§108. REQUIREMENT OF NAMING OR DESCRIBING POMISOR AND PROMISEE
必須指明或描述允諾人和受允諾人
 
A promise under seal is not binding without consideration unless both the promisor and promisee are named in the document or so described as to be capable of identification when it is delivered.
 除非允諾人和受允諾人在允諾文書中 被指明或在交付允諾時(shí)被認(rèn)為是有識(shí)別能力的，否則沒有約因的蓋印允諾不具 有約束力。
 
§109.ENFORCEMENT OF A SEALED CONTRACT BY PROMISEE WHO DOES NO T SIGN OR SEAL IT
受允諾人沒有簽字或蓋印而對(duì)蓋印合同之執(zhí)行
 
The promisee of a promise under seal is not precluded from enforcing it as a sealed contract because he has not signed or sealed the document, unless his doing so was a condition of the delivery, whether or not the document contain s a promise by him.
如果一個(gè)蓋印允諾之受允諾人沒有簽字或蓋印，則他仍然有權(quán)執(zhí)行該蓋印合同，除非受允諾人如此之行為屬交付條件之一，而不論該文書中是否包含有受允諾人之允諾。
 
 CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS第五章  防止欺詐條例
§110. CLASSES OF CONTRACTS COVERED防止欺詐條例所涉及到的合同種類
 
(1) The following classes of contracts are subject to a statute, commonly called the Statute of Frauds, forbidding enforcement unless there is a written memorandum or an applicable exception:
下列種類的合同受通常被稱為是防止欺詐條例的法令的制約，不得加以執(zhí)行，除非有書面的備忘錄或是可適用的例外情況：
 
(a) a contract of an executor or administrator to answer for a duty of his decedent (the executor administrator provision);
遺產(chǎn)管理人為死者償還 債務(wù)之合同（遺產(chǎn)管理人之條款）；
 
(b) a contract to answer for the duty of another (the suretyship provison);
為他人償還債務(wù)之合同（保證條款）；
 
(c) a contract made upon consideration of marriage( the marriage provision);
  以婚姻為約因之合同（婚姻條款）；
 
 (d) a contract for the sale of an interest in land (the land contract provision);
土地及土地利益買賣或設(shè)定負(fù)擔(dān)之合同（土地合同條款）；
 
(e) a contract that is not to be performed within one year from the making thereof (the one-year provision).
 一年之內(nèi)不能履行完成之合同（一年期限的條款）。
 
(2) The following classes of contracts, which were traditionally subject to the Statute of Frauds, are now governed by Statute of Frauds provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code:
下列種類的合同，過去受防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整，現(xiàn)在則受統(tǒng)一商法典中防止欺詐條款的調(diào)整：
 
(a) a contract for the sale of goods for the price of $500 or more (Uniform Commercial Code §2-201);
價(jià)值為 500 美元或高于 500 美元的貨物買賣合同（統(tǒng)一商法典§2-201）；
 
(b) a contract for the sale of securities( Uniform Commercial Code§8-319);
證券買賣合同（統(tǒng)一商法典§8-319）；
 
(c) a contract for the sale of personal property not otherwise covered, to the extent of enforcement by way of action or defense beyond $5,000 in amount or value of remedy (Uniform Commercial Code §1-206)
 其他法令中沒有涉及到的，救濟(jì)金額或價(jià)值超過 5000 美元，通過訴訟或者抗辯予以執(zhí)行的動(dòng)產(chǎn)買賣合同（統(tǒng)一商法典§1-206）。
 
(3) In addition the Uniform Commercial Code requires a writing signed by the debtor for an agreement which creates or provides for a security interest in personal property or fixtures not in the possession of the secured party.
 另外，統(tǒng)一商法典規(guī)定由債權(quán)人書面簽署一個(gè)協(xié)議，該協(xié)議對(duì)被擔(dān)保人并不享有的動(dòng)產(chǎn)或固定設(shè)備創(chuàng)設(shè)或規(guī)定了一個(gè)擔(dān)保利益。
 
 (4) Statutes in most states provide that no acknowledgement or promise is sufficient evidence of a new or continuing contract to take a case out of the operation of a statute of limitations unless made in some writing signed by the party to be charged, but t hat the statute does not alter the effect of any payment of principal or interest.
 許多州的法令規(guī)定承諾或允諾并非新合同或連續(xù)合同存在的充分證據(jù)，從 而免受時(shí)效法的調(diào)整，除非該合同由一方當(dāng)事人為支付而出面簽署，但是時(shí)效 法并不改變本金或利息的支付效力。
 
 (5) In many states other classes of contracts are subject to a requirement of a writing.
對(duì)其他種類合同，許多州的法令只要求采用書面形式。
 
TOPIC 1. THE EXECUTOR-ADMINISTRATOR PROVISION
主題一  遺產(chǎn)管理人之條款
 
§111. CONTRACT OF EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR遺產(chǎn)管理人之合同
 
A contract of an executor or administrator to answer personally for a duty of h is decedent is within the statute of Frauds if a similar contract to answer for t he duty of a living person would be within the Statute as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
如果一個(gè)為生存者償還債務(wù)之類似合同，作為為他人償還債務(wù)之合同而受防止欺詐條例調(diào)整，則遺產(chǎn)管理人之合同應(yīng)受防止欺詐條例調(diào)整。
 
TOPIC 2. THE SURETYSHIP PROVISION主題二  保證條款
 
§112. REQUIREMENT OF SURESHIP保證要求
 
A contract is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another unless the promisee is an obligee of the other’s duty, the promisor is a surety for the other, and the promisee knows or has reason to know o f the suretyship relation.
為他人償還債務(wù)之合同并不受防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整，除非受允諾人是他方當(dāng)事人義務(wù)的債務(wù)人，允諾人是他方當(dāng)事人的保證人，并且受允諾人知道或有理由知道保證關(guān)系的存在。
 
§113. PROMISES OF THE SAME PERFORMANCE FOR THE SAME CONSIDERATION
為相同約因而為相同履行行為之允諾
 
When promises of the same performance are made by two persons for a consideration which inures to the benefit of only one of them, the promise of the other is within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of an other, whether or not the promise is in terms conditional on default by the on e to whose benefit the consideration inures, unless
如果相同履行行為之允諾是由兩個(gè) 人為一個(gè)約因而作出，而該約因只對(duì)其中的一人有利，則另一方的允諾則為為 他人償還債務(wù)之允諾而受防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整，不管該允諾之條款是否取決于一方當(dāng)事人對(duì)約因受益方實(shí)施違約，除非
 
(a) the other is not a surety for the one to whose benefit the consideration inures; or
他方當(dāng)事人并非約因受益方之保證人；或
 
(b) the promises are in terms joint and do not create several duties or joint an d several duties; or
允諾的條款具有共同性，并不能創(chuàng)設(shè)數(shù)種責(zé)任或連帶責(zé)任；或
 
(c) the promisee neither knows nor has reason to know that the consideration does not inure to the benefit of both promisors.
 受允諾人不知道或沒有理由知道該約因并不對(duì)兩個(gè)允諾人有利。
 
 
§114 INDEPENDENT DUTY OF PROMISOR允諾人之獨(dú)立責(zé)任
 
A contract to perform or otherwise to satisfy all or part of a duty of a third per son to the promisee is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another if, by the terms of the promise when it is made, performance thereof can involve no more than
如果依據(jù)作出允諾時(shí)的條款，合同的履行行為只涉及到下列情形，則履行或以其他方式償還第三人對(duì)受允諾人全部或部分債務(wù)之合同不受防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整：
 
(a) the application of funds or property held by the promisor for the purpose, or
使用允諾人為此目的持有的資金或財(cái)產(chǎn)，
 
(b) performance of any other duty owing, irrespective of his promise, by the promisor to the promisee, or
允諾人對(duì)受允諾人之履行任何其他與其允諾無(wú)關(guān)的義務(wù)，或
 
(c) performance of a duty which is either owing, irrespective of his promise, by the promisor to the third person, or which the promisee reasonably believes to be owing.
允諾人對(duì)第三人履行與其允諾無(wú)關(guān)的義務(wù)或受允諾人合理地認(rèn)為允諾人應(yīng)承擔(dān)義務(wù)之履行。
 
§115. NOVATION債務(wù)更新
 
A contract that is itself accepted in satisfaction of a previously existing duty of a third person to the promisee is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
如果合同本身之所以被接受是因?yàn)榈谌�人�?duì)受要約人履行了既存義務(wù)，則該為他人償還債務(wù)之合同不受防止欺詐條例調(diào)整。
 
§116.MAIN PRUPOSE; ADVANTAGE TO SURETY主要目的；保證的利益
A contract that all or part of a duty of a third person to the promisee shall be satisfied is not within the Statute of Frauds as a promise to answer for the dut y of another if the consideration for the promise is in fact or apparently desire d by the promisor mainly for his own economic advantage, rather than in order to benefit the third person. If, however, the consideration is merely a premium for insurance, the contract is within the Statute.
如果允諾的約因在事實(shí)上或表面上是允諾人主要為自身經(jīng)濟(jì)利益而為，并非為了第三人的利益，則第三人對(duì)受允諾人全部或部分責(zé)任之履行，作為為他人償還債務(wù)之允諾并不受防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整。但是，如果該約因僅僅只是為保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的支付，則該合同應(yīng)受防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整。
 
§117. PROMISE TO SIGN A WRITTEN CONTRACT OF SURETYSHIP
簽署一個(gè)書面保證合同之允諾
 
A promise to sign a written contract as a surety for the performance of a duty owed to the promisee or to sign a negotiable instrument for the accommodation of a person other than the promisee is within the Statute of Frauds
如果為保證對(duì)受要約人履行義務(wù)而簽署一書面合同，或者為了非受允諾人之便利而簽署一可轉(zhuǎn)讓票據(jù)，則由此作出的允諾并不受防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整。
§118. PROMISE TO INDEMNIFY A SURETY為保證作出賠償之允諾
 
A promise to indemnify against liability or loss made to induce the promise to become a surety is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
如果一個(gè)允諾是為了賠償允諾人為了誘使受允諾人變成保證人而導(dǎo)致的責(zé)任或損失，則作為為他人償還債務(wù)之合同，該允諾并不受防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整。
 
§119.ASSUMPTION OF DUTY BY ANOTHER他人承擔(dān)的責(zé)任
 
A contract not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another when made is not brought within it by a subsequent promise of another person to assume performance of the duty as principal obligor.
如果為他人償還債務(wù)之合同在締結(jié)時(shí)并不受防止欺詐條例之調(diào)整，則不得通過他人以后允諾承擔(dān)其作為主債務(wù)人之債務(wù)履行，將此合同列入防止欺詐條例的 調(diào)整范圍。
 
§120. OBLIGATIONS ON NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT基于可轉(zhuǎn)讓票據(jù)所生的義務(wù)
 
(1) An obligation on a negotiable instrument or a guaranty written on the instrument is not within the Statute of Frauds.
基于可轉(zhuǎn)讓票據(jù)所生之義務(wù)或記于該票據(jù)上之擔(dān)保并不受防止欺詐條例調(diào)整
 
(2) A promise to pay a negotiable instrument, made by a party who has been or may be discharged by the holder’s failure or delay in making presentment o r giving notice of dishonor or in making protest, is not within the Statute of Frauds.
如果由于持票人沒有或延遲提示票據(jù)或發(fā)出了不予承兌或提出抗議的通知，一方當(dāng)事人已經(jīng)或可以解除承兌的義務(wù)，則其承兌票據(jù)的允諾不受防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整。
 
