CONTENT目 錄  (共十六章385條)
 

 
Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章 合同條款的含義
Chapter 2 FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES AND CAPACITY
第二章 合同的訂立——當(dāng)事人及其締約能力
 
Chapter 3 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT
第三章        合同的訂立——意思表示一致
 
CHAPTER 4 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS—CONSIDERATION
第四章  合同的訂立——約因
 
CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS第五章  防止欺詐條例
 
CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章  錯(cuò)誤
 
CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE
第七章        虛假的意思表示，脅迫以及不當(dāng)影響
 
CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY
第八章        合同因公共政策而不可執(zhí)行
 
CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
第九章        合同義務(wù)的范圍
 
CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE
第十章  合同的履行與不履行
 
CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE AND
FRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE
第十一章  履行不能和履行目的落空
 
CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION
第十二章  雙方合意或變更合同以解除合同義務(wù)
 
CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES
第十三章  連帶允諾人和受允諾人
 
CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES第十四章  合同受益人
 
CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON
第十五章  合同權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓與合同義務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)托
 
CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES第十六章  違約救濟(jì)
 
Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章 合同條款的含義
§1. CONTRACT DEFINED 合同定義
A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.
合同指的是一個(gè)允諾或一組允諾，如果違反此允諾，則法律給與救濟(jì)；如果 其履行了允諾，則法律以某種方式將其視為一項(xiàng)義務(wù)。
 
§2. PROMISE; PROMISOR; PROMISEE. 允諾；允諾人；受允諾人
(1) A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way,  so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made.
允諾就是以特定方式實(shí)施或禁止實(shí)施某種行為的意思表示，這種意思表示 使受允諾人正當(dāng)?shù)卣J(rèn)為一個(gè)允諾已經(jīng)作出。
 
(2) The person manifesting the intention is the promisor.作出該意思表示的人是允諾人
 
(3) The person to whom the manifestation is addressed is the promisee.
該意思表示所指向的人為受允諾人。
 
(4) Where performance will benefits a person other than the promisee, that person is beneficiary.
如果該允諾的履行使除受允諾人之外的他人獲利，則該人為受益人。
 
§3. AGREEMENT DEFINED; BARGAIN DEFINED協(xié)議的定義；
An agreement is a manifestation of mutual assent on the part of two or more persons. A bargain is an agreement to exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a performance or to exchange performances.
.交易磋商約定的定義 一個(gè)協(xié)議就是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人一致的意思表示。一個(gè)交易磋商約定是為允諾與允諾之間的交換，或?yàn)樵手Z與義務(wù)履行的交換，或?yàn)榱x務(wù)履行之間的交換而
達(dá)成的協(xié)議。
 
§4. How a Promise May Be Made 允諾如何作出
A promise may be stated in words either oral or written, or may be inferred w holly or partly from conduct.
一個(gè)允諾可以用口頭言詞或書面文字作出，也可以完全或部分地從行為中推斷而得。
 
§5. Terms of Promise, Agreement, or Contract允諾，協(xié)議或合同的條件
(1) A term of promise or agreement is that portion of the intention or assent manifested which relates to a particular matter.
允諾或協(xié)議的條件就是當(dāng)事人就特定的事項(xiàng)表示了部分的締約意圖或?qū)�締約的贊同。
 
(2) A term of contract is that portion of the legal relations resulting from the promise or set of promises which relates to a particular matter, whether or not the parties manifest an intention to create those relations.
合同的條件就是由于當(dāng)事人就特定事項(xiàng)作出了一個(gè)或一系列的允諾，由此引起他們之間部分法律關(guān)系的存在，不管當(dāng)事人是否作出意思表示要建立這些 法律關(guān)系。
 
§6. Formal Contracts要式合同
The following types of contracts are subject in some respects to special rules that depend on their formal characteristics and differ from those governing contracts in general:
下列類型的合同根據(jù)其形式上的特征，在某些方面受不同于一般合同規(guī)則的法律規(guī)則的調(diào)整：
 
(1) Contracts under seal, 蓋印合同
 (2) Recognizances, 保證書
(3) Negotiable instruments and documents,.可流通票據(jù)和單據(jù)
（4）Letters of credit信用證
 
§7. Voidable contracts可撤消的合同
A voidable contract is one where one or more parties have the power, by a manifestation of election to do so, to avoid the legal relations created by the contract,  or  by  ratification  of  the  contract  to  extinguish  the  power  of avoidance.
如果合同的一方或多方當(dāng)事人有權(quán)通過意思表示，或通過訂立一個(gè)取消撤消權(quán)的合同，撤消該合同已經(jīng)建立的法律關(guān)系，則該合同為可撤消的合同。
 
