’s remaining duties of performance under an existing contract.
(2) An agreement of rescission discharge all remaining duties of performance of both parties. It is a question of interpretation whether the parties also agree to make restitution with respect to performance that has been rendered.
(1) 解約協(xié)議就是合同各方當(dāng)事人達(dá)成的解除其剩余合同義務(wù)的協(xié)議。
(2) 解約協(xié)議解除了合同當(dāng)事人雙方所有剩余的合同義務(wù)。是否雙方當(dāng)事人也同意就已經(jīng)履行的義務(wù)恢復(fù)原狀取決于對(duì)該解約協(xié)議的解釋。
 
§284. RELEASE棄權(quán)書
(1) A release is a writing providing that a duty owed to the maker of the release is discharged immediately or on the occurrence of a condition.
(2) The release takes effect on delivery as stated in §§101-03 and, subject to the occurrence of any condition, discharges the duty.
(1) 棄權(quán)書就是規(guī)定棄權(quán)人放棄他方當(dāng)事人的義務(wù)或該義務(wù)在條件成就之后被解除的書面文書。
 (2) 棄權(quán)書應(yīng)依照§§101-03 的規(guī)定，一經(jīng)交付即生效，但是應(yīng)受條件成就和解除義務(wù)的限制。
 
§285. CONTRACT NOT TO SUE非訴合同
(1) A contract not to use is a contract under which the obligee of a duty promises never to sue the obligor or a third person to enforce the duty or not to do so for a limited time.
(2) Except as stated in Subsection (3), a contract never to sue discharges the duty during that time.
(3) A contract not to sue one co-obligor bars levy of execution on the property of the promisee during the agreed time but does not bar an action or the recovery of judgment against any co-obligor.
(1) 非訴合同是規(guī)定債權(quán)人承諾在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)不為執(zhí)行或不執(zhí)行合同義務(wù)而對(duì)債務(wù)人或第三人提起訴訟的合同。
(2) 除了(3) 小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，非訴合同解除了合同期間的義務(wù)。
(3) 如果非訴合同不向共同債務(wù)人之一提起訴訟，則該合同禁止在合同期間執(zhí)行受允諾人的財(cái)產(chǎn)，但是其并不禁止對(duì)任何共同債務(wù)人提起訴訟或請(qǐng)求作出賠 償判決。
 
TOPIC A. ALTERATION合同的變更
 
§286. ALTERATION OF WRITING書面文書的變更
(1) If one to whom a duty is owned under a contract alters a writing that is a n integrate agreement or that satisfies the Statute of Frauds with respect to t hat contract, the duty is discharged if the alteration is fraudulent and material.
(2) An alternation is material if it would, if effective, vary any party’s legal relations with the maker of the alteration or adversely affect that party’s legal relations with a third person. The unauthorized insertion in a blank space in a writ ing is an alteration.
(1) 如果某一合同項(xiàng)下的權(quán)利人變更了屬于不可分割合同的書面文書，或是屬于防止欺詐條例中所規(guī)定的合同之一，并且這種變更具有欺詐性和重要性，則 該權(quán)利人享有的義務(wù)人應(yīng)對(duì)其履行的義務(wù)被解除。
(2) 如果變更者所作出的變更一旦有效，就會(huì)改變?nèi)魏萎?dāng)事人與變更者的法律關(guān)系，或者對(duì)當(dāng)事人與第三人的法律關(guān)系產(chǎn)生不利的影響，則這種變更就屬重大變更。未經(jīng)授權(quán)就在書面文書的空白處填寫內(nèi)容就屬于是一種對(duì)書面文書的變更。
 