§121. CONTRACT OF ASSIGNOR OR FACTOR讓與人或代理人合同
 
(1) A contract by the assignor of a right that the obligor of the assigned right will perform his duty is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
如果權(quán)利讓與人締結(jié)合同，規(guī)定被轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)利的義務(wù)人應(yīng)履行債務(wù)，則作為為他人償還債務(wù)之合同，其并不受防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整。
 
(2) A contract by an agent with his principal that a purchaser of the principal’s goods through the agent will pay their price to the principal is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
如果代理人與委 托人締結(jié)合同，規(guī)定通過代理人而為購(gòu)買之購(gòu)買人應(yīng)向委托人支付價(jià)款，則作 為為他人償還債務(wù)之合同，其并不受防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整。
 
§122. CONTRACT TO BUY A RIGHT FROM THE OBLIGEE向債權(quán)人購(gòu)買權(quán)利的合同
 
 
A contract to purchase a right which the promisee has or may acquire against a third person is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for t he duty of another.
如果一個(gè)合同是為購(gòu)買受允諾人享有的或可以獲得的對(duì)第三人的權(quán)利，則該合同不屬于防止欺詐條例中的作為為他人償還債務(wù)之合同。
 
§123. CONTRACT TO DISCHARGE THE PROMISEE’S DUTY解除受要約人債務(wù)之合同
 
A contract to discharge a duty owed by the promisee to a third person is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
解除受要約人對(duì)第三人所負(fù)之債務(wù)之合同，作為為他人償還債務(wù)之合同，不受防止欺詐條例之調(diào)整。
 
TOPIC 3. THE MARRIAGE PROVISION主題三 婚姻條款
 
§124. CONTRACT MADE UPON CONSIDERATION OF MARRIAGE
 
A promise for which all or part of the consideration is either marriage or a promise to marry is within the Statute of Frauds, except in the case of an agreement which consists only of mutual promises of two persons to marry each other.
基于婚姻之約因而締結(jié)的合同 如果一個(gè)允諾之全部或部分約因?yàn)榛橐龌蚪Y(jié)婚的允諾，則該允諾屬于防止欺詐條例調(diào)整的范圍，但是如果一個(gè)合同只是由結(jié)婚雙方的相互允諾構(gòu)成，則該合同不適用防止欺詐條例。
 
TOPIC 4.THE LAND CONTRACT PROVISION主題四 土地合同條款
 
§125. CONTRACT TO TRANSFER, BUY, OR PAY FRO AN INTEREST IN LAND
轉(zhuǎn)讓、購(gòu)買或支付土地利益之合同
 
(1) A promise to transfer to any person any interest in land within the Statute of Frauds.
向任何人轉(zhuǎn)讓土地利益之允諾屬于防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整范圍。
 
(2) A promise to buy any interest in land is within the Statute of Frauds, irrespective of the person to whom the transfer is to be made.
不管土地利益將轉(zhuǎn)讓于何人，仍為購(gòu)買該利益之允諾屬于防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整范圍。
 
(3) When a transfer of an interest in land has been made, a promise to pay th e price, if originally within the Statute of Frauds, ceases to be within it unless the promised price is itself in whole or in part an interest in land.
允諾人支付價(jià)款之允諾如果起初是受防止欺詐條例調(diào)整，那么，當(dāng)土地利益業(yè)已轉(zhuǎn)讓，則該允諾不再受其調(diào)整，除非被允諾的價(jià)款本身就是全部或部分的土地利益。
 
(4) Statutes in most states except from the land contract and one-year provisions of the Statute of Frauds short-term leases and contracts to lease, usually for a term not longer than one year.
 許多州的法令，除了防止欺詐條例中的土地合同和一年完成期 限合同外，短期租賃合同之期限不超過一年。
 
§126. CONTRACT TO PROCURE TRANSFER OR TO ACT AS AGENT
獲得或代理他人獲得土地轉(zhuǎn)讓利益之合同
 
(1) A contract to procure the transfer of an interest in land by a person other than the promisor is within the Statute of Frauds.
非允諾人購(gòu)買土地轉(zhuǎn)讓利益之合同不受防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整。
 
(2) A contract to act as agent for another in endeavoring to procure the transf er of any interest in land by someone other than the promisor is not within th e Statute of Frauds as a contract for the sale of an interest in land.
非允諾人代理他人購(gòu)買土地轉(zhuǎn)讓利益之合同，作為一種土地利益買賣合同，并不受防止欺詐條例的調(diào)整。
 
§127. INTEREST IN LAND土地利益
An interest in land within the meaning of the Statute is any right, privilege, power or immunity, or combination thereof, which is an interest in land under the law of property and is not “goods” within the Uniform Commercial Code.
防止欺詐條例中所稱的土地利益指任何權(quán)利、特權(quán)、權(quán)力或豁免或前述各項(xiàng)的組合，它是財(cái)產(chǎn)法中所指的土地利益，而并非統(tǒng)一商法典中的“貨物”。
 
§128. BOUNDARY AND PARTITION AGREEMENT土地劃界和分割合同
(1) A contract between owners of adjoining tracts of land fixing a dividing boundary is within the Statute of Frauds but if the location of the boundary was honestly disputed the contract becomes enforceable notwithstanding the Statute when the agreed boundary has been marked or has been recognized m the subsequent use of the tracts.
相鄰地界之土地所有人劃分界限的合同應(yīng)屬于防止欺詐條例規(guī)定之范圍，但是如果當(dāng)事人就地界之劃分產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)議，盡管防止欺詐條例作出了規(guī)定，但是如果以后土地的使用者已經(jīng)標(biāo)注或已經(jīng)認(rèn)可了達(dá)成的界限，則該合同具有強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力。
 
(2) A contract by joint tenants or tenants in common to partition land into separate for each tenant is within the Statute of Frauds but becomes enforceable notwithstanding the Statute as to each tract when possession of it is taken in severalty in accordance with the agreement.
共同共有人劃分土地的合同應(yīng)屬于防止欺詐條例規(guī)定之范圍，但是如果雙方協(xié)議共有人獨(dú)立所有每一塊土地，則雖然防止欺詐條例作出了規(guī)定，該合同具有強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力。
 
§129. ACTION IN RELIANCE; SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE基于信賴行事；強(qiáng)制履行
A contract for the transfer of an interest in land may be specifically enforced notwithstanding failure to comply with the Statute of Frauds if it is established t hat the party seeking enforcement, in reasonable reliance on the contract and on the continuing assent of the party against whom enforcement is sought, h as so changed his position that injustice can be avoided only by specific enforcement.
為轉(zhuǎn)讓土地利益而締結(jié)的合同，如果請(qǐng)求執(zhí)行的一方當(dāng)事人由于對(duì)該合同以及對(duì)方當(dāng)事人持續(xù)同意之合理信賴而變更其主張，導(dǎo)致只有強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行才能避免不公正的情況下，該合同可以被強(qiáng)制履行，盡管可能與防止欺詐條例的規(guī)定不相符合。
 
TOPIC 5. THE ONE-YEAR PROVISION主題五 一年完成期限的合同
 
§130. CONTRACT NOT TO BE PERFORMED WITHIN A YEAR
一年之內(nèi)不能履行完成之合同
 
(1) Where any promise in a contract cannot be fully performed within a year from the time the contract is made, all promises in the contract are within the Statute of Frauds until one party to the contract completes his performance.
如果合同的允諾在合同締結(jié)之日起一年的時(shí)間內(nèi)不能完成履行，則在一方當(dāng)事人完成履行之前，該合同中的所有允諾都應(yīng)屬于防止欺詐條例規(guī)定的范圍之內(nèi)。
 
(2) When one party to a contract has completed his performance, the one-yea r provision of the Statute does not prevent enforcement of the promises of other parties.
如果合同的一方當(dāng)事人完成了履行行為，則防止欺詐條例有關(guān)一年的完成期限規(guī)定并不阻止他方當(dāng)事人執(zhí)行該合同的允諾。
 
TOPIC 6. SATISFACTION OF THE STATUTE BY A MEMORANDUM
主題六  以備忘錄適用防止欺詐條例
 
§131. GENERAL REQUISITES OF A MEMORANDUM備忘錄的一般要求
Unless additional requirements are prescribed by the particular statute, a contract within the Statute of Frauds is enforceable if it is evidenced by any writing, signed by or on behalf of the party to be charged, which
除非特別法規(guī)定了額外的條件，防止欺詐條例規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)的合同是可以強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的，如果該合同是以書面形式締結(jié)，并且由被要求強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的一方當(dāng)事人或 其代表人簽署，同時(shí)：
 
(a) reasonably identifies the subject matter of the contract, 合理地確定了合同的標(biāo)的，
 
(b) is sufficient to indicate that a contract with respect thereto has been made between the parties or offered by the signer to the other party, and
充分地表明雙方當(dāng)事人已經(jīng)締結(jié)了與本合同相關(guān)的合同或者簽字人已經(jīng)向他方當(dāng)事人發(fā)出締結(jié)合同的要約，和
 
(c) states with reasonable certainty the essential terms of the unperformed promises in the contract.
以合理的確定性陳述了合同中未履行允諾的重要條款。
 
§132. SEVERAL WRITINGS數(shù)個(gè)書面文本
 
The memorandum may consist of several writings if one of the writing is signed and the writings in the circumstances clearly indicate that they relate to the same transaction.
如果一個(gè)書面文本被簽署之后，在此情況下的書面文本清楚地表明它們所指向的是相同的交易行為，則備忘錄中可以包含數(shù)個(gè)書面文本。
 
§133. MEMORANDUM NOT MADE AS SUCH未按此方式制作的備忘錄
Except in the case of a writing evidencing a contract upon consideration of marriage, the Statute may be satisfied by a signed writing not made as a memorandum of a contract.
除了表明合同是以婚姻為約因的書面文本外，簽署一個(gè)非以合同備忘錄形式制作的書面文書并不違反防止欺詐條例。
 
§134. SIGNATURE簽字
The signature to a memorandum may be any symbol made or adopted with a n intention, actual or apparent, to authenticate the writing as that of the signer.
備忘錄可以用能在事實(shí)上或表面上表明簽字人即為文書制作人的意圖的符號(hào)來簽署。
 
§135. WHO MUST SIGN誰(shuí)必須簽字
where a memorandum of a contract within the Statute is signed by fewer than all parties to the contract and the Statute is not otherwise satisfied, the cont ract is enforceable against the signers but not against the others.
如果防止欺詐條例規(guī)定范圍之內(nèi)的合同備忘錄是由部分合同當(dāng)事人簽署的，與防止欺詐條例的規(guī)定不符，則該合同只對(duì)簽字人，而非其他人具有強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力。
 
§136. TIME OF MEMORANDUM備忘錄制作和簽署的時(shí)間
A memorandum sufficient to satisfy the Statute may be made or signed at any time before or after the formation or the contract.
按照防止欺詐條例，應(yīng)在合同成立之前或之后的任何時(shí)間制作或簽署備忘錄。
 
§137. LOSS OR DESTRUCTION OF A MEMERANDUM備忘錄的毀損或滅失
The loss or destruction of a memorandum does not deprive it of effect under t he Statute.
備忘錄的毀損或滅失并不影響其依據(jù)防止欺詐條例所應(yīng)有的法律效力。
 
TOPIC 7. CONSEQUENTCES OF NON-CONPLIANCE
主題七  與防止欺詐條例不符合時(shí)的法律后果
 
§138. UNENFORCEABILITY不得強(qiáng)制履行
Where a contract within the Statute of Frauds is not enforceable against the p arty to be charged by and action against him, it is not enforceable by a set-off or counterclaim in an action brought by him, or as a defense to a claim by hi m.
如果防止欺詐條例規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)之合同對(duì)于被申請(qǐng)執(zhí)行或提起訴訟之當(dāng)事人是不可執(zhí)行的，則該合同不得因被告反訴或于訴訟中主張抵消而具有執(zhí)行力。
 