§8. Unenforceable Contracts不能強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的合同
An unenforceable contract is one for the breach of which neither the remedy of damages nor the remedy of specific performance is available, but which is recognized in some other  way as creating a duty of performance, though there has been no ratification.
不可強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的合同是指這樣一種合同，即違反該合同導(dǎo)致?lián)p害賠償救濟(jì)和強(qiáng)制履行救濟(jì)均不可適用，但是卻被認(rèn)為是以其他方式創(chuàng)設(shè)了并沒有獲得認(rèn)可的 履行義務(wù)。
 
Chapter 2 FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES AND CAPACITY
第二章 合同的訂立——當(dāng)事人及其締約能力
§9. Parties Required合同當(dāng)事人
There must be at least two parties to a contract, a promisor and a promisee, but there may be any greater number.
合同必須至少有兩個(gè)當(dāng)事人，即允諾人和受允諾人，但是也可以有兩個(gè)以上更多的當(dāng)事人。
 
§10. Multiple Promisors and Promisees of the Same Performance
針對同一項(xiàng)履行的多個(gè)允諾人和受允諾人
 
(1) Where there are more promisors than one in a contract, some or all of them may  promise the same performance, whether or not there are also promises for separate performances.
如果一個(gè)合同中有多個(gè)允諾人，則部分或全部的允諾人可以就同一項(xiàng)履行作出允諾，不管他們是否就個(gè)別的義務(wù)履行作出允諾。
 
(2) Where there are more promises than one in a contract, a promise may be made to some or all of them as a unit, whether or not the same or another performance is separately promised to one or more of them.
如果一個(gè)合同中不只有一個(gè)允諾，則部分或全部的允諾人可以一個(gè)單位作出允諾，不管相同或另外的履行義務(wù)是否被單獨(dú)地對一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的允諾人允諾。
 
§11. When a Person May Be Both Promisor and Promisee
何時(shí)允諾人和受允諾人可以同為一人
 
A contract may be formed between two or more persons acting as a unit and one or more but fewer than all of these persons, acting either singly or with other persons.
 在由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人共同代表的一個(gè)單位和這些人中的一個(gè)或部分多數(shù)之間可以締結(jié)合同，這些人可以單獨(dú)地或者同他人一起行事。
 
§12. Capacity to Contract締約能力
(1) No one can be bound by contract who has not legal capacity to incur at least voidable contractual duties, Capacity to contract may be partial and its existence in respect of a particular transaction may depend upon the nature of the transaction or upon other circumstances.
沒有法律行為能力的締約人所締結(jié)的合同所產(chǎn)生的義務(wù)是可撤消的，該合同對締約人并沒有約束力。是否享有部分締約能力以及是否就某一特定交易享有 締約能力取決于該交易的本質(zhì)或者其他一些情況。
 
(2) A natural person who manifests assent to a transaction has full legal capacity to incur contractual duties thereby unless he is
一個(gè)自然人如果就某項(xiàng) 交易作出同意的意思表示，則該自然人享有完全合法的創(chuàng)設(shè)合同義務(wù)的締約能 力，除非該自然人是
 
(a) under guardianship, or處于監(jiān)護(hù)之中，或
 
(b) an infant, or為成年人，或
 
(c) mentally ill or defective, or有精神疾病或精神缺陷者，或
 
(d) intoxicated. 醉酒者。
 
§13. Persons Affected by Guardianship受監(jiān)護(hù)的人
A person has no capacity to incur contractual duties if his property is under guardianship by reason of an adjudication of mental illness or defect.
 如果一個(gè)人由于被判決存在精神疾病或精神缺陷，其財(cái)產(chǎn)處于監(jiān)管之中，則該人沒有創(chuàng)設(shè)合同義務(wù)的行為能力。
 
§14. Infants未成年人
Unless a statute provides otherwise , a natual person has the capacity to incur only voidable  contractual duties until the beginning of the day before the person’s eighteenth birthday.
除非法令另有規(guī)定，自然人在18 歲生日之前只具有創(chuàng)設(shè)可撤消合同義務(wù)的行為能力。
 
§15. Mental Illness or Defect有精神病或精神缺陷的人
(1)  A  person  incurs  only  voidable  contractual  duties  by  entering  into  a transaction if by reason of mental illness or defect
在下列情況下，一個(gè)存在精神疾病或精神缺陷的人，在從事交易活動(dòng)時(shí)所創(chuàng)設(shè)的合同義務(wù)是可以撤消的：
 
(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or
他不能以正常方式理解此項(xiàng)交易的性質(zhì)以及會(huì)產(chǎn)生的后果，或者
 
(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction and the other party has reson to know of his condition.
他不能像正常人那樣從事此項(xiàng)交易，并且交易的相對方有合理的理由知道這一事實(shí)。
 