 §287. ASSENT TO OR FORGIENESS OF ALTERATION同意變更或放棄變更
(1) If a party, knowing of an alteration that discharges his duty, manifests assent to the altered terms, his manifestation is equivalent to an acceptance of a n offer to substitute those terms.
(2) If a party, knowing of an alteration that discharges his duty, asserts a right under the original contract or otherwise manifests a willingness to remain subject to the original contract or to forgive the alteration, the original contract is revived.
(1) 如果一方當(dāng)事人在明知變更文書會(huì)解除其所承擔(dān)義務(wù)的情況下，對(duì)變更條款作出了同意的意思表示，則表明該當(dāng)事人接受了這些變更的條款。
(2) 如果一方當(dāng)事人在知道變更文書會(huì)解除其所承擔(dān)義務(wù)的情況下，主張?jiān)�有合同�?xiàng)下的權(quán)利或以其他方式表示愿意繼續(xù)遵守原有合同或表示愿意放棄變更，則原有合同有效。
 
 
CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES
第十三章  連帶允諾人和受允諾人
 
TOPIC 1. JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS主題一  連帶允諾人
 
§288. PROMISES OF THE SAME PERFORMANCE對(duì)同一行為的允諾
 
(1) Where two or more promisors to a contract makes a promise or promises to the same promisee, the manifested intention of the parties determines whether they promise that the same performance or separate performances shall be given.
(2) Unless a contrary intention is manifested, a promise by two or more promisors is a promise that the same performance shall be given.
(1) 如果合同的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的允諾人對(duì)同一受允諾人作出一個(gè)或多個(gè)允諾，則當(dāng)事人的意思表示決定了他們是就同一履行行為還是就單獨(dú)的履行行為作出 了允諾。
  (2) 除非有相反的意思表示，兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上允諾人所作出的允諾表明其允諾實(shí)施同一履行行為。
 
§289. JOINT, SEVERAL, AND JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS OF THE SAME PERFORMANCE
同一履行行為的共同的、單獨(dú)的、和連帶允諾人
 
(1) where two or more parties to a contract promise the same performance to the same promisee, each is bound for the whole performance thereof, whether his duty is joint, several, or joint and several.
(2) Where two or more parties to a contract promise the same performance t o the same promisee they incur only a joint duty unless an intention is manifested to create several duties or joint and several duties.
(3) By statute in most stated some or all promises which would otherwise create only joint duties create joint and several duties.
(1) 如果兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的合同當(dāng)事人對(duì)同一受允諾人允諾履行同一義務(wù)，則每一個(gè)當(dāng)事人都有義務(wù)完成整個(gè)履行行為，不管他們所承擔(dān)的責(zé)任是否是共同 的、單獨(dú)的還是連帶的。
 (2) 如果兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的合同當(dāng)事人對(duì)同一受允諾人 允諾履行同一義務(wù)，則他們之間所承擔(dān)的應(yīng)屬共同責(zé)任，除非有意思表示允諾 行為引起的是單獨(dú)責(zé)任或是連帶責(zé)任。
(3) 依據(jù)多數(shù)州的法令，那些只能以其他方式產(chǎn)生共同責(zé)任的部分或全部允諾也可以產(chǎn)生連帶責(zé)任。
 
§290. COMPULSORY JOINDER OF JOINT PROMISORS共同允諾人的強(qiáng)制性共同訴訟
(1) By statute in most states where the distinction between joint duties and joint and several duties retains significance, and action can be maintained against one or more promisors who incur only a joint duty, even though other promisors subject to the same duty are not served with process.
(2) In the absence of statute, an action can be maintained against promisors who incur only a joint duty without joinder of those beyond the jurisdiction of the court, the representatives of decreased promisors, or those against whom the duty is not enforceable at the time of suit.
(1) 依據(jù)多數(shù)州的法令，如果共同責(zé)任與連帶責(zé)任之間存在重大區(qū)別，則法院應(yīng)維持針對(duì)只產(chǎn)生一個(gè)共同責(zé)任的一個(gè)或多個(gè)允諾人提起的訴訟請(qǐng)求，盡管承 擔(dān)該同一責(zé)任的其他允諾人并沒(méi)有被送達(dá)訴訟法律文書。
 (2) 在沒(méi)有法令規(guī)定 的情況下，如果允諾人的允諾只產(chǎn)生一個(gè)共同責(zé)任，該共同責(zé)任并沒(méi)有聯(lián)合法 院管轄權(quán)之外的允諾人、已故允諾人的代表人或起訴時(shí)對(duì)其承擔(dān)的義務(wù)具有不可 執(zhí)行性的允諾人，則法院應(yīng)維持針對(duì)該允諾人提起的訴訟請(qǐng)求。
 