§139.ENFORCEMENT BY VIRTUE OF ACTION IN RELIANCE
由于信賴而為行為所具有的可執(zhí)行性
 
(1) A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action o r forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and which does in duce the action or forbearance is enforceable notwithstanding the Statute of Frauds if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement
of the promise. The remedy granted for breach is to be limited as justice requires.
如果允諾人應(yīng)當(dāng)合理地預(yù)見到其允諾會(huì)使受允諾人或第三人實(shí)施作為或不作為，并且該允諾的確導(dǎo)致了這樣的作為或不作為，那么，如果只有執(zhí)行該允 諾才能避免不公正，那么該允諾應(yīng)具有執(zhí)行力，盡管防止欺詐條例可能有不同 的規(guī)定。違反允諾之救濟(jì)應(yīng)限制在公正所要求的范圍之內(nèi)。
 
(2) In determining whether injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise, the following circumstances are significant:
在確定是否只有通過執(zhí)行該允諾才可以避免不公正時(shí)，下列情形至關(guān)重要：
 
(a) the availability and adequacy of other remedies, particularly cancellation and restitution;
其他救濟(jì)方式，尤其是取消允諾或恢復(fù)原狀是否具有可適用性和充足性；
 
(b) the definite and substantial character of the action or forbearance in relation to the remedy sought;
與被尋求救濟(jì)相關(guān)的作為或不作為之含義和重要特征；
 
(c) the extent to which the action or forbearance corroborates evidence of the making and terms of the promise, or the making and terms are otherwise established by clear and convincing evidence;
該作為或不作為行為為允諾之發(fā)出或允諾條款之存在提供確證的限度，或者是否其他清楚和令人信服的證據(jù)可以證明允諾之發(fā)出或允諾條款之存在；
 
(d) the reasonableness of the action or forbearance;
該作為或不作為行為是否具有合理性；
 
(e) the extent to which the action or forbearance was foreseeable by the pro misor.
  允諾人可預(yù)見的該作為或不作為行為的范圍。
 
§140. DEFENSE OF FAILURE TO PERFORM不履行之抗辯
The Statute of Frauds does not invalidate defenses based on the plaintiff’s failure to perform a condition of his claim or defenses based on his present or prospective breach of the contract he seeks to enforce.
如果原告沒有履行其權(quán)利主張的一個(gè)前提條件或者現(xiàn)在或可能在將來違反他所請(qǐng)求執(zhí)行的合同，則依據(jù)防止欺詐條例，被告由此提出的抗辯有效。
 
§141.ACTION FOR VALUE OF PERFORMANCE UNDER UNENFORCEABLE
 CONTRACT
以不可執(zhí)行合同項(xiàng)下之履行為對(duì)價(jià)的行為
 
(1) in an action for the value of performance under a contract, except as state d in Subsection (2), the Statute of Frauds does not invalidate any defense which would be available if the contract were enforceable against both parties.
在以合同之履行為對(duì)價(jià)的行為中，除了(2)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，如果該合同對(duì)于雙方當(dāng)事人來說都是不可執(zhí)行 的，則依據(jù)防止欺詐條例，任何可適用的抗辯均有效。
 
(2) Where a party to a contract which is unenforceable against him refuses either to perform the contract or to sign a sufficient memorandum, the other par ty is justified in suspending any performance for which he has not already received the agreed return, and such a suspension is not a defense in an action f or the value of performance rendered before the suspension.
如果合同對(duì)于一方當(dāng)事人是不可執(zhí)行的，那么，如果該當(dāng)事人拒絕履行合同或拒絕簽署充分的備忘錄，則另一方當(dāng)事人有權(quán)暫停其為之還未獲得雙方已達(dá)成的回報(bào)的行為，并且該暫停行為并非是以暫停之前合同之履行為對(duì)價(jià)之行 為中的一個(gè)抗辯。
 
§142. TORT LIABILITY FOR ACTS UNDER UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT
基于不可執(zhí)行的合同而實(shí)施行為所導(dǎo)致的侵權(quán)責(zé)任
Where because of the existence of an contract conduct would not be tortuous unenforceability of the contract under the Statute of Frauds does not make the conduct tortuous if it occurs without notice of repudiation of the contract.
如果一個(gè)合同行為并不屬于侵權(quán)行為，并且在該行為發(fā)生時(shí)當(dāng)事人沒有收到毀棄合同的通知書，則如果依據(jù)防止欺詐條例該合同具有不可執(zhí)行性，該行為也 不能被認(rèn)為是侵權(quán)行為。
 
§143. UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT AS EVIDENCE作為證據(jù)的不可執(zhí)行合同
Only a party to a contract or a transferee or successor of a party to the contra ct can assert that the contract is unenforceable under the Statute of Frauds
只有合同的一方當(dāng)事人或一方當(dāng)事人的受讓人或繼任人才可以依據(jù)防止欺詐條例主張?jiān)摵贤�是不可�?zhí)行的。
 
§144. EFFECT OF UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT AS TO THIRD PARTIES
不可執(zhí)行合同對(duì)第三人的效力
 
Only a party to a contract or a transferee or successor of a party to the contra ct can assert that the contract is unenforceable under the Statute of Frauds.
 只有合同的一方當(dāng)事人或一方當(dāng)事人的受讓人或繼任人才可以依據(jù)防止欺詐條例主張?jiān)摵贤�是不可�?zhí)行的。
 
§145. EFFECT OF FULL PERFORMANCE完全履行的效力
Where the promises in a contract have been fully performed by all parties, theStatute of Frauds does not affect the legal relations of the parties.
如果雙方當(dāng)事人全部履行其合同義務(wù)，則防止欺詐條例并不影響當(dāng)事人之間的法律關(guān)系。
 
146. RIGHTS OF COMPETING TRANSFEREES OF PROPERTY競(jìng)爭(zhēng)受讓財(cái)產(chǎn)的權(quán)利
 
(1) Where a contract to transfer property or a transfer was unenforceable against the transferor under the Statute of Frauds but subsequently becomes enforceable, the contract or transfer has whatever priority it would have had aside from the Statute of Frauds over an interveing contract by the transferor to transfer the same property to a third person.
如果依據(jù)防止欺詐條例，轉(zhuǎn)讓人不得執(zhí)行轉(zhuǎn)讓財(cái)產(chǎn)的合同或?qū)嵤┺D(zhuǎn)讓行為，但是后來轉(zhuǎn)讓人又可以執(zhí)行該合同或?qū)嵤┰撔袨�，則該合同或轉(zhuǎn)讓行為應(yīng)較轉(zhuǎn)讓人向第三人轉(zhuǎn)讓相同財(cái)產(chǎn)的合同享有除防止欺詐條例規(guī)定之外的優(yōu)先權(quán)。
 
(2) If the third person obtains title to the property by an enforceable transaction before the prior contract becomes enforceable, the prior contract is unenforceable against him and dose not affect his title.
如果第三人在原有的合同具有可執(zhí)行力之前，通過可執(zhí)行轉(zhuǎn)讓獲得了財(cái)產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)，則該原有合同在此之前具有不可執(zhí)行性的事實(shí)并不影響他獲得的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)。
 
§147. CONTRACT CONNTAINING MULTIPLE PROMISES包含有多個(gè)允諾的合同
 
(1) Where performance of the promises in a contract which subject it to the Statute of Frauds is exclusively beneficial to one party, that party by agreeing t o forego the performance may render the remainder of the contract enforceable, but this rule does not apply to a contract to transfer property on the promisor’s death.
如果履行防止欺詐條例中規(guī)定的合同中的多個(gè)允諾對(duì)一方當(dāng)事人具有排他性的利益，那么，該當(dāng)事人如果同意先于履行合同，則他可以指出合同的剩余 部分也是可執(zhí)行的，但是這一規(guī)則不得適用于由于允諾人死亡而轉(zhuǎn)讓其財(cái)產(chǎn)的合同。
 
(2) Where the promises in a contract which subject it to the Statute have become enforceable or where the duty to perform them has been discharged by performance or otherwise, the statute does not prevent enforcement of the remaining promises.
如果受防止欺詐條例制約之合同的允諾具有可執(zhí)行性，或者如果履行這些允諾的義務(wù)已經(jīng)通過履行行為或其他方式被解除，則該條例并不阻止剩余允諾的執(zhí)行。
 
(3) Except as stated in this section, where some of the unperformed promises in a contract are unenforceable against a party under the Statute of Frauds, al l the promises in the contract are unenforceable against him.
除本節(jié)的規(guī)定外，如果合同中一些未履行的允諾依據(jù)防止欺詐條例對(duì)一方當(dāng)事人而言是不可執(zhí)行的，則該合同所有的允諾對(duì)之均具有不可執(zhí)行性。
 
§148. RESCISSION BY ORAL AGREEMENT通過口頭約定解除合同義務(wù)
 
Notwithstanding the Statute of Frauds, all unperformed duties under an enforceable contract may be discharged by oral agreement of rescission. The Statute may, however, apply to a contract to rescind a transfer of property.
雖然防止欺詐條例有所規(guī)定，但是一個(gè)可執(zhí)行合同項(xiàng)下的所有未履行的義務(wù)可 以通過口頭約定解除。但是，該條例仍然可以適用于合同，用以廢除財(cái)產(chǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)讓行為。
 
  §149. ORAL MODIFICATION口頭修訂
(1) For the purpose of determining whether the Statute of Frauds applies to a contract modifying but not rescinding a prior contract, the second contract is treated as containing the originally agreed terms as modified. The statute may, however, apply independently of the original terms of a contract to modify a transfer of property.
在確定是否將防止欺詐條例適用于合同修訂但并不廢除先前合同時(shí)，第二個(gè)合同修訂時(shí)被認(rèn)為包含了最初達(dá)成一致的條款。但是該條例可以獨(dú)立地適用于合同的最初條款用以修訂財(cái)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓行為。
 
(2) Where the second contract is unenforceable by virtue of the Statute of Frauds and there has been no material change of position in reliance on it, the prior contract is not modified.
如果依據(jù)防止欺詐條例，第二個(gè)合同是不可執(zhí)行的，并且雙方當(dāng)事人對(duì)于合同的信賴沒有重大的變更，則先前的合同并沒有被修訂。
 
§150. RELIANCE ON ORAL MODIFICATION對(duì)口頭修訂之信賴
 
Where the parties to an enforceable contract subsequently agree that all or p art or a duty need not be performed or of a condition need not occur, the Statute of Frauds does not prevent enforcement of the subsequent agreement if reinstatement of the original terms would be unjust in view of a material change of position in reliance on the subsequent agreement.
如果一個(gè)可執(zhí)行合同之當(dāng)事人事后認(rèn)為全部或部分的合同義務(wù)并不需要履行或 履行全部或部分合同義務(wù)的條件沒有必要成就，那么，如果由于對(duì)事后協(xié)議信賴之主張的重大變更，恢復(fù)原有的合同條款有失公正，則防止欺詐條例并不阻止事后協(xié)議的執(zhí)行。
 
CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章  錯(cuò)誤
 
§151. MISTAKE DEFINED 錯(cuò)誤的定義
A mistake is a belief that is not in accord with the facts.
錯(cuò)誤就是合同當(dāng)事人對(duì)客觀事實(shí)的一種誤解。
 
§152. WHEN MISTAKE OF BOTH PARTIES MAKES A CONTRACT VOIDABLE
在何種情況下，雙方當(dāng)事人之錯(cuò)誤可以使合同被撤消
 