(2) Where the contract is made on fair terms and the other party is without knowledge of  the mental illness or defect, the power of a voidance under Subsection  (1)  terminates  to  the  extent  that  the  contract  has  been  so preformed in whole or in part or the circumstances have so changed that a voidance would be unjust. In such a case a court may grant relief as justice requires.
 如果合同的締結(jié)是基于公平的條款，并且他方當(dāng)事人不知道該締約人患有 精神疾病或存在精神缺陷，那么，如果該合同已經(jīng)被全部或部分地履行或者情勢變更，以至撤消該合同有失公平，則在(1)小節(jié)中所規(guī)定的撤消權(quán)不再適用。在這種情況下，法院可以依公平正義之需判決給與當(dāng)事人救濟(jì)。
 
§16. Intoxicate Persons醉酒的人
A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if the other party has reason to know that by reason of intoxication
如果締約他方當(dāng)事人有合理的理由知道一方當(dāng)事人由于醉酒存在下列情況，則該當(dāng)事人在從事交易活動(dòng)時(shí)所創(chuàng)設(shè)的合同義務(wù)是可以撤消的。
 
(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or
他不能以正常方式理解此項(xiàng)交易的性質(zhì)以及會(huì)產(chǎn)生的后果，或者
 
(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction,
 他不能像正常人那樣從事此項(xiàng)交易。
 
Chapter 3  FORMATION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT
第三章  合同的訂立——意思表示一致
 
TOPIC 1. IN GENRERAL主題一  一般規(guī)定
§17. Requirement of a Bargain交易磋商的條件
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), the formation of a contract requires a bargain in which there is a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange an d a consideration.
除(2)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，合同的訂立要求當(dāng)事人就允諾與允諾、允諾與義務(wù)履行、以及義務(wù)履行之間的交換和約因意思表示一致。
 
(2) Whether or not there is a bargain a contract may be formed under special rules applicable to formal contracts or under the rules stated in §§82-94.
合同可以依據(jù)適用于正式合同中的特殊規(guī)則或依據(jù)§§82-94 中的規(guī)則訂立，不管有沒有交易磋商。
 
TOPIC 2, MANIFESTATION OF ASSENT IN GERNERAL主題二  意思表示的一般條款
§18. Manifestation of Mutual Assent意思表示一致
Manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange requires that each party make a promise or begin or render a performance.
 對一個(gè)交換作出一致的意思表示要求各方當(dāng)事人作出允諾或開始或?qū)嵤┮豁?xiàng)義務(wù)履行。
 
§19. Conduct as Manifestation of Assent依意思表示實(shí)施的行為
(1) The manifestation of assent may be made wholly or partly by written or spoken words or by other acts or by failure to act.
意思表示可以完全或部分地通過書面或口頭、或其他作為或不作為作出。
 
(2) The conduct of a party is not effective as a manifestation of his assent unless he intends to engage in the conduct and knows or has reason to know that the other party may infer from his conduct that he assents.
一方當(dāng)事人以行為作出的意思表示是無效的，除非他有意實(shí)施這一行為，并且知道或有理由知道他方當(dāng)事人可以從他的行為中推斷出他有此締約意思。
 
(3) The conduct of a party may manifest assent even though he does not in fact assent. In such cases a resulting contract may be voidable because of fraud, mistake, or other invalidation cause.
一方當(dāng)事人的行為可以作為意思表示，雖然事實(shí)上他并沒有此締約意思。在這種情況下所締結(jié)的合同可以基于欺詐、錯(cuò)誤或其他無效的理由被撤消。
 
§20. EFFECT OF MISUNDERSTANDING誤解的效力
 (1) There is no manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange if the parties attach materially different meanings to their manifestations and
如果當(dāng)事人就他們的意思表示賦予了實(shí)質(zhì)上不同的理解，并且有如下情況存在時(shí)，則表明他們就磋商的交換沒有達(dá)成一致：
 
(a) neither party knows or has reason to know the meaning attached by the other; or
雙方當(dāng)事人任一方都不知道或沒有理由知道對方的意思表示所賦予的含義；或
 
(b) each party knows or each party has reason to know the meaning attached by the other.
 