§291. JUDGMENT IN AN ACTION AGAINST CO-PROMISORS
針對(duì)共同允諾人所提起的訴訟而作出的判決
 
In an action against promisors of the same performance, whether their duties are joint, several, or joint and several, judgment can properly be entered with respect to another, except that judgment for one and against another is improper where there has been a determination on the merits and the liability of on e cannot exist without the liability of the other.
如果針對(duì)同一履行行為的多個(gè)允諾人提起訴訟，則不管其所承擔(dān)的責(zé)任是共同的、單獨(dú)的還是連帶的，則法院完全可以對(duì)其中的任何一個(gè)允諾人作出判決，但是如果存在法律依據(jù)，并且各方的責(zé)任互為存在，則作出有利于一方而不利于他方的判決是不適當(dāng)?shù)模�在這種情況下，法院不得對(duì)其中的任何一個(gè)允諾人作出判決。
 
§292. EFECT OF JUDGMENT FOR OR AGAINST CO-PROMISORS
對(duì)共同允諾人有利或不利之判決的法律效力
 
(1) A judgment against one or more promisors does not discharge other prom isors of the same performance unless joinder of the other promisors is require d by the rule stated in §290. By statute in most states judgment against one promisor does not discharge co-promisors where such joinder is required.
(2) The effect of judgment for one or more promisors of the same performanc e is determined by the rules of res judicata relating to suretyship or vicarious l iability.
(1) 對(duì)一個(gè)或多個(gè)允諾人不利的判決并不解除同一履行行為中其他允諾人的義務(wù)，除非依據(jù)§290 節(jié)的規(guī)定要求將其他允諾人也列入該訴訟。依據(jù)許多州的法令，如果要求將其他允諾人也列入訴訟，則法院作出的不利于一個(gè)允諾人的判 決并不解除共同允諾人的義務(wù)。
(2) 法院如果作出有利于同一履行行為中一個(gè)或多個(gè)允諾人的判決，則該判決的法律效力取決于有關(guān)保證責(zé)任或代理責(zé)任的既判事實(shí)。
 
§293. EFFECT OF PERFORMANCE OR SATISFACTION ON CO-PROMISORS
義務(wù)履行對(duì)共同允諾人的法律效力
 
Full or partial performance or other satisfaction of the contractual duty of a promisor discharges the duty to the obligee of each other promisor of the same performance to the extent of the amount or value applied to the discharge of the duty of the promior who renders it.
一個(gè)允諾人全部或部分履行合同義務(wù)的行為或其他履行合同的行為解除了同一履行行為中允諾人互相之間對(duì)債權(quán)人的義務(wù)，但是應(yīng)限于作出履行行為的允諾人所解除的數(shù)額范圍內(nèi)。
 