(1) where a mistake of both parties at the time a contract was made as to a basic assumption on which the contract was made has a material effect on the agreed exchange of performances, the contract is voidable by the adversely affected party unless he bears the risk of the mistake under the rule stated in §154.
如果合同當(dāng)事人在締約時(shí)對(duì)合同締結(jié)的基本假定有錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)識(shí)，并且該錯(cuò)誤對(duì)雙方已達(dá)成的履行行為的交換有重大影響，則受到不利影響的一方當(dāng)事人可以撤消該合同，除非他承擔(dān)了§154 所要求承擔(dān)的錯(cuò)誤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
 
(2) In determining whether the mistake has a material effect on the agreed exchange of performances, account is taken of any relief by way of reformation restitution, or otherwise.
在確定該錯(cuò)誤是否對(duì)雙方已達(dá)成的履行行為的交換有重大影響時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮通過重新訂立合同、回復(fù)原狀或其他方式所獲得的救濟(jì)。
 
§153. WHEN MISTAKE OF ONE PARTY MAKES A CONTRACT VOIDABLE
在何種情況下，一方當(dāng)事人之錯(cuò)誤可以使合同被撤消
 
Where a mistake of one party at the time a contract was made as to a basic assumption on which he made the contract has a material effect on the agreed exchange of performances that is adverse to him, the contract is voidable by him if he does not bear risk of the mistake under the rule stated in §154, and
如果一方當(dāng)事人在訂立合同時(shí)就合同的一個(gè)基本假定認(rèn)識(shí)錯(cuò)誤，而且該錯(cuò)誤對(duì)已經(jīng)達(dá)成的對(duì)其不利的履行行為有著重大的影響，則如果該當(dāng)事人不承擔(dān)§154節(jié)所規(guī)定的錯(cuò)誤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，并且有以下情形的時(shí)候，其可以撤消該合同：
 
(a) the effect of the mistake is such that enforcement of the contract would b e unconscionable, or
該錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致繼續(xù)執(zhí)行該合同是不合理的，或
 
(b) the other party had reason to know of the mistake or his fault caused the mistake.
 他方當(dāng)事人有理由知道該錯(cuò)誤或者該錯(cuò)誤是由他方當(dāng)事人的錯(cuò)誤造成的。
 
§154. WHEN A PARTY BEARS THE RISK OF A MISTAKE A party bears the risk of a mistake when
當(dāng)事人何時(shí)承擔(dān)錯(cuò)誤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 在下列情況下，一方當(dāng)事人承擔(dān)錯(cuò)誤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：
 
(a) the risk is allocated to him by agreement of the parties, or
依據(jù)雙方約定他所承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，或
 
(b) he is aware, at the time the contract is made, that he has only limited knowledge with respect to the facts to which he mistake relates but relates his limited knowledge as sufficient, or
在締約時(shí)，該當(dāng)事人知道其對(duì)事實(shí)的認(rèn)識(shí)有限，
 
(c) the risk is allocated to him by the court on the ground that it is reasonable in the circumstances to do so .
 法院認(rèn)為在此情況下該當(dāng)事人所承擔(dān)的合理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
 
§155. WHEN MISTAKE OF BOTH PARTIES AS TO WRITTEN EXPRESSION JUST IF REFORMATION
雙方當(dāng)事人就書面意思表示發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤在何種情況下可以重新締結(jié)合同
 
Where a writing that evidences or embodies an agreement in whole or in part fails to express the agreement because of a mistake of both parties as to the contents or effect of the writing, the court may at the request of a party reform the writing to express the agreement, except to the extent that rights of thi rd parties such as good faith purchasers for value will be unfairly affected.
如果由于雙方當(dāng)事人就書面文書的內(nèi)容或效力存在錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)，該書面文書并沒有完全或部分地反映當(dāng)事人所達(dá)成的一致意思，那么，法院可以應(yīng)一方當(dāng)事人的請(qǐng)求，重新制作該書面文書以反映當(dāng)事人的意思表示，但是如果第三人比如善意購(gòu)買人之權(quán)利為此會(huì)受到不利影響的情況除外。
 
§156. MISTAKE AS TO CONTRACT WITHIN THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS
與防止欺詐條例所規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)之合同有關(guān)的錯(cuò)誤
 
If reformation of a writing is otherwise appropriate, it is not precluded by the fact that the contract is within the Statute of Frauds.
如果重新訂立合同在其他方面是適當(dāng)?shù)�，則即使該合同屬于防止欺詐條例所規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)之合同，也不能因此而排除對(duì)合同的重新修訂。
 
  §157. EFFECT OF FAULT OF PARTY SEEKING RELIEF尋求救濟(jì)方錯(cuò)誤的效力
A mistaken party’s failing to know or disclose the facts before making the contract does not bar him from avoidance or reformation under the rules stated in this Chapter, unless his fault amounts to a failure to act in good faith and in accordance with reasonable standards of fair dealing.
除其過失構(gòu)成未依善意且公平之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而行為外，一犯錯(cuò)誤之當(dāng)事人于合同作成之前未能知悉或發(fā)現(xiàn)事實(shí)真相之過失，不阻止其依規(guī)定而為撤消或重作之行為。
 
§158. RELIEF INCLUDING RESTITUTION包含恢復(fù)原狀的救濟(jì)
(1) in any case governed by the rules stated in this Chapter, either party may have a claim for relief including restitution under the rules stated in §§240 an d 376.
在適用本章所規(guī)定之規(guī)則的任何情況下，任何當(dāng)事人可以依據(jù) §§240 和 376中所規(guī)定的規(guī)則主張包括恢復(fù)原狀的救濟(jì)。
 
(2) In any case governed by the rules stated in this Chapter, if those rules tog ether with the rules stated in Chapter 16 will not avoid injustice, the court ma y grant relief on such terms as justice requires including protection of the parties’ reliance interests.
在適用本章所規(guī)定之規(guī)則的任何情況下，如果這些規(guī)則連同第十六章所規(guī)定的規(guī)則無(wú)法避免不公正，則法院可以將按照公平要求給予救濟(jì)，包括保護(hù)當(dāng) 事人之信賴?yán)�益�?br />  
CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE
第七章  虛假的意思表示，脅迫以及不當(dāng)影響
 
TOPIC 1. MISREPRESENTATION主題一  虛假的意思表示
 
§159. MISREPRESENTATION DEFINED虛假意思表示的定義
A misrepresentation is an assertion that is not in accord with the facts.
虛偽的意思表示就是合同當(dāng)事人所作的與事實(shí)不符的陳述。
 
§160. WHEN ACTION IS EQUIVALENT TO AN ASSERTATION (CONCEALMENT) Action intended or known to be likely to prevent another from learning a fact is equivalent to an assertion that the fact does not exist.
行為何時(shí)等同于虛假陳述當(dāng)事人意在或明知有可能阻止他人了解事實(shí)的行為相當(dāng)于其作出了虛假的陳述。
 
§161. WHEN NON-DISCLOSURE IS EQUIVALENT TO AN ASSERTION
隱瞞事實(shí)之行為何時(shí)等同于虛假的陳述
 
A person’s non-disclosure of a fact known to him is equivalent to an assertion that the fact does not exist in the following cases only:
只有在下列情況下，如果當(dāng)事人隱瞞已知的事實(shí)，則等于他作出了虛假的陳述：
 
(a) where he knows that disclosure of the fact is necessary to prevent some previous assertion from being a misrepresentation or from being fraudulent or material.
如果當(dāng)事人明知透漏事實(shí)可以阻止先前的陳述成為虛假的、欺詐的或重要的意思表示。
 
(b) Where he knows that disclosure of the fact would correct a mistake of the other party as to a basic assumption on which that party is making the contra ct and if non-disclosure of the fact amounts to a failure to act in good faith an d in accordance with reasonable standards of fair dealing.
如果當(dāng)事人明知他方當(dāng)事人對(duì)于締結(jié)合同的一個(gè)基本假設(shè)存在錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)，而對(duì)其透漏事實(shí)可以糾正該錯(cuò)誤，并且隱瞞事實(shí)構(gòu)成未依善意且公平之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而行為。
 
(c) Where he knows that disclosure of the fact would correct a mistake of the other party as to the contents or effect of a writing, evidencing or embodying an agreement in whole or in part.
如果當(dāng)事人明知他方當(dāng)事人對(duì)于能全部或部分證明或體現(xiàn)合意存在的書面文書之內(nèi)容或效力存在錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)其透漏事實(shí)可以糾正該錯(cuò)誤。
 
(d) Where the other person is entitled to know the fact because of a relation of trust and confidence between them.
 如果他方當(dāng)事人基于相互之間的信賴有權(quán)知道事實(shí)真相。
 
§162. WHEN A MISREPRESENTATION IS FRAUDULENT OR MATERIAL
何時(shí)虛假的陳述具有欺詐性或意義重大
 
(1) A misrepresentation is fraudulent if the maker intends his assertion to ind uce a party to manifest his assent and the maker
如果作出意思表示的一方有意引導(dǎo)他方當(dāng)事人作出意思表示，并且其有下列情形時(shí)，則該虛假的意思表示具有欺詐性
 
(a) knows or believes that the assertion is not in accord with the facts, or
意思表示方明知或認(rèn)為該陳述是虛假的，或
 
(b) does not have the confidence that he states or implies in the truth of the assertion, or
意思表示方并不確信他陳述或暗示了事實(shí)的真相，或
 
(c) knows that he does not have the basis that he states or implies for the assertion.
 意思表示方明知他沒有理由作出陳述或暗示。
 
(2) A misrepresentation is material if it would be likely to induce a reasonable person to manifest his assent, or if the maker knows that it would be likely to induce the receipt to do so.
 如果虛假的意思表示有可能導(dǎo)致正常人表示同意，或者作出虛假意思表示 方明知其意思表示會(huì)導(dǎo)致這樣的后果而為之，則該虛假的意思表示即為重大的 虛假表示。
 
 §163. WHEN A MISREPRESENTATION PREVENTS FORMATION OF A CONTRACT
虛假的意思表示何時(shí)阻止合同的形成
 
If a misrepresentation as to the character or essential terms of a proposed contract induces conduct that appears to be manifestation of assent by one who neither knows nor has reasonable opportunity to know of the character or essential terms of the proposed contract, his conduct is not effective as a manifestation of assent.
 對(duì)于旨在締結(jié)的合同，如果其性質(zhì)或重要條款被作出了虛假的陳述，并且該虛假的意思表示導(dǎo)致了不知道或沒有合理機(jī)會(huì)知道該合同性質(zhì)或重要條款的一方當(dāng)事人作出了好象是同意的意思表示行為，則其意思表示無(wú)效。
 
§164. WHEN A MISREPRESENTATION MAKES A CONTRACT VOIDABLE
虛假的意思表示何時(shí)可以使合同可撤消
 
(1) If a party’s manifestation of assent is induced by either a fraudulent or a material misrepresentation by the other party upon which the recipient is justified in relying, the contract is voidable by the recipient.
如果一方當(dāng)事人由于信賴了他方當(dāng)事人具有欺詐或重大虛假的陳述而為意思表示，則該方當(dāng)事人可以撤消該合同。
 
(2) If a party’s manifestation of assent is induced by either a fraudulent or a material misrepresentation by one who is not a party to the transaction upon which the recipient is justified in relying, the contract is voidable by the recipient, unless the other party to the transaction in good faith and without reason to know of the misrepresentation either gives value or relies materially on the transaction.
 如果一方當(dāng)事人由于信賴了交易第三方具有欺詐或重大虛假的陳述而為意 思表示，則該當(dāng)事人可以撤消該合同，除非善意的并且沒有理由知道該虛假陳 述的交易他方當(dāng)事人已經(jīng)支付對(duì)價(jià)或?qū)嵸|(zhì)上信賴了該交易行為。
 