任一當(dāng)事方知道或有理由知道對方的意思表示所賦予的含義。
 
(2) The manifestations of the parties are operative in accordance with the meaning attached to them by one of the parties if
一方當(dāng)事人可以依據(jù)該意思表示所指的含義執(zhí)行該意思表示，如果
 
(a) that party does not know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other knows the meaning attached by the first party; or
該當(dāng)事人不知道另一方當(dāng)事人所指的不同含義，而另一方當(dāng)事人知道第一方 當(dāng)事人所指的含義。
 
(b) that party has no reason to know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other has reason to know the meaning attached by the first party.
該當(dāng)事人沒有理由知道另一方當(dāng)事人所指的不同含義， 而另一方當(dāng)事人有理由知道第一方當(dāng)事人所指的含義。
 
§21. INTENTION TO BE LEGALLY BOUND具有法律拘束力的意圖
Neither  real  nor  apparent  intention  that  a  promise  be  legally  binding  is essential to the formation of a contract, but a manifestation of intention that a promise  shall  not  affect  legal  relations  may  prevent  the  formation  of  a contract.
當(dāng)事人有關(guān)允諾具有法律拘束力的意圖無論是真實(shí)的還是表面的，對于合同的締結(jié)并不重要，但是如果當(dāng)事人作出允諾并不影響當(dāng)事人法律關(guān)系的意思表示，則當(dāng)事人之間的合同并不成立。
 
§22. Mode of Assent: Offer and Acceptance合意的模式：  要約與承諾
(1) The manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange ordinarily takes the form of an offer or proposal by one party followed by an acceptance by the other party or parties.
雙方當(dāng)事人就交換達(dá)成合意的意思表示通常是由一方當(dāng)事人提出要約或提議，然后由另一方當(dāng)事人或另一方多數(shù)當(dāng)事人作出承諾。
 
(2) A manifestation of mutual assent may be made even though neither offer nor acceptance can be identified and even though the moment of formation cannot be determined.
 即使要約和承諾都無法被識別，并且合同成立的時(shí)間也無法確定，雙方當(dāng)事人也可以作出合意的意思表示。
 
§23. Necessity That Manifestation Have Reference to Each Other
作出意思表示應(yīng)相互參考的必要性
 
It is essential to a bargain that each party manifest assent with reference to the manifestation of the other.
任何當(dāng)事人作出意思表示都應(yīng)參考對方的意思表示，這一點(diǎn)對交易磋商很重要。
 
TOPIC 3. MAKING OF OFFERS         主題三 要約的發(fā)出
 
§24. Offer Defined要約的定義
An offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made a s to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is invited and will conclude it.
 要約就是以交易磋商為目的而為意思表示，使得他人合理地認(rèn)為該意思表示被邀請并且該交易將要進(jìn)行。
 
§25. Option Contracts選擇權(quán)合同
An option  contract  is  a  promise  which  meets  the  requirements  for  the formation of a contract and limits the promisor’s power to revoke an offer.
如果一個(gè)允諾符合了訂立合同的條件，并且限制允諾人撤回要約，則該允諾即構(gòu)成選擇權(quán)合同。
 
§26. Preliminary Negotiations訂約前之商議
A manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain is not an offer if the person to whom it is addressed knows or has reason to know that the person making it does not intend to conclude a bargain until he has made a further manifestation of assent.
如果意思表示所指向的人知道或有理由知道作出意思表示的當(dāng)事人在作出進(jìn)一步的意思表示之前并沒有意圖達(dá)成交易，則該以締結(jié)合同為目的的意思表示并不屬于要約。
 
§27.Existence of Contract Where Memorial is contemplated
在意圖制作記錄情況下合同的存在
 
Manifestations  of  assent  that  are  in  themselves  sufficient  to  conclude  a contract will not be prevented from so operating by the fact that the parties also manifest an intention  to prepare an adopt a written thereof; but the circumstances may show that the agreements are preliminary negotiations.
 雙方當(dāng)事人作出意思表示要采用書面 方式締結(jié)合同這一事實(shí)，并不影響當(dāng)事人已經(jīng)作出的足以導(dǎo)致合同締結(jié)的意思 表示的執(zhí)行；但是這種情況表明這些合意仍然屬于訂約前之商議。
 
§28.Auctions拍賣
(1) At an auction, unless a contrary intention is manifested,
在拍賣時(shí)，除非有相反的意思表示，
 
(a) the auctioneer invites offers from successive bidders which he may accept or reject;
拍賣人向所有連續(xù)的出價(jià)人發(fā)出要約邀請，出價(jià)人可以承諾或拒絕；
 
(b) when goods are put up without reserve, the auctioneer makes an offer to sell at any price bid by the highest bidder, and after the auctioneer calls for id the goods cannot be withdrawn unless no bid is made within a reasonable time;
如果拍賣標(biāo)的實(shí)行無保留低價(jià)拍賣，則拍賣人應(yīng)發(fā)出要約，將拍賣標(biāo)的以任何價(jià)格賣給出價(jià)最高者，在拍賣人將標(biāo)的拍賣后，拍賣人不得撤回其無保留 低價(jià)之拍賣標(biāo)的，除非在合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)無人競買；
 
(c) whether or not the auction is without reserve, a bidder may withdraw his bid until the  auctioneer’s announcement of completion of the sale, but a bidder’s retraction does not revieve any previous bid.
不管該拍賣是否是無保留低價(jià)之拍賣，競買人可以在拍賣人宣布成交之前可以撤回競價(jià)，但是競買人撤回競價(jià)的行為不得使先前的出價(jià)生效。
 