§294. EFFECT OF DISCHARGE ON CO-PROMISORS解除義務(wù)對(duì)共同允諾人的效力
 
(1) except as stated in §295, where the obligee of promises of the same performance discharges one promisor by release, recission or accord and satisfaction,
(a) co-promisors who are bound only by a joint duty are discharged unless the discharged promisor is a surety for the co-promisor;
(b) co-promisors who are bound by joint and several duties or by several duties are not discharged except to the extent required by the law of suretyship.
(2) By statute in many states a discharge of one promisor does not discharge other promisors of the same performance except to the extent required by the law of suretyship.
(3) Any consideration received by the obligee for discharge of one promisor discharge the duty of each other promisor of the same performance to the exte nt of the amount or value received. An agreement to the contract is not effective unless it is made with a surety and expressly preserves the duty of his principal.
(1) 除了§295 的規(guī)定之外，如果同一履行行為的多個(gè)允諾的債權(quán)人以免除、撤消或和解和清償?shù)确绞浇獬�了一個(gè)允諾人的義務(wù)，則
(a) 除非該允諾人是共同允諾人的保證人，否則承擔(dān)共同責(zé)任的共同允諾人的義務(wù)隨之被解除；
(b) 除了有關(guān)保證的法律有所規(guī)定，承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任或單獨(dú)責(zé)任的共同允諾人的義務(wù)并不解除。
 (2) 依據(jù)許多州的法令，除了有關(guān)保證的法律有所規(guī)定，解除一個(gè)允諾人的義務(wù)并不解除同意履行行為中的其他允諾人的義務(wù)。
(3) 債權(quán)人解除一個(gè)允諾人的義務(wù)而獲得的約因只在其獲得的數(shù)額范圍內(nèi)解除了同一履行行為中允諾人互相之間對(duì)債權(quán)人的義務(wù)。雙方就義務(wù)解除所達(dá)成一致 的合同無(wú)效，除非該合同提供了保證，并且明確維護(hù)了主債務(wù)人的義務(wù)。
 
§295. EFFECT OF CONTRACT NOT TO SUE; RESERVATION OF RIGHTS
締結(jié)非訴合同的效力；  權(quán)利保留
 
(1) Where the obligee of promises of the same performance contracts not to s ue one promisor, the other promisors are not discharged except to the extent required by the law of suretyship.
(2) Words which purport to release or discharge a promisor and also to reserve rights against other promisors of the same performance have the effect of a contract not to sue rather than a release or discharge.
(3) Any consideration received by the obligee for a contract not to sue one promisor discharges the duty of each other promisor of the same performance t o the extent of the amount or value received. An agreement to the contrary is not effective unless it is made with a surety and expressly preserves the duty of his principal.
(1) 如果同一履行行為的多個(gè)允諾的債權(quán)人締結(jié)不起訴任何允諾人的合同，則除了在有關(guān)保證的法律所規(guī)定的范圍內(nèi)，該合同并不解除其他允諾人所承擔(dān)的 義務(wù)。
  (2) 如果有文字表明債權(quán)人免除或解除允諾人的義務(wù)以及表明要保留對(duì)同一履行行為的其他允諾人行使權(quán)利，則該文字具有非訴合同的法律效力，而不具有免除或解除義務(wù)的效力。
(3) 債權(quán)人因締結(jié)不起訴允諾人之一的合同而獲得的約因只在其獲得的數(shù)額范圍內(nèi)解除了同一履行行為中允諾人互相之間對(duì)債權(quán)人的義務(wù)。雙方就此達(dá)成一致 的合同無(wú)效，除非該合同提供了保證，并且明確維護(hù)了主債務(wù)人的義務(wù)。
 
§296. SURVIVORSHIP OF JOINT DUTIES共同責(zé)任的保證人
 
On the death of one of two or more promisors of the same performance in a contract, the estate of the decreased promisor is bound by the contract, whether the duty was joint, several, or joint and several.
如果合同中同一履行行為的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)允諾人死亡，則不管允諾人之間承擔(dān)的是共同責(zé)任、單獨(dú)責(zé)任還是連帶責(zé)任，已故允諾人的財(cái)產(chǎn)應(yīng)用于合同義務(wù)的履行。
 