 §165. CURE BY CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES
 
If a contract is voidable because of a misrepresentation and, before notice of an intention to avoid the contract, the facts come into accord with the assertion, the contract is no longer voidable unless the recipient has been harmed b y relying on the misrepresentation.
 以情勢(shì)變更救濟(jì)合同  如果合同由于虛假陳述可被撤消，但是在取消合同的意圖通知發(fā)送之前，如果事態(tài)的發(fā)展與陳述一致，則該合同不再具有可撤消性，除非虛假陳述的被陳述方由于信賴了該陳述已經(jīng)遭受損失。
 
§166. WHEN A MISREPRESENTATION AS TO A WRITING JUSTIFICATION REFORMATION
有關(guān)書面文書的虛假陳述何時(shí)可以成為重新締約的正當(dāng)理由
 
If a party’s manifestation of assent is induced by the other party’s fraudulent misrepresentation as to the consents or effect of a writing evidencing or embodying in whole or in part an agreement, the court at the request of the recipient may reform the writing to express the terms of the agreement as asserted, (a) if the recipient was justified in relying on the misrepresentation, and
(b) except to the extent that rights of third parties such as good faith purchasers for value will be unfairly affected.
如果一方當(dāng)事人就全部或部分證明或體現(xiàn)合同存在的書面文書之內(nèi)容或效力作出了欺詐性的陳述，由此導(dǎo)致他方當(dāng)事人而為意思表示，那么，在下列情況下，法院應(yīng)欺詐陳述的被陳述方之請(qǐng)求，可以重新制作該書面文書，使得合同的條款與所聲稱的保持一致。  (a) 如果欺詐陳述的被陳述方正當(dāng)?shù)匦刨嚵嗽撎摷俚年愂�，并�?b) 如果第三人比如善意購(gòu)買人的權(quán)利因此受到不公平影響，則不得重新制作 該書面合同。
 
§167. WHEN A MISREPRESENTATION IS AN INDUCING CAUSE
虛假的意思表示何時(shí)可以成為誘因
 
A misrepresentation induces a party’s manifestation of assent if it substantially contributes to his decision to manifest his assent.
如果虛假的意思表示實(shí)質(zhì)上導(dǎo)致一方當(dāng)事人作出意思表示，則該虛假的意思表示即為該當(dāng)事人作出意思表示之誘因。
 
§168. RELIANCE ON ASSERTIONS OF OPINION對(duì)意見陳述的信賴
 
(1) An assertion is one of opinion if it expresses only a belief, without certainty, as to the existence of a fact or express only a judgment as to quality, value, authenticity, or similar matters.
如果一個(gè)陳述只是不確定地對(duì)事實(shí)存在的一種信賴或只是就質(zhì)量、價(jià)值、真實(shí)性或類似事項(xiàng)的判斷，則該陳述表達(dá)的只是一種意見。
 
(2) If it is reasonable to do so, the recipient of an assertion of a person’s opinion as to facts not disclosed and not otherwise known to the recipient may pro perly interpret it as an assertion
如果表達(dá)意見的陳述是合理的，那么一方當(dāng)事人就沒有向被陳述方透漏或 被陳述方?jīng)]有其他方式獲悉的事實(shí)所作的陳述可以解釋為如下陳述
 
(a) that the facts known to that person are not incompatible with his opinion, or
該當(dāng)事人已知的事實(shí)與其意見不一致，或
 
(b) that he knows facts sufficient to justify him in forming it.
 該當(dāng)事人所知道的事實(shí)足以使其合法地為此陳述。
 
§169. WHEN RELIANCE ON AN ASSERTION OF OPINION IS NOT JUSTIFIED
對(duì)意見陳述的信賴何時(shí)不正當(dāng)。
 
To the extent that an assertion is one of opinion only, the recipient is not justified in relying on it unless the recipient
如果一個(gè)陳述只是表達(dá)一種意見，則被陳述方對(duì)該陳述的信賴是不合法的，除非
 
(a) stands in such a relation of trust and confidence to the person whose opin ion is asserted that the recipient is reasonable in relying on it, or
該被陳述方對(duì)陳述意見之人存在信托關(guān)系或信賴關(guān)系，以至他有合理的理 由去信賴其陳述，或
 
(b) reasonably believes that, as compared with himself, the person whose opinion is asserted has special skill, judgment or objectivity with respect to the subject matter, or
該被陳述方合理地認(rèn)為，與自己相比，陳述意見之人就標(biāo)的有著特殊的技藝、判斷或客觀性認(rèn)識(shí)，或
 
(c) is for some other special reason particularly susceptible to a misrepresentation of the type involved.
該被陳述方由于其他一些特殊原因，尤其易于受此類虛假陳述的影響。
 
§170. RELIANCE ON ASSERTIONS AS TO MATTERS OF LAW對(duì)法律陳述的信賴
 
If an assertion is one as to a matter of law, the same rules that apply in the c ase of other assertions determine whether the recipient is justified in relying on it.
 如果一個(gè)陳述是就法律問題而作出，則適用于其他陳述的相同規(guī)則決定了領(lǐng)受 人是否可以合法地信賴這一陳述。
 
§171. WHEN RELIANCE ON AN ASSERTIONOF INTENTION IS NOT JUSTIFIED
對(duì)意圖陳述之信賴在何時(shí)不正當(dāng)
 
 (1) To the extent that an assertion is one of intention only, the recipient is of justified in relying on it if in the circumstances a misrepresentation of intention is consistent with reasonable standards of dealing.
就意圖陳述而言，如果意圖的意思表示符合合理的交易標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，則被陳述方對(duì)該陳述之信賴合法。
 
(2) If it is reasonable to do so, the promisee may properly interpret a promisor intends to perform the promise.
如果對(duì)意圖陳述的信賴合理，則受允諾人為履行允諾可以適當(dāng)?shù)亟忉屧手Z人的意圖。
 
§172. WHEN FAULT MAKES RELIANCE UNJUSTIED
失誤何時(shí)構(gòu)成不正當(dāng)?shù)男刨?br />  
A recipient’s fault in not knowing or discovering the facts before making the contract does not make his act in good faith and in according with reasonable standards of fair dealing.
如果被陳述方在締約前不知道或沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)陳述的虛假性，則這種失誤構(gòu)成未依善意且公平之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而行為。
 
§173. WHEN ABUSE OF FIDUCIARY RELATION MAKES A CONTRACT VOIDABL E
濫用信托關(guān)系何時(shí)使合同可撤消
 
If a fiduciary makes a contract with his beneficiary relating to matters within the scope of the fiduciary relation, the contract is voidable by the beneficiary, unless
如果受托人就信托關(guān)系范圍內(nèi)的事項(xiàng)與其受益人訂立合同，則受益人可以撤消合同，除非
 
(a) it is on fair terms, and該合同是在公平的基礎(chǔ)上訂立的，并且
 
(b) all parties beneficially interested manifest assent with full understanding of their legal rights and of all relevant facts that the fiduciary knows or should knows.
所有受益當(dāng)事人在完全知曉其法律權(quán)利以及所有信托人知道或應(yīng)當(dāng)知道之 相關(guān)事實(shí)的情況下，作出意思表示
 
TOPIC 2, DURESS AND UNDUE ENFLUENCE主題二  脅迫與不正當(dāng)影響
 
§174. WHEN DURESS BY PHYSICAL COMPULSION PREVENTS FORMATION OF A CONTRACT
通過實(shí)施人身強(qiáng)制脅迫何時(shí)可以阻止合同的形成
 
If conduct that appears to a manifestation of assent by a party who does not intend to engage in that conduct is physically compelled by duress, the conduct is not effective as a manifestation of assent.
如果一方當(dāng)事人在人身受到脅迫而被強(qiáng)制作出意思表示，則該意思表示無(wú)效。
 
§175. WHEN DURESS BY THREAT MAKES A CONTRACT VOIDABLE
通過威脅實(shí)施脅迫何時(shí)可以使合同可撤消
 
(1) If a party's manifestation of assent is induced by an improper threat by the other party that leaves the victim no reasonable alternative, the contract is voidable by the victim.
如果一方當(dāng)事人由于受到他方當(dāng)事人不正當(dāng)?shù)耐�脅，在沒有合理選擇的情況下而為意思表示，則受害人可以撤消此合同。
 
(2) If a party's manifestation of assent is induced by one who is not a party to the transaction, the contract is voidable by the victim unless the other party to the transaction in good faith and without reason to know of the duress either gives value or relies materially on the transaction.
如果一方當(dāng)事人是在交易第三方的誘導(dǎo)下為意思表示，則受害人可以撤消 該合同，除非善意的并且沒有理由知道脅迫存在的交易他方當(dāng)事人支付了價(jià)金 或?qū)嵸|(zhì)上信賴了該交易。
 
 
§176. WHEN A THREAT IS IMPROPER威脅何時(shí)不適當(dāng)
 
(1) A threat is improper if威脅在下列情況下不適當(dāng)
(a) what is threatened is a crime or a tort, or the threat itself would be a crime or a tort if it resulted in obtaining property,
被威脅實(shí)施犯罪或侵權(quán)行為，或者如果威脅導(dǎo)致了一方當(dāng)事人獲得財(cái)產(chǎn)，則該威脅本身就是犯罪或侵權(quán)行為，
 
(b) what is threatened is a criminal prosecution, 被威脅實(shí)施刑事控訴行為，
 
(c) what is threatened is the use of civil process and the threat is made in bad faith, or
被威脅實(shí)施民事訴訟行為，并且威脅屬于惡意行為，或
 
(d) the threat is a breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing under a contract with the recipient.
威脅違反了合同項(xiàng)下善意并且公平交易的義務(wù)
 
(2) A threat is improper if the resulting exchange is not on fair terms, and
如果威脅導(dǎo)致的交換并不是依據(jù)公平條件而為，并且有如下情況時(shí)，威脅也是不適當(dāng)?shù)?br />  
 
(a) the threatened act would harm the recipient and would not significantly benefit the party making the threat,
被威脅的行為傷害了受威脅方，威脅方實(shí)質(zhì)上也沒有獲益
 
(b) the effectiveness of the threat in including the manifestation of assent is significantly increased by prior unfair dealing by the party making the threat, or
威脅方先前實(shí)施的不公平交易行為增加了包括對(duì)意思表示在內(nèi)的威脅的效力，或
 
c) what is threatened is otherwise a use of power for illegitimate ends.
 被威脅實(shí)施的行為是以其他方式使用權(quán)力來達(dá)到非法目的的。
 
§177. WHEN UNDUE INFLUENCE MAKES A CONTRACT VOIDABLE
不正當(dāng)?shù)挠绊懞螘r(shí)使合同可撤消
 
(1) Undue influence is unfair persuasion of a party who is under the domination of the person exercising the persuasion or who by virtue of the relation between them is justified in assuming that that person will not act in a manner in consistent with his welfare.
不正當(dāng)?shù)挠绊懢褪翘幱趦?yōu)勢(shì)的一方當(dāng)事人 l 利用自己與另一方之間的關(guān)系通過不適當(dāng)?shù)恼f服，使另一方有正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛赏茰y(cè)處于優(yōu)勢(shì)的一方不會(huì)以一種有損 于其福利的方式行事。
 
(2) If a party’s manifestation of assent is induced by undue influence by the o ther party, the contract is voidable by the victim.
如果一方當(dāng)事人的不正當(dāng)影響導(dǎo)致另一方當(dāng)事人作出意思表示，則受害人可以撤消該合同。
 