(2) Unless a contrary intention is manifested, bids at an auction embody terms made known by advertisement, posting or other publication of which bidders are or should be aware, as modified by announcement made by the auctioneer when the goods are put up.
除非有相反的意思表示，在拍賣標(biāo)的時(shí)，競買人的出價(jià)包含了競買人知道或應(yīng)該知道的廣告、海報(bào)或其他出版物所公布的條款，拍賣人在拍賣標(biāo)的時(shí)可以 通過公告的方式對這些條款加以修改。
 
 §29. To Whom an Offer is Addressed要約所指向的對象
(1) The manifested intention of the offeror determines the person or persons in whom is created a power of acceptance.
要約人的意思表示決定了有權(quán)作出承諾的人。
 
(2) An offer may create a power of acceptance in a specified person or in one or more of a specified group or class of persons, acting separately or together, or in anyone or every one  who makes a specified promise or renders a specified performance.
要約可以在一個(gè)明確的人或一個(gè)或多個(gè)明確的、單獨(dú)或集體行動(dòng)的群體或團(tuán)體之中，或者也可以在作出明確允諾或?qū)嵤┟鞔_義務(wù)的任何人之中創(chuàng)設(shè)一種承 諾的權(quán)利。
 
§30. FORM OF ACCEPTANCE INVITED.承諾的形式
(1) An offer may invite or require acceptance to be made by an affirmative answer in words, or by performing or refraining from performing a specified act,  or  may  empower  the  offeree  to  make  a  selection  of  terms  in  his acceptance.
要約人可以要求承諾人通過給出書面的確定性答復(fù)、或者作為或不作為某一特定的行為來作出承諾，或者要約人可以授權(quán)受約人作出選擇性的承諾。
 
(2) Unless otherwise indicated by the language or the circumstances, an offer invites  acceptance in any manner and by any medium reasonable in the circumstances.
除非語言或情勢有相反的表示，要約人可以要求承諾人以任何方式，采用特定情況下合理的媒介作出承諾。
 
§31. Offer Proposing a Single Contract or a Number of Contracts
提議締結(jié)一個(gè)或幾個(gè)合同的要約
An  offer  may  propose  the  formation  of  a  single  contract  by  a  single acceptance   or   the  formation  of  a  number  of  contracts  by  successive acceptances from time to time.
一個(gè)要約可以通過一個(gè)承諾締結(jié)一個(gè)合同，或者也可以通過不時(shí)地、連續(xù)性的承諾締結(jié)幾個(gè)合同。
 
 
§32. Invitation of Promise or Performance允諾或義務(wù)履行邀請
In case of doubt an offer is interpreted as inviting the offeree to accept either by  promising  to  perform  what  the  offer  requests  or  by  rendering  the performance, as the offeree chooses.
在存在懷疑的情況下，要約應(yīng)被解釋為邀請受約人選擇或者通過允諾履行要約所要求的義務(wù)、或者履行該義務(wù)。
 
§33. Certainty確定性
(1) Even though a manifestation of intention is intended to be understood as an offer, it cannot be accepted so as to form a contract unless the terms of the contract are reasonably certain.
雖然意思表示作為一個(gè)要約意在使相對方理解，但是該意思表示不能被承諾以形成一個(gè)合同，除非合同的條款相當(dāng)確定。
 
(2) The terms of a contract are reasonably certain if they provide a basis for determining the existence of a breach and for giving an appropriate remedy.
如果合同就違約和適當(dāng)救濟(jì)作出基本的規(guī)定，則該合同的條款則是相當(dāng)確定的。
 
(3) The fact that one or more terms of a proposed bargain are left open or uncertain may show that a manifestation of intention is not intended to be understood as an offer or as an acceptance.
如果一個(gè)被提議交易的一個(gè)或多個(gè)條款懸而未決、或者是不確定的，則表明作為要約或承諾的意思表示并不意在使相對方理解。
 
§34. Certainty and Choice of Terms; Effect of Performance or Reliance
條款的選擇與確定性；義務(wù)履行或信賴的效力
 
(1)  The  terms  of  a  contract  may  be  reasonably  certain  even  though  it empowers one or both parties to make a selection of terms in the course of performance.
合同當(dāng)事人在履行義務(wù)過程中，雖然可以就合同的條款作出選擇，但是合 同的條款應(yīng)是具有相當(dāng)確定性的。
 
(2)  Part  performance  under  an  agreement  may  remove  uncertainty  and establish that a contract enforceable as a bargain has been formed.
部分履行的合同具有確定性，并且表明作為交易的可執(zhí)行合同已經(jīng)成立。
 