TOPIC 2. JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISEES主題二  連帶受允諾人
 
§297. OBLIGEES OF THE SAME PROMISED PERFORMANCE
被允諾的同一履行行為的債權(quán)人
 
(1) Where a party to a contract makes a promise to two or more promisees or for the benefit of two or more beneficiaries, the manifested intention of the p arties determines whether he promises the same performance to all, a separate performance to each, or some combination.
(2) Except to the extent that a different intention is manifested or that the interests of the obligees in the performance or in the remedies for breach are distinct, the rights of obligees of the same performance are joint.
  (1) 如果合同的一方當(dāng)事人向兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的受允諾人作出允諾或者為了兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的受益人作出允諾，則當(dāng) 事人的意思表示決定了他是否是對(duì)所有的受允諾人允諾了相同的履行行為，還 是對(duì)每一個(gè)受允諾人允諾了單獨(dú)的履行行為，抑或是二者都有。
(2) 除非有不同的意思表示或者受允諾人的這些履行行為中所享有的利益或?qū)�違約的救濟(jì)存在差異，則受允諾人就相同履行行為享有的權(quán)利是共同的。
 
§298. COMPULSORY JOINDER OF JOINT OBLIGEES
共同債權(quán)人的強(qiáng)制性共同訴訟
 
(1) In an action based on a joint right created by a promise, the promise by making appropriate objection can prevent recovery of judgment against him unless there are joined either as plaintiffs or as defendants all the surviving join t obligees.
(2) Except in actions on negotiable instruments and except as stated in §300, any joint obligee, unless limited by agreement may sue in the name of all the joint obligees for the enforcement of the promise by a money judgment.
(1) 在依據(jù)因允諾而產(chǎn)生的共同權(quán)利而提起的訴訟中，允諾人通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)姆磳?duì)可以避免就對(duì)之不利的判決進(jìn)行救濟(jì)，除非所有存續(xù)的共同債權(quán)人為共同訴訟 中原告或被告。
(2) 除了在有關(guān)可轉(zhuǎn)讓票據(jù)的訴訟中以及除了§300 的規(guī)定外，除非合同有所限制，任何共同債權(quán)人可以以所有共同債權(quán)人的名義就支付判決的執(zhí)行而提起訴訟。
 
§299. DISCHARGE BY OR TENDER TO ONE JOINT OBLIGEE
通過(guò)向共同債權(quán)人之一支付貨幣以解除義務(wù)
 
Except where the promise is made in a negotiable instrument and except as stated in §300, any joint obligee, unless limited by agreement, has power to discharge the promisor by receipt of the promised performance or by release or otherwise, and tender to one joint obligee is equivalent to a tender to all.
除了允諾是在可轉(zhuǎn)讓票據(jù)中作出以及除了§300 的規(guī)定外，除非合同有所限制，任何共同債權(quán)人有權(quán)通過(guò)領(lǐng)受被允諾的履行行為或通過(guò)免除或其他方式解除允諾人的義務(wù)，并且給與共同債權(quán)人之一的貨幣和給與所有債務(wù)人的貨幣相等。
 
§300. EFFECT OF VIOLATION OF DUTY TO A CO-OBLIGEE
違反對(duì)共同債權(quán)人之一的義務(wù)時(shí)的法律后果
 
(1) If an obligee attempts or threatens to discharge the promisor in violation of his duty to a co-obligee of the same perfomance, the co-obligee may obtain an injunction forbidding the discharge.
(2) A discharge of the promisor by an obligee in violation of his duty to a co-o bligee of the same performance is violable to the extent necessary to protect t he co-obligee’s interest in the performance, except to the extent that the promisor has given value or otherwise changed his position in good faith and without knowledge or reason to know of the violation.
.(1) 如果債權(quán)人違反其對(duì)同一履行行為的共同債權(quán)人之一的義務(wù)，試圖解除或威脅要解除允諾人的義務(wù)，則共同債權(quán)人可以申請(qǐng)禁止解除令。
 (2) 如果債權(quán) 人違反其對(duì)同一履行行為的共同債權(quán)人之一的義務(wù)，解除了允諾人所承擔(dān)的義 務(wù)，則在保護(hù)該履行行為中共同債權(quán)人利益所必要的范圍內(nèi)，可以撤消該解除義務(wù)行為，除了允諾人已經(jīng)支付了價(jià)金或者是善意地，并且是在不知道或沒(méi)有 理由知道違約行為的情況下以其他方式變更其主張。
 