(3) If a party’s manifestation of assent is induced by one who is not a party to the transaction, the contract is voidable by the victim unless the other party t o the transaction in good faith and without reason to know of the undue influence either gives value or relies materially on the transaction.
如果一方當(dāng)事人是在交易第三方的誘導(dǎo)下為意思表示，則受害人可以撤消 該合同，除非善意的并且沒有理由知道不正當(dāng)影響存在的交易他方當(dāng)事人支付了對(duì)價(jià)或?qū)嵸|(zhì)上信賴了該交易。
 
CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY
第八章  合同因公共政策而不可執(zhí)行
 
TOPIC 1. UNENFORCEABILITY IN GENERAL
主題一  不可執(zhí)行之一般規(guī)定
 
§178. WHEN A TERM IS UNENFORCEABLE ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY
合同的條款何時(shí)因公共政策而不可執(zhí)行
 
(1) A promise or other term of an agreement is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if legislation provides that it is enforceable or the interest in its enforcement is clearly outweighed in the circumstances by a public policy against the enforcement of such terms.
如果法律規(guī)定合同的允諾或其他條款是不可執(zhí)行的，或者執(zhí)行這些允諾或條款的利益是明顯地超出了公共政策就這一執(zhí)行所允許的范圍，則這些允諾或 條款是不可執(zhí)行的。
 
(2) In weighing the interest in the enforcement of a term, account is taken of
在衡量合同條款的執(zhí)行利益時(shí)應(yīng)考慮以下因素
 
(a) the parties justified expectations, 雙方當(dāng)事人合法的期待，
 
(b) any forfeiture that would result if enforcement were denied, and
拒絕強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行會(huì)不會(huì)導(dǎo)致對(duì)另一方?jīng)]收的后果
 
(c) any special public interest in the enforcement of the particular term
執(zhí)行特殊條款時(shí)的特殊公共利益。
 
(3) In weighing a public policy against enforcement of a term, account is take n of
在衡量執(zhí)行合同的公共政策時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮以下因素
 
(a) the strength of that policy as manifested by legislation or judicial decisions,
立法或司法判決所表明的公共政策的份量
 
(b) the likelihood that a refusal to enforce the term will further that policy,
拒絕執(zhí)行增進(jìn)公共政策的可能性
 
(c) the seriousness of any misconduct involved and the extent to which it was deliberate, and
所涉不當(dāng)行為的嚴(yán)重性以及該行為的故意程度，和
 
(d) the directness of the connection between that misconduct and the term.
 不當(dāng)行為與合同條款的直接關(guān)系
 
§179. BASES OF PUBLIC POLICIES AGAINST ENFORCEMENT有關(guān)執(zhí)行公共政策的理由
A policy against the enforcement of promises or other terms may be derived b y the court from
(a) legislation relevant to such a policy, or
(b) the need to protect some aspect of the public welfare, as is the case for th e judicial policies against, for example,
(i) restraint of trade (§§186-188)
(ii) impairment of family relations (§§189-191), and
(iii) interference with other protected interests (§§192-196,356).
法院拒絕執(zhí)行允諾或其他條款所依據(jù)的公共政策源于
 (a) 與該政策有關(guān)的立法，或
(b) 保護(hù)公共福利的需要，正如司法判例所確定的案例，比如
(i) 貿(mào)易管制
(ii) 有損家庭關(guān)系
(iii) 對(duì)其他被保護(hù)利益的干預(yù)
 
 
§180. EFFECT OF EXCUSABLE IGNORANCE可原諒的不知情行為的效力
If a promisee is excusably ignorant of facts or of legislation of a minor character, of which the promisor is not excusably ignorant and in the absence of which the promise would be enforceable, the promisee has a claim for damages fo r its breach but cannot recover damages for anything that he has done after h e learns of the facts or legislation.
如果受允諾人對(duì)有關(guān)允諾的微小特征的事實(shí)或法律問題之不知情是可以原諒的，而允諾人有責(zé)任知道這些事實(shí)或法律問題，并且在這些問題不存在的時(shí)候，允諾人的允諾才具有執(zhí)行力，那么，受允諾人有權(quán)就允諾人的違約行為請(qǐng)求損害賠償，但是受允諾人在知情之后的履行行為不在賠償范圍之內(nèi)。
 
 §181. EFFECT OF FAILURE OT COMPLY WITH LICENSING OR SIMILAR REQUIREMENT
未遵守授權(quán)或類似要求的法律效力
 
If a party is prohibited from doing an act because of his failure to comply with a licensing, registration or similar requirement, a promise in consideration of h is doing the act or of his promise to do it is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if
(a) the requirement has a regulatory purpose, and
(b) the interest in the enforcement of the promise is clearly outweighed by the public behind the requirement.
如果一方當(dāng)事人由于未依照授權(quán)許可、注冊(cè)或類似要求而被禁止從事某行為，那么，在下列情況下，以實(shí)施該行為或允諾實(shí)施該行為為約因之允諾基于公共政策的考慮不可執(zhí)行。
(a) 該項(xiàng)要求具有規(guī)制的目的，
(b) 執(zhí)行該允諾的利益明顯地超過了該項(xiàng)要求背后的公共利益。
 
§182. EEFECT OF PERFORMANCE IF INTENDED USE IS IMPROPER
不正當(dāng)使用目的下為履行行為之法律效力
 
If the promisee has substantially performed, enforcement of a promise is not precluded on grounds of public policy because of some improper use that the promisor intends to make of what he obtains unless the promisee
(a) acted for the purpose of furthering the improper use, or
 (b) knew of the use and the use involves grave social harm.
如果受允諾人實(shí)質(zhì)上已經(jīng)履行了允諾，那么，雖然允諾人意圖不正當(dāng)?shù)乩�用他所獲得的允諾利益，則該允諾也并不因?yàn)楣�共政策而失去�?zhí)行力，除非受允諾人
 (a) 為促進(jìn)允諾人之不正當(dāng)使用目的而為行為
(b) 明知不正當(dāng)使用的存在，并且明知這種不正當(dāng)使用對(duì)社會(huì)有害。
 
§183. WHEN AGREEMENT IS ENFORCEABLE AS TO AGREED EQUIVALENTS
就已經(jīng)達(dá)成的標(biāo)的物，合同在何種情況下可執(zhí)行
 
If the parties’ performance can be apportioned into corresponding pairs of par t performances so that the parts of each pair are properly regarded as agreed equivalents and one pair is not offensive to public policy, that portion of the agreement is enforceable by a party who did not engage in serious misconduct.
如果當(dāng)事人的履行義務(wù)可以被分解成相應(yīng)一對(duì)對(duì)的若干部分，以便于將每一對(duì)中的部分履行行為適當(dāng)?shù)匾暈橐堰_(dá)成的標(biāo)的物，將某一對(duì)視為是對(duì)公共政策的冒犯，那么，沒有實(shí)施嚴(yán)重不法行為的一方當(dāng)事人可以執(zhí)行合同中被認(rèn)為是已達(dá)成標(biāo)的物的那部分履行義務(wù)。
 
§184. WHEN REST OF AGREEMENT IS ENFORCEABLE
合同的剩余部分在何時(shí)是可執(zhí)行的
 
(1) If less than all of an agreement is unenforceable under the rule stated in §178, a court may nevertheless enforce the rest of the agreement in favor of a party who did not engage in serious misconduct if the performance as to which the agreement is unenforceable is not an essential part of the agreed exchange.
(2) A court may treat only part of a term as unenforceable under the rule stat ed in Subsection (1) if the party who seeks to enforce the term obtained it in good faith and in accordance with reasonable standards of fair dealing.
 如果并非合同的全部依據(jù)§178 的規(guī)定是不可執(zhí)行的，那么，如果合同中不 可執(zhí)行部分并不是雙方已達(dá)成交換的核心部分，則法院為維護(hù)沒有實(shí)施嚴(yán)重不 法行為的一方當(dāng)事人的利益，可以強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行合同中的剩余部分。
  (2) 如果請(qǐng)求 強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行合同條款的一方當(dāng)事人依據(jù)善意或合理交易之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)使得合同得以執(zhí)行， 那么，法院可以依據(jù)(1)小節(jié)的規(guī)定認(rèn)定合同的部分條款是不可執(zhí)行的。
 
§185. EXCUSE OF A CONDITION ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY
基于公共政策而免除條件
 
To the extent that a term requiring the occurrence of a condition is unenforceable under the rule stated in §178, a court may excuse the non-occurrence of the condition unless its occurrence was an essential part of the agreed exchange.
如果一個(gè)需要條件成就的合同條款依據(jù)§178 的規(guī)定是不可執(zhí)行的，那么，除非該條件的成就屬于已達(dá)成交易的核心部分，否則法院可以在條件沒有成就的情 況下執(zhí)行該條款。
 
TOPIC 2. RESRAINT OF TRADE主題二  貿(mào)易限制
 
§186. PROMISE IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE貿(mào)易限制中的允諾
 
(1) A promise is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if it is unreasonably in restraint of trade.
(2) A promise is in restraints of trade if its performance would limit competition in any business or restrict the promisor in the exercise of a gainful occupation.
(1) 如果一項(xiàng)允諾不合理地限制了貿(mào)易的進(jìn)行，那么，基于公共政策的考慮，該允諾是不可執(zhí)行的。
(2) 如果一項(xiàng)允諾的履行會(huì)限制商業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)或限制允諾人從事營(yíng)利的職業(yè)，則該允諾就是對(duì)貿(mào)易活動(dòng)的限制。
 
§187.NON-ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS ON COMPETITION對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的非附屬性限制
A promise to restrain from competition that imposes a restraint that is not ancillary to an otherwise valid transaction or relationships is unreasonably in restraint of trade.
如果一項(xiàng)限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的允諾，其限制非附屬于另外一項(xiàng)合法的交易或法律關(guān)系，則該允諾就是對(duì)貿(mào)易的不合理限制。
 
§188. ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS ON COMPETION對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的附屬限制
 
(1) A promise to refrain from completion that imposes a restraint that is ancillary to an otherwise valid transaction or relationship is unreasonably in restraint of trade if
(a) the restraint is greater than is needed to protect the promisee’s legitimate interest, or
(b) the promisee’s need is outweighed by the hardship to the promisor and the likely injury to the public.
(1) 如果一項(xiàng)限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的允諾，其限制是附屬于另外一項(xiàng)合法的交易或法律關(guān) 系，則在下列情形下，該允諾就是對(duì)貿(mào)易的不合理限制。
(a) 該限制遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了保護(hù)受允諾人合法利益所需要的限度，或
(b) 該限制帶給允諾人的困難和對(duì)公共利益的損害超過了受允諾人合法利益的
需要。
 
(2) Promises imposing restraints that are ancillary to a valid transaction or relationship include the following:
(a) a promise by the seller of a business not to compete with the buyer in such a way as to injury the value of the business sold;
(b) a promise by an employee or other agent not to compete with his employer or other principal;
(c) a promise by a partner not to compete with the partnership.
 (2) 下列允諾的限制就是附屬于一項(xiàng)合法的交易或法律關(guān)系的：
(a) 交易的賣方允諾不以有損于其所出售交易產(chǎn)品之方式與買方競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；
(b) 雇員或其他代理人允諾不與其雇主或其他委托人競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；
(c) 合伙人允諾不與合伙競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
 
 
TOPIC 3 IMPAIRMENT OF FAMILY RELATIONS主題三 有損家庭關(guān)系
§189. PROMISE IN RESTRAINT OF MARRIAGE限制婚姻的允諾
 
A promise is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if it is unreasonably in restraint of marriage.
如果一個(gè)允諾不合理地限制了婚姻，那么，依據(jù)公共政策，該允諾就是不可執(zhí)行的。
 