(3) Action in reliance on an agreement may make a contractual remedy appropriate even though uncertainty is not removed.
雖然合同的條款并不確定，但是基于對合同的信賴而實(shí)施的行為可以獲得適當(dāng)?shù)暮贤�救�?jì)。
 
TOPIC 4. DURATION OF THE OFFEREE’S POWER OF ACCEPTANCE
主題四 受要約人承諾能力的期間
 
§35. The Offeree’s Power of Acceptance受要約人的承諾能力
 
 
(1)  An  offer  gives  to  the  offeree  a  continuing  power  to  complete  the manifestation of mutual assent by acceptance of the offer.
受要約人有權(quán)通過對要約的承諾持續(xù)地作出合意的意思表示。
 
(2) A contract cannot be created by acceptance of an offer after the power of acceptance has been terminated in one of the ways listed in §36
如果受要約人的承諾能力依據(jù)§36 所列方式終止之后，則該受要約人的承諾并不創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)合同。
 
§36. Methods of Termination of the Power of Acceptance承諾權(quán)利終止的方式
 
(1) An offeree’s power of acceptance may be terminated by
受要約人的承諾能力可以通過下列方式終止
 
(a) rejection or counter-offer by the offeree, or受要約人拒絕要約或提出反要約，或
 
(b) lapse of time,or期間屆滿，或
 
(c) revocation by the offeror, or要約人撤回要約，或
 
(d) death or incapacity of the offeror or offeree. 要約人或受要約人死亡或喪失行為能力
 
(2) In addition, an offeree’s power of acceptance is terminated by the non- occurrence of any condition of acceptance under the terms of the offer.
 除此之外，如果受要約人對要約條款未作任何承諾，則該受要約人的承諾 能力終止。
 
§37. Termination of Power of Acceptance Under Option Contract
選擇權(quán)合同項(xiàng)下承諾能力的終止
 
Notwithstanding §§38-49, the power of acceptance under an option contract is not terminated by rejection or counter-offer, by revocation, or by death or incapacity of the offeror, unless the requirements are met for the discharge of a contractual duty.
雖然有§§38-49 的規(guī)定，但是選擇權(quán)合同項(xiàng)下的承諾能力并不因受要約人拒絕要約或提出反要約、或要約人撤回要約、或要約人的死亡或喪失行為能力而終止，除非解除合同義務(wù)的條件已經(jīng)成就。
 
§38. Rejection要約的拒絕
(1) An offeree’s power of acceptance is terminated by his rejection of the offer, unless the offeror has manifested a contrary intention.
受要約人如果拒絕要約，則其承諾的能力終止，除非要約人有相反的意思 表示。
 
(2) A manifestation of intention not to accept an offer is a rejection unless the offeree manifests an intention to take it under further advisement.
未作出承諾的意思表示也屬于對要約的拒絕，除非受要約人表示要作進(jìn)一步的考慮。
 
§39. Counter-offers反要約
(1) A counter-offer is an offer made by an offeree to his offeror relating to the same  matter  as  the  original  offer  and  proposing  a  substituted  bargain differing from that proposed by the original offer.
如果受要約人對與原要約相同事項(xiàng)的實(shí)質(zhì)性內(nèi)容作出了修改，并提出一項(xiàng)新的替代交易回復(fù)給要約人，則該項(xiàng)提議為反要約。
 
(2)  An offeree's  power  of  acceptance  is  terminated  by  his  making  of  a counter-offer, unless the offeror has manifested a contrary intention or unless the counter-offer manifests a contrary intention of the offeree.
受要約人如果提出反要約，則該受要約人的承諾能力終止，除非要約人有相反的意思表示、或反要約代表了受要約人相反的意思表示。
 
§40.  Time  When  Rejection  or  Courter-offer  Terminates  the  Power  of Acceptance Rejection or counter-offer by mail or telegram does not terminate the power of acceptance  until received by the offeror, but limits the power so that a letter or telegram of  acceptance started after the sending of an otherwise effective  rejection   or  counter-offer   is  only a  counter-offer  unless  the acceptance is received by the  offeror before he receives the rejection or counter-offer.
拒絕或反要約終止承諾能力的時(shí)間 如果受約人通過郵件或電報(bào)拒絕要約或提出反要約，則在要約人收到之前，受要約人的承諾能力雖然并不終止，但是有所限制，以便于承諾的郵件或電報(bào)在相反、有效的要約拒絕或反要約發(fā)送之后是唯一的反要約，除非要約人在收到要
約拒絕或反要約之前收到此承諾。
 
§41. Lapse of Time期間屆滿
(1) An offeree's power of acceptance is terminated at the time specified in the offer, or, if no time is specified, at the end of a reasonable time.
要約中應(yīng)明確受要約人承諾能力的終止時(shí)間，或者如果沒有明確時(shí)間，則其承諾能力應(yīng)在合理的時(shí)間之后終止。
 