§301. SUREVIVORSHIP OF JOINT RIGHTS共同權(quán)利的保證
 
On the death of a joint obligee, unless a contrary intention was manifested, th e surviving obligees are solely entitled as against the promisor to receive perf ormance, to discharge the promisor, or to sue for the enforcement of the promise by a money judgment. On the death of the last surviving obligee, only hi s estate is so entitled.
 如果一個(gè)共同債權(quán)人死亡，則除非有相反的意思表示，存續(xù)的債權(quán)人有權(quán)單獨(dú)領(lǐng)受允諾人的履行行為，解除允諾人的義務(wù)或?yàn)橹Ц杜袥Q的執(zhí)行而提起訴訟。如果最后一個(gè)存續(xù)的債權(quán)人死亡，則這一權(quán)利歸屬于該債權(quán)人的財(cái)產(chǎn)。
 
CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES第十四章  合同受益人
 
§302. INTENDED AND INDCIDENTAL BENEFICIARIES
.意向中的受益人與意外受益人
 
(1) Unless otherwise agreed between promior and promisee, a beneficiary of a promise is an intended beneficiary if recognition of a right to performance in the beneficiary is appropriate to effectuate the intention of the parties and either
(a) the performance of the promise will satisfy an obligation of the promiseet o pay money to the beneficiary; or
(b) the circumstances indicate that the promisee intends to give the beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance.
(2) An incidental beneficiary is a beneficiary who is not an intended beneficiar y.
除非立約人與受約人另有約定，允諾的受益人是意向中的受益人，即如果承認(rèn)受益人具有要求履行允諾的權(quán)利是符合雙方當(dāng)事人真實(shí)有效的意思表示的適當(dāng)要求；且(a)允諾的履行將解除受約人對(duì)受益人的給付義務(wù)；或 (b)當(dāng)時(shí)的情況表明受約人有意使受益人享受履行允諾所帶來(lái)的利益。
(2) 意外受益人指的是意向中的受益人之外的受益人。
 
§303. CONDITIONAL PROMISES; PROMISES UNDER SEAL有條件的允諾；蓋印允諾
 
The statements in this chapter are applicable to both conditional and unconditional promises and to sealed and unsealed promises.
本章的規(guī)定同時(shí)適用于有條件的允諾和無(wú)條件的允諾，蓋印允諾和無(wú)蓋印的允諾。
 
§304. CREATION OF DUTY TO BENEFICIARY允諾人對(duì)受益人之義務(wù)的產(chǎn)生
 
A promise in a contract creates a duty in the promisor to any intended benefic iary to perform the promise, and the intended beneficiary may enforce the duty.
合同的允諾如果使得允諾人對(duì)任何意向中的受益人負(fù)有履行允諾的義務(wù)，則該意向中的受益人可以強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行該義務(wù)。
 
§305. OVERLAPPING DUTIES TO BENEFICIARY AND PROMISEE
允諾人對(duì)受益人和受允諾人所承擔(dān)義務(wù)的競(jìng)合
 
(1) A promise in a contract creates a duty in the promisor to the promisee to perform the promise even though he also has a similar duty to an intended be neficiary.
(2) Whole or partial satisfaction of the promisor’s duty to the beneficiary satisf ied to that extent the promisor’s duty to the promisee.
(1) 合同的允諾也使得允 諾人對(duì)受允諾人負(fù)有履行允諾的義務(wù)，盡管允諾人對(duì)意向中的受益人也負(fù)有履 行允諾的義務(wù)。
(2) 允諾人對(duì)受益人義務(wù)的全部或部分履行全部或部分地解除了其對(duì)受允諾人的義務(wù)。
 