§190. PROMISE DETRIMENTAL TO MARITAL RELATIONSHIP有損婚姻關(guān)系的允諾
 
(1) A promise by a person contemplating marriage or by a married person, other than as part of an enforceable separation agreement, is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if it would change some essential incident of the marital relationship in a way detrimental to the public interest in the marriage relationship. A separation agreement is unenforceable on grounds of public policy unless it is made after separation or in contemplation of an immediate separation and is fair in the circumstances.
(2) A promise that tends unreasonably to encourage divorce or separation is unenforceable on grounds of public policy.
(1) 如果一個(gè)預(yù)計(jì)結(jié)婚的人或一個(gè)已婚人作出的允諾，并非是作為一個(gè)可執(zhí)行的分居合同的一部分而存在，而且該允諾以一種有損于婚姻關(guān)系中之公共利益 的方式實(shí)質(zhì)性地改變了婚姻關(guān)系，則該允諾就是不可執(zhí)行的。依據(jù)公共政策，分居合同是不可執(zhí)行的，除非該合同是在分居之后或是預(yù)計(jì)立即分解時(shí)訂立的，并且在訂立時(shí)是公平的。
(2) 如果一個(gè)允諾意在不合理地鼓勵(lì)離婚或分居，則依據(jù)公共政策，該允諾是不具有執(zhí)行力的。
 
§191. PROMISE AFFECTING CUSTODY影響監(jiān)護(hù)的允諾
 
A promise affecting the right of custody of minor child is unenforceable on grounds of public policy unless the disposition as to custody is consistent with th e best interest of the child.
如果一個(gè)允諾影響了對(duì)小孩的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)，則依據(jù)公共政策，該允諾是不具有執(zhí)行力的，除非有關(guān)監(jiān)護(hù)的處理決定符合該小孩的最大利益。
 
TOPIC 4. INTERFERENCE WITH OTHER PROTECTED INTERESTS
主題四 干預(yù)其他被保護(hù)的利益
 
 
§192. PROMISE INVOLVING COMMISSION OF A TORT承諾侵權(quán)之允諾
 
A promise to commit a tort or to induce the commission of a tort is unenforceable on grounds of public policy
允諾實(shí)施侵權(quán)行為或誘使他方作出侵權(quán)承諾之允諾，依據(jù)公共政策是不具有執(zhí)行力的。
 
§193. PROMISE INDUCING VIOLATION OF FIDUCIARY DUTY誘使違反信托義務(wù)之允諾
 
A  promise by a fiduciary to violate his fiduciary duty unenforceable on ground s of public policy.
如果受托人允諾違反其信托義務(wù)，則該允諾依據(jù)公共政策是不具有執(zhí)行力的。
 
§194. PROMISE INTERGERING WITH OCNTRACT WITH ANOTHER
 
A promise that tortiously interferes with performance of a contract with a third person or tortiously induced promise to commit a breach of contract is unenforceable on grounds of public policy.
如果一個(gè)允諾侵權(quán)性地干預(yù)了第三方當(dāng)事人對(duì)合同的履行或者侵權(quán)性地誘使他方承諾違約，則依據(jù)公共政策，該允諾是不具有執(zhí)行力的。
 
§195. TERM EXEPTING FROM LIABILITY FOR HARM CAUSED INTENTIONALLY, RECKLESSLY OR NEGLIGENTLY
對(duì)由于故意、過失或疏忽所造成傷害的免責(zé)條款
 
(1) A term exempting a party from tort liability for harm caused intentionally or recklessly is unenforceable on grounds of public policy.
(2) A term exempting a party from tort liability for harm caused negligently is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if
 (a) The term exempts an employer from liability to an employee for injury in the course of his employment;
(b) the term exempts one charged with a duty of public service from liability to one to whom what duty is owed for compensation for breach of that duty, o r
(c) the other party is similarly a member of a class protected against the class to which the first party belongs.
(3) A term exempting a seller of a product from his special tort liability for physical harm to a user or consumer is unenforceable on grounds of public policy unless the term is fairly bargained for and is consistent with the policy underlying that liability.
(1) 對(duì)一方當(dāng)事人由于故意或過失所造成傷害的免責(zé)條款，依據(jù)公共政策是不具有執(zhí)行力的。
(2) 在下列情況下，如果合同條款免除了一方當(dāng)事人對(duì)于因疏忽而造成損害的侵權(quán)責(zé)任，則該條款依據(jù)公共政策就是不可執(zhí)行的。
(a) 免除雇主對(duì)雇員在雇傭期間所遭受傷害之責(zé)任的條款；
  (b) 免除了被指控負(fù)有公共服務(wù)職責(zé)之人對(duì)因違反其義務(wù)而對(duì)相對(duì)方承擔(dān)的賠償責(zé)任；
(c) 一方當(dāng)事人類似于一個(gè)社會(huì)階層的一員，該社會(huì)階層是為針對(duì)他方當(dāng)事人所
屬階層而受到法律保護(hù)的。
(3) 免除賣主對(duì)用戶或客戶所遭受身體傷害的特殊侵權(quán)責(zé)任之條款，依據(jù)公共政策是不可執(zhí)行的，除非該條款經(jīng)過了公平的磋商，符合特殊侵權(quán)責(zé)任背后的 公共政策。
 
§196. TERM EXEMPTING FROM CONSEQUENCES OF MISREPRESENTATION
免除虛假陳述之法律后果的條款
 
A term unreasonably exempting a party from the legal consequence of misrepresentation is unenforceable on grounds of public policy.
不合理地免除了一方當(dāng)事人因虛假陳述所導(dǎo)致法律后果的條款，依據(jù)公共政策是不具有執(zhí)行力的。
 
TOPIC 5. RESTITUTION主題五 恢復(fù)原狀
 
§197.RESTITUTION GENERALLY UNAVAILABLE通常不得恢復(fù)原狀
 
Except as stated in §§198 and 199, a party has no claim in restitution for performance that he has rendered under or in return for a promise that is unenforceable on grounds of public policy unless denial of restitution would cause disproportionate forfeiture.
除§§198 和 199 的規(guī)定外，當(dāng)允諾因違反公共政策而失去強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力的效力，合同一方當(dāng)事人不得就依據(jù)該允諾或?yàn)榱嗽撛手Z而完成的義務(wù)履行請(qǐng)求恢復(fù)原狀，除非否決恢復(fù)原狀這一請(qǐng)求會(huì)造成合同當(dāng)事人財(cái)產(chǎn)不適當(dāng)?shù)乇粵]收。
 
§198. RESTITUTION IN FAVOR OF PARTY WHO IS EXCUSABLY IGNORANT OR IS NOT EQUALLY IN THE WRONG
如果當(dāng)事人的不知情是可以原諒的或者過錯(cuò)程度不同時(shí)，可以恢復(fù)原狀
 
A party has a claim in restitution for performance that he has rendered under or in return for a promise that is unenforceable on grounds of public polity if
(a) he was excusably ignorant of the facts or of legislation of a minor character, in the absence of which the promise would be enforceable, or
(b) he was not equally in the wrong with the promisor.
當(dāng)允諾因違反公共政策而失去強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力的效力時(shí)，在下列情況下，合同一方當(dāng)事人可以就依據(jù)該允諾或?yàn)榱嗽撛手Z而完成的義務(wù)履行請(qǐng)求恢復(fù)原狀：
(a) 該當(dāng)事人對(duì)微小特征的事實(shí)或法律問題之不知情是可以原諒的，并且該允諾在這些問題不存在的時(shí)候才具有執(zhí)行力。
 (b) 該當(dāng)事人與允諾人的過錯(cuò)程度不等。
 
§199. RESTITUTION WHERE PARTY WITHDRAWS OR SITUATION IS CONTRARY TO PUBLIC INTEREST
如果當(dāng)事人退出交易行為或可以結(jié)束與公共利益相悖的狀態(tài)時(shí)，可以請(qǐng)求恢復(fù)原狀。
 
A party has claim in restitution for performance that he has rendered under or in return for a promise that is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if he did not engage in serious misconduct and
 (a) he withdraws from the transaction before the improper purpose has been achieved, or
(b) allowance of the claim would put an end to a continuing situation that is c ontrary to the public interest.
當(dāng)允諾因違反公共政策而失去強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力的效力時(shí)，如果一方當(dāng)事人沒有實(shí)施 嚴(yán)重的不法行為，并且有以下情形時(shí)，他可以就依據(jù)該允諾或?yàn)榱嗽撛手Z而完 成的義務(wù)履行請(qǐng)求恢復(fù)原狀：
(a) 該當(dāng)事人在不正當(dāng)目的達(dá)到之前就退出了該交易行為，或
(b) 允許其恢復(fù)原狀可以結(jié)束與公共利益相悖的持續(xù)狀態(tài)。
 
CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
第九章  合同義務(wù)的范圍
 
TOPIC 1. THE MEANING OF AGREEMENTS主題一  合同的含義
 
§200. INTERPRETATION OF PROMISE OR AGREEMENT允諾或合同的解釋
Interpretation of a promise or agreement or a term thereof is the ascertainment of its meaning.
允諾或合同的解釋在此所指的是確定其含義。
 
§201. WHOSE MEANING PREVAILS以誰(shuí)作的解釋為準(zhǔn)
(1) Where the parties have attached the same meaning to a promise or agreement or a term thereof, it is interpreted in accordance with that meaning.
(2) Where the parties have attached different meanings to a promise or agreement or a term thereof, it is interpreted in accordance with the meaning attached by one of them if at the time the agreement was made
 (a) that party did not know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other knew the meaning attached by the first party; or
(b) that party had no reason to know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other had reason to know the meaning attached by the first party.
(3) Except as stated in this Section, neither party is bound by the meaning attached by the other, even though the result may be a failure of mutual assent.
(1) 如果雙方當(dāng)事人對(duì)允諾或合同或某土條款賦予了同樣的含義，則依該含義解釋合同。
(2) 如果雙方當(dāng)事人對(duì)允諾或合同或某一條款有不同解釋，則以其中一方當(dāng)事人賦予的含義解釋合同：
(a) 當(dāng)事人一方在訂立合同時(shí)不知道另一方賦予合同不同的含義，而另一方知道該方當(dāng)事人賦予合同的含義，則依該方當(dāng)事人的含義進(jìn)行解釋；或
(b) 當(dāng)事人一方?jīng)]有理由知道另一方賦予合同不同的含義，而另一方有理由知道該方當(dāng)事人賦予合同的含義，則依該方當(dāng)事人的含義進(jìn)行解釋。
(3) 除本節(jié)的規(guī)定外，雖然雙方當(dāng)事人沒有達(dá)成一致的意思表示，任何一方都不受他方當(dāng)事人所賦予合同之含義的約束。
 