(2) What is a reasonable time is a question of fact, depending on all the circumstances existing when the offer and attempted acceptance are made.
什么是合理的時(shí)間，這屬于一個(gè)事實(shí)問題，要隨發(fā)出要約和試圖作出承諾時(shí)的情況而定。
 
(3) Unless otherwise indicated by the language or the circumstances, and sub ject to the rule stated in §49, an offer sent by mail is reasonably accepted if a n acceptance is mailed at any time before midnight on the day on which the offer is received.
除非有相反的規(guī)定或情形，依據(jù)§49 中的規(guī)定，如果一個(gè)承諾是在受要約人收到要約當(dāng)日的午夜之前的任何時(shí)候發(fā)出的，則該通過郵件的要約就應(yīng)是被合 理承諾的要約。
 
§42. Revocation by Communication From Offeror Received By offeree An offeree's power of acceptance is terminated when the offeree receives fro m the offeror a manifestation of an intention not to enter into the proposed c ontract.
 要約人通知受要約人撤回要約 如果受要約人收到了要約人不愿締結(jié)計(jì)劃中的合同的意思表示，則受要約人的承諾能力終止。
 
§43. Indirect Communication of Revocation撤回要約的間接通知
An offeree's power of acceptance is terminated when the offeror takes definite action inconsistent with an intention to enter into the proposed contract and the offeree acquires reliable information to that effect.
如果要約人采取了明確的、與締結(jié)合同的意思表示不一致的行為，并且受要約人獲得了有關(guān)此事實(shí)的可靠信息，則受要約人的承諾能力終止。
 
§44. Effect of Deposit on Revocability of Offer
 
An offer’s power of revocation is not limited by the deposit of money or other property to be forfeited in the event of revocation, but the deposit may be for feited to the extent that it is not a penalty.
§44. 存款對要約撤回的效力如果撤回要約，則存款或其他要被沒收的財(cái)產(chǎn)并不會(huì)限制要約的撤回，但是該
項(xiàng)存款可能要被沒收，只是這種沒收不屬于懲罰。
 
 
§45. Option Contract Created By Party Performance of Tender
一方當(dāng)事人以履行義務(wù)締結(jié)選擇合同
 
(1) Where an offer invites an offeree to accept by rendering a performance an d does not invite a promissory acceptance, an option contract is created when the offeree tenders or begins the invited performance or tenders a beginning of it.
如果一個(gè)要約邀請受要與人以履行義務(wù)的方式作出承諾，而不需要作出允諾性的承諾，則如果受要約人履行或開始履行被邀請的義務(wù)，那么選擇權(quán)合同 就算締結(jié)。
 
(2) The offeror's duty of performance under any option contract so created is conditional on completion or tender of the invited performance in accordance with the terms of the offer.
 要約人在選擇權(quán)合同項(xiàng)下的義務(wù)是附隨性的，取決于被邀請義務(wù)是否依據(jù)要約條款被實(shí)現(xiàn)或被履行。
 
§46. Revocation of General Offer一般要約的撤回
Where an offer is made by advertisement in a newspaper of other general notification to the public or to a number of persons whose identity is unknown to the offeror, the offeree’s power of acceptance is terminated when a notice of termination is given publicity by advertisement or other general notification equal to that given to the offer and no better means of notification is reasonably available.
如果要約通過廣告在其他通常向公眾、或要約人并不知曉其身份的人公布信息的報(bào)紙上發(fā)出，則如果終止承諾能力的通知書通過廣告或發(fā)給要約人的其他類似 通知書向公眾發(fā)布，并且沒有更好的通知方式可以合理地加以利用，那么，受 要約人的承諾能力終止。
 
§47. Revocation of Divisible Offer可分要約的撤回
An offer contemplating a series of independent contracts by separate acceptances may be effectively revoked so as to terminate the power to create future contracts, though one or more of the proposed contracts have already been formed by the offeree’s acceptance.
如果一個(gè)要約預(yù)計(jì)通過獨(dú)立的承諾達(dá)成一系列獨(dú)立的合同，則要約人可以有效地撤該要約以終止受要約人的承諾能力，盡管一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上被提議的合同已 經(jīng)由受要約人作出承諾而成立。
 
§48. Death or Incapacity of Offeror or Offeree要約人或受要約人死亡或喪失行為能力
 
An offeree’s power of acceptance is terminated when the offeree or offeror di es or is deprived of legal capacity to enter into the proposed contract.
如果受要約人或要約人希望或被剝奪締結(jié)合約的法律能力，則受要約人的承諾能力終止。
 