§306. DISCLAIMER BY A BENEFICIARY受益人棄權(quán)
A beneficiary who has not previously assented to the promise for his benefit may in a reasonable time after learning of its existence and terms render any duty to himself inoperative from the beginning by disclaimer.
如果受益人事先并沒(méi)有就使其受益的允諾表示同意，則該受益人可以在得知這一允諾和條款之后的合理期間內(nèi)，主張任何對(duì)之履行的義務(wù)自棄權(quán)行為作出之日始無(wú)效。
 
§307. REMEDY OF SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE強(qiáng)制履行救濟(jì)
 
Where specific performance is otherwise an appropriate remedy, either the promisee or the beneficiary may maintain a suit for specific enforcement of a duty owed to an intended beneficiary.
如果強(qiáng)制履行是另外一種適當(dāng)?shù)木葷?jì)，則受允諾人或受益人可以提起訴訟，強(qiáng)制允諾人履行其對(duì)意向中的受益人所負(fù)有的義務(wù)。
 
§308. IDENTIFICATION OF BENEFICIARIES受益人的認(rèn)定
 
It is not essential to the creation of a right in an intended beneficiary that he be identified when a contract containing the promise is made.
在包含允諾的合同締結(jié)之時(shí)對(duì)意向中的受益人的認(rèn)定對(duì)于賦予其權(quán)利并不重要。
 
§309. DEFENSES AGAINST THE BENEFICIARY允諾人對(duì)受益人的抗辯
 
(1) A promise creates no duty to a beneficiary unless a contract is formed between the promisor and the promisee; and if a contract is voidable or unenforc eableat the time of its formation the right of any beneficiary is subject to the infirmity.
(2) If a contract ceases to be binding in whole or in part because of impractic ability, public policy, non-occurrence of a condition, or present or prospective failure of performance, the right of an beneficiary is to that extent discharged or modified.
(3) Except as stated in Subsection (1) and (2) and in §311 or as provided by t he contract, the right of any beneficiary against the promisor is not subject to the promisor’s claims or defenses against the promisee or to the promisee’s cl aims or defenses against the beneficiary.
(4) A beneficiary’s right against the promisor is subject to any claim or defense arising from his own conduct or agreement.
(1) 除非是允諾人與受允諾人之間訂立合同，否則允諾人的允諾并不使其對(duì)受益人承擔(dān)義務(wù)；并且，如果合同在訂立時(shí)是可撤消的或者是不可執(zhí)行的，則受 益人的權(quán)利也受這些缺陷的限制。
 (2) 如果合同由于無(wú)法執(zhí)行、公共政策、條件不成就或現(xiàn)有的或預(yù)期的違約而不再全部或部分地有效，則受益人享有的權(quán)利也因此被解除或變更。
  (3) 除了(1) 和(2)小節(jié)的規(guī)定以及§311 的規(guī)定或合同的約定之外，任何受益人就允諾人享 有的權(quán)利并不受允諾人對(duì)受允諾人的權(quán)利主張或抗辯的限制，也不受受允諾人對(duì)受益人的權(quán)利主張或抗辯的限制。
(4) 由于受益人自己的行為或締結(jié)的合約而產(chǎn)生的任何權(quán)利主張或抗辯會(huì)限制其對(duì)允諾人享有的權(quán)利。
 
§310. REMEDIES OF THE BENEFICIARY OF A PROMISE TO PAY THE PROMISE E’S DEBT; REIMBURSEMENT OF PROMISEE
允諾人為給付義務(wù)之后的救濟(jì)；受允諾人獲得允諾人的補(bǔ)償
 
(1) Where an intended beneficiary has an enforceable claim against the promisee, he can obtain a judgment or judgments against either the promisee or th e promisor or both based on their respective duties to him. Satisfaction in whole or in part of either of these duties, or of a judgment thereon, satisfies to t hat extent the other duty or judgment, subject to the promisee’s right of subr ation.
 