§202. RULES IN ADI OF INTERPRETATION解釋規(guī)則
(1) Words and other conduct are interpreted in the light of all the circumstances, and if the principal purpose of the parties is ascertainable it is given great weight.
(2) A writing is interpreted as a whole, and all writings that are part of the same transaction are interpreted together.
(3) Unless a different intention is manifested,
(a) where language has a generally prevailing meaning, it is interpreted in accordance with that meaning;
 (b) technical terms and words of art are given their technical meaning when used in a transaction within their technical field.
(4) where an agreement involves repeated occasions for performance by either party with knowledge of the nature of the performance and opportunity for objection to it by the other, any course of performance accepted or acquiesce d in without objection is given great weight in the interpretation of the agreement.
(5) Wherever reasonable, the manifestations of intention of the parties to a promise or agreement are interpreted as consistent with each other and with any relevant course of performance, course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade.
(1) 應(yīng)根據(jù)所有的情況解釋當(dāng)事人的文字或其他行為，同時(shí)，如果能查明雙方締約的主要目的，則應(yīng)充分考慮其主要締約目的。
(2) 書面文書應(yīng)以一個(gè)整體來解釋，并且作為同一交易的組成部分的所有書面文書應(yīng)放在一起進(jìn)行解釋。
(3) 除非有不同的意圖表示，
(a) 如果合同語(yǔ)言存在通用的主流含義，則依主流含義解釋。
(b) 對(duì)技術(shù)或?qū)�業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的解釋應(yīng)在技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的范圍內(nèi)賦予它們?cè)诮灰资褂弥械募夹g(shù)含義。
(4) 如果合同中涉及一方當(dāng)事人重復(fù)履行義務(wù)，并且該當(dāng)事人明知該履行行為的性質(zhì)，同時(shí)另一方當(dāng)事人有機(jī)會(huì)提出反對(duì)意見，那么，如果另一方當(dāng)事人對(duì)任何履行過程地接受或沒有反對(duì)地默認(rèn)，則這些行為在合同解釋時(shí)應(yīng)給予充分地考慮。
(5) 如果合理地話，對(duì)雙方當(dāng)事人對(duì)允諾或合同的意思表示的解釋應(yīng)符合彼此的真實(shí)意圖、任何相關(guān)的履行過程、交易過程或行業(yè)慣例。
 
§203. STANDARDS OF PREFERENCE IN INTERPRETATION解釋合同時(shí)的優(yōu)先標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
In the interpretation of a promise or agreement or a term thereof, the following standards of preference are generally applicable:
(a) an interpretation which gives a reasonable, lawful, and effective meaning to all the terms is preferred to an interpretation which leaves a part unreasonable, unlawful, or of no effect;
(b) express terms are given weight than course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade, course of performance is given greater weight than course of dealing or usage of trade, and course of dealing is given greater weight than usage of trade;
(c) specific terms and exact terms are given greater weight than general language;
(d) separately negotiated or added terms are given greater weight than standardized terms or other terms not separately negotiated.
在解釋允諾、合同或某一條款時(shí)，通常應(yīng)適用下列優(yōu)先標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
(a) 合理、合法、有效的解釋優(yōu)先于不合理、不合法或無(wú)效的解釋；
(b) 明確的條款優(yōu)先于履行過程、交易過程和行業(yè)慣例，履行過程優(yōu)先于交易過程或行業(yè)慣例，交易過程優(yōu)先于行業(yè)慣例；
(c) 特殊確切的條款優(yōu)先于概括的語(yǔ)言；
(d) 單獨(dú)磋商或加注條款優(yōu)先于格式化條款或其他非單獨(dú)磋商之條款。
 
§204. SUPPLYING AN OMITTED ESSENTIAL TERM補(bǔ)充一個(gè)被忽略的重要條款
When the parties to a bargain sufficiently defined to be a contract have not a greed with respect to a term which is essential to a determination of their rights and duties, a term which is reasonable in the circumstances is supplied by the court.
如果雙方當(dāng)事人經(jīng)磋商足以締結(jié)一個(gè)合同，但是還沒有就對(duì)雙方權(quán)利義務(wù)的確立至關(guān)重要的條款達(dá)成一致，則在此特殊的情況下，法院可以將這一合理的條款補(bǔ)充到合同中去。
 
 
TOPIC 2. CONSIDERATIONS OF FAIRNESS AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST
主題二  公平和公共利益的約因
 
§205. DUTY OF GOOD FAITH AND FAIR DEALING善意行事與公平交易的義務(wù)
 
Every contract imposes upon each party a duty of good faith and fair dealing in its performance and its enforcement.
合同的每一方當(dāng)事人在履行合同或強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行合同時(shí)都負(fù)有善意行事和從事公平交易的義務(wù)。
 
§206. INTERPRETATION AGAINST THE DRAFTSMAN不利于合同起草方的解釋
In choosing among the reasonable meanings of a promise or a term thereof, that meaning is generally preferred which operates against the party who supp lies the words or from whom a writing otherwise proceeds.
如果對(duì)一個(gè)允諾或該允諾的某一條款存在多個(gè)合理的解釋，則應(yīng)選擇不利于合同起草方的解釋，或者選擇與書面文書所示含義相反的解釋。
 
§207. INTERPRETATION FAVORING THE PUBLIC有利于公共利益的解釋
In choosing among the reasonable meanings a promise or agreement or a term thereof, a meanings that serves the public interest is generally preferred.
如果對(duì)一個(gè)允諾、合同或某一條款存在多個(gè)合理的解釋，則通常應(yīng)選擇有利于公共利益的解釋。
 
§208. UNCONSCIONABLE CONTRACT OR TERM不合理的合同或條款
If a contract or term thereof is unconscionable at the time the contract is made acourt may refuse to enforce the contract, or may enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable term, or may so limit the application of any unconscionable term as to avoid any unconscionable result.
如果一個(gè)合同或其條款在合同訂立之時(shí)就是不合理的，則法院可以拒絕執(zhí)行該合同，或者可以執(zhí)行剩余合同中沒有不合理?xiàng)l款的剩余部分，或者也可以限制任何不合理?xiàng)l款的適用，從而避免不合理結(jié)果的出現(xiàn)。
 
TOPIC 3 EFFECT OF ADOPTION OF A WRITING主題三 接受書面文書的效力
 
§209. INTEGRATED AGREEMENTS完整的不可分割的合同
(1) An integrated agreement is a writing or writings constituting a final expression of one or more terms of an agreement.
(2) Whether there is an integrated agreement is to be determined by the court as a question preliminary to determination of a question of interpretation or to application of the parole vidence rule.
(3) Where the parties reduce an agreement to a writing which in view of its completeness and specificity reasonably appears to be a complete agreement, it is taken to be an integrated agreement unless it is established by other evidence that the writing did not constitute a final expression.
(1) 如果一個(gè)合同中包含了當(dāng)事人對(duì)合同條款的最終表述，則該合同就是完整的不可分割的合同。
(2) 法院在解釋合同或適用口頭證據(jù)規(guī)則之前應(yīng)確定一個(gè)合同是否是不可分割的。
(3) 如果雙方當(dāng)事人合理地認(rèn)為一個(gè)書面文書從其完整性和特殊性上來看好象是一個(gè)完整的合同，則該書面文書就應(yīng)被視為是完整的合同，除非有其他證據(jù) 表明該書面文書并沒有包含當(dāng)事人對(duì)合同條款的最終表述。
 
§210. COMPLETELY AND PARTIALLY INTEGRATED AGREEMENTS
完全不可分割的合同與部分不可分割的合同
 
(1) A completely integrated agreement is an integrated agreement adopted by the parties as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement.
(2) A partially integrated agreement is an integrated agreement other than a completely integrated agreement.
(3) Whether an agreement is completely or partially integrated is to be deter mined by the court as a question preliminary to determination of a question o f interpretation or to application of the parolevidence rule.
(1) 完全不可分割的合同是指雙方當(dāng)事人認(rèn)為其條款是完整的、排他的的合同。
(2) 部分不可分割的合同是指除完全不可分割合同之外的完整合同。
(3) 法院在解釋合同或適用口頭證據(jù)規(guī)則之前應(yīng)確定一個(gè)合同是完全不可分割的還是部分不可分割的。
 
§211. STANDARDIZED AGREEMENTS格式合同
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (3), where a party to an agreement signs or otherwise manifests assent to a writing and has reason to believe that like writings are regularly used to embody terms of agreements of the same type, h e adopts the writing as an integrated agreement with respect to the terms included in the writing.
(2) Such a writing is interpreted wherever reasonable as treating alike all those similarly situated, without regard to their knowledge or understanding of the standard terms of the writing.
(3) Where the other party has reason to believe that the party manifesting such assent would not do so if he knew that the writing contained a particular term, the term is not part of the agreement.
(1) 除(3)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，如果合同的一方當(dāng)事人簽署了該合同或以其他方式作出了同意的意思表示，并且該當(dāng)事人有理由相信該類似文書會(huì)經(jīng)常性地用于表達(dá)相同類型合同的條款，則表明他接受該書面文書以及包含在其中的條款屬于一個(gè)完整不可分割的合同。
(2) 對(duì)于格式合同應(yīng)作合理的解釋，以便使所有有相似處境的人受到同樣的對(duì)待，不管他們是否知道或理解該書面合同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條款。
(3) 如果他方當(dāng)事人有合理的理由相信作出同意意思表示的一方當(dāng)事人如果知道該合同中包含有特殊條款就不會(huì)簽署或表示同意，則該條款不得作為合同的條款而存在。
 
§212. INTERPRETATION OF INTEGRATED AGREEMENT不可分割合同的解釋
(1) The interpretation of an integrated agreement is directed to the meaning of the terms of the writing or writings in the light of the circumstances, in accordance with the rules stated in this Chapter.
(2) A question of interpretation of an integrated agreement is to be determined by the trier of fact if it depends on the credibility of extrinsic evidence or on a choice among reasonable inferences to be drawn from extrinsic evidence. Otherwise a question of interpretation of an integrated agreement is to be determined as a question of law.
(1) 根據(jù)本章的規(guī)定，解釋不可分割合同應(yīng)依據(jù)所有的情況考察書面文書條款 的含義。
(2) 對(duì)不可分割合同的解釋如果依賴于外部證據(jù)的可信度或者是從外部證據(jù)的 合理推論中作出選擇，則應(yīng)通過對(duì)事實(shí)的檢驗(yàn)作出解釋。否則，不可分割合同的 解釋就應(yīng)作為法律問題來確定。
 
§213. EFFECT OF INTEGRATED AGREEMENT ON PRIOR AGREEMENTS (PARO
 L EVIDENCE RULE)
不可分割合同對(duì)先前合同的效力（口頭證據(jù)規(guī)則）
 
(1) A binding integrated agreement discharges prior agreements to the extent that it is inconsistent with them.
(2) A binding completely integrated agreement discharges prior agreements t o the extent that they are within its scope.
(1) 有效的不可分割合同解除了與其相抵觸的先前合同。
(2) 有效的完全不可分割合同解除了在其范圍之內(nèi)的先前合同。
 
§214. EVIDENCE OF PRIOR OR CONTEMPORANEOUS AGREEMENTS AND NEGOTIATIONS
先前或同期合同以及協(xié)商的證據(jù)
 
Agreements and negotiations prior to or contemporaneous with the adoption of a writing are admissible in evidence to establish
在雙方當(dāng)事人在接受書面文書之前或同期而為的合同以及協(xié)商過程可以作為證據(jù)證明
 
(a) that the writing is or is not an integrated agreement;
(b) that the integrated agreement, if any, is completely or partially integrated; (c) the meaning of the writing, whether or not integrated;
(d) illegality, fraud, duress, mistake, lack of consideration, or other invalidating cause;
 (e) ground for granting or denying rescission, reformation, specific performance.
(a) 該書面文書是否是不可分割合同；
(b) 如果是不可分割合同，則是完全不可分割合同亦或是部分不可分割合同；
(c) 該書面文書的含義，而不管其是否是不可分割的；
(d) 是否存在違法、欺詐、脅迫、錯(cuò)誤、沒有約因或其他一些使該書面文書無(wú)效的原因；
(e) 是否存在同意撤消或否決撤消、重作以及強(qiáng)制履行的理由。
 
§215. CONTRADICTION OF INTEGRATED TERMS不可分割條款的沖突
Except as stated in the preceding Section, where there is a binding agreement, either completely or partially integrated, evidence of prior or contemporaneous agreements or negotiations is not admissible in evidence to contradict a term of the writing.
除了前節(jié)的規(guī)定外，如果合同具有約束力，則不論其是完全不可分割合同還是部分不可分割合同，先前的或同期的合同或協(xié)商過程都不得作為推翻該書面文書條款的證據(jù)。