(2) To the extent that the claim of an intended beneficiary is satisfied from as sets of the promisee, the promisee has a right of reimbursement from the promisor, which may be enforced directly and also, if the beneficiary’s claim is full y satisfied, by subrogation to the claim of the beneficiary against the promisor and to any judgment thereon and to any security therefore.
(1) 如果意向中的受益人擁有要求受允諾人強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行允諾的請(qǐng)求權(quán)，則該受益 人可以基于允諾人或受允諾人各自對(duì)其所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)，申請(qǐng)法院作出對(duì)允諾人 或受允諾人或者二者的強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行令。允諾人或受允諾人任何一方全部或部分地履 行義務(wù)的行為，或執(zhí)行判決的行為全部或部分地解除了他方當(dāng)事人的義務(wù)，或 執(zhí)行判決的義務(wù)，但是受允諾人享有代位求償權(quán)。
 (2) 如果受允諾人以自己的 財(cái)產(chǎn)應(yīng)意向中的受益人的權(quán)利請(qǐng)求作出履行，則該受允諾人可以在其履行的范 圍內(nèi)有權(quán)從允諾人處獲得償付，這一償付可以直接強(qiáng)制允諾人作出，并且如果 受允諾人完全地履行了受益人請(qǐng)求作出的履行，則可以以受益人的請(qǐng)求權(quán)、法院 的判決以及任何擔(dān)保向允諾人提出代位求償權(quán)。
 
§311. VARIATION OF A DUTY TO A BENEFICIARY對(duì)受益人所承擔(dān)義務(wù)的變更
 
(1) Discharge or modification of a duty to an intended beneficiary by conduct of the promisee or by a subsequent agreement between promisor and promisee is ineffective if a term of the promise creating the duty so provides.
 (2) In the absence of such a term, the promisor and promisee retain power to discharge or modify the duty by subsequent agreement.
(3) Such a power terminates when the beneficiary, before he receives notification of the discharge or modification, materially change his position in justifiable reliance on the promise or brings suit on it or manifests assent to it at the r equest of the promisor or promisee.
(4) If the promisee receives consideration for an attempted discharge or modification of the promisor’s duty which is ineffective against the beneficiary, the beneficiary can assert a right to the consideration to received. The promisro’s duty is discharged to the extent of the amount received by the beneficiary.
(1) 如果允諾的條款規(guī)定了應(yīng)對(duì)意向中的受益人承擔(dān)義務(wù)，則通過(guò)受允諾人的行為或通過(guò)允諾人與受允諾人事后訂立的合同解除或變更這一義務(wù)的行為是無(wú)效的。
(2) 如果允諾中沒(méi)有作出如此規(guī)定，則允諾人和受允諾人保留以訂立事后合同的方式解除或變更該義務(wù)的權(quán)力。
(3) 如果在受益人收到解除或變更該義務(wù)的通知之前，該受益人正當(dāng)?shù)匦刨嚵嗽撛手Z，并基于這種信賴而實(shí)質(zhì)性地變更了其主張，或者就這一允諾提起訴訟， 或者應(yīng)該允諾人或受允諾人的請(qǐng)求對(duì)該允諾表示同意，則允諾人和受允諾人享 有的這一權(quán)力終止。
(4) 如果受允諾人收到為解除或變更允諾人之義務(wù)而支付的約因，并且該約因?qū)τ谑芤嫒硕�言是無(wú)效的，則受益人可以就受允諾人已經(jīng)收到的約因主張權(quán)利。 在受益人所領(lǐng)受的履行數(shù)額范圍內(nèi)，允諾人的履行義務(wù)被解除。
 
§312. MISTAKES AS TO DUTY TO BENEFICIARY關(guān)于對(duì)受益人義務(wù)的錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)
 
The effect of an erroneous belief of the promisor or promisee as to the existence or extent of a duty owed to an intended beneficiary is determined by the rules making contracts voidable for mistake.
如果允諾人或受允諾人對(duì)于向意向中的受益人所負(fù)義務(wù)的存在或范圍有錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)，則該合同可以基于錯(cuò)誤而被撤消。