§49. effect of Delay in Communication of Offer要約傳達(dá)過程中延遲的效力
If communication of an offer to the offeree is delayed, the period within which a contract can be created by acceptance is not thereby extended if the offere d knows or has reason to know of the delay, though it is due to the fault of the offeror; but if the delay is due to the fault of the offeror or to the means of transmission adopted by him, and the offeree neither knows nor has reason to know that there has been delay, a contract can be created by acceptance with in the period which would have been permissible if the offer had been dispatched at the time that its arrival seems to indicate.
如果一個(gè)針對受要約人的要約在傳達(dá)過程中出現(xiàn)延遲，那么，如果受要約人知道或有理由知道此延遲，則其作出承諾締結(jié)合同的期限并不因此延期，即使延期是由于要約人的過錯(cuò)所導(dǎo)致的；但是如果延期是由于要約人的過錯(cuò)所致，或者是由于要約人所采用的發(fā)送方式所導(dǎo)致的，并且受要約人不知道或沒有合理的理由知道延遲的存在，則如果要約是在它應(yīng)到達(dá)時(shí)的日期被發(fā)送，那么，受要約人可以在可允許的期間內(nèi)作出承諾締結(jié)合同。
 
TOPIC 5. ACCEPTANCE OF OFFERS主題五 要約的承諾
§50. Acceptance of Offer Defined; Acceptance by Performance; Acceptance by Promise
承諾的定義；通過履行義務(wù)而為承諾；通過允諾作出承諾
 
(1) Acceptance of an offer is a manifestation of assent to the term thereof ma de by the offeree in a manner invited or required by the offer.
承諾就是受要約人依照要約所邀請或要求的方式，對要約人表示接受其要約而成立合同之意思表示。
 
(2) Acceptance by performance requires that at least part of what the offer re quests be performed or tendered and includes acceptance by a performance which operates as a return promise.
通過履行義務(wù)而為承諾，要求至少要約的部分請求被履行或被實(shí)施，并且包含通過履行義務(wù)表示承諾，該義務(wù)的履行相當(dāng)于相應(yīng)的承諾。
 
(3) Acceptance by a promise requires that the offeree complete every act essential to the making of the promise.
 通過允諾作出承諾要求受要約人完成每一個(gè)對發(fā)出允諾具有重要意義的行 為。
 
§51. Effect of Part Performance Without Knowledge of Offer
在不知道要約的情況下部分履行的效力
 
Unless the offeror manifests a contrary intention, an offeree who learns of an offer after he has rendered part of the performance requested by the offer m ay accept by completing the requested performance.
除非要約人作出相反的意思表示，如果受要約人在已經(jīng)履行了部分要約所要求的義務(wù)之后得知該要約的存在，則該受要約人可以通過完成被要求的義務(wù)履行來作出承諾。
 
§52. Who May Accept an Offer有權(quán)作出承諾的人
An offer can be accepted only by a person whom it invites to furnish the consideration.
只有那些被邀請?zhí)峁┘s因的人可以就要約作出承諾。
 
 §53.Acceptance by Performance Manifestation of Intention Not to Accept
通過履行義務(wù)作出不予承諾的意思表示
 
(1) An offer can be accepted by the rendering of a performance only if the off er invites such an acceptance.
只有在要約人要求以履行義務(wù)作出承諾時(shí)，受要約人才可以通過履行義務(wù)承諾。
 
(2) Except as stated in §69, the rendering of a performance does not constitute an acceptance if within a reasonable time the offeree exercises reasonable d iligence to notify of non-acceptance.
除§69 的規(guī)定外，如果受要約人在合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)盡到合理的勤勉向要約人發(fā)出不予承諾的通知，則義務(wù)的履行并不構(gòu)成承諾。
 
(3) Where an offer of a promise invites acceptance by performance and does not invite a promissory acceptance, the rendering of the invited performance does not constitute an acceptance if before the offeror performs his promise t he offeree manifests an intention not to accept.
如果一個(gè)允諾的要約要求通過履行義務(wù)來作出承諾，并不要求以允諾承諾 ， 則如果在要約人履行允諾之前，受要約人作出不予承諾的意思表示，則該義務(wù) 的履行并不構(gòu)成一個(gè)承諾。
 
§54. Acceptance By Performance; Necessity of Notification to Offeror
通過履行義務(wù)作出承諾；向要約人發(fā)出通知的必要性
 
(1) Where an offer invites an offeree to accept by rendering a performance, n o notification is necessary to make such an acceptance effective unless the off er requests such a notification.
如果一個(gè)要約要求受要約人通過履行義務(wù)而為承諾，則除非該要約要求發(fā)出承諾的通知，否則受要約人沒有必要發(fā)出通知宣布該承諾生效。
 
(2) If an offeree who accepts by rendering a performance has reason to know that the offeror has no adequate means of learning of the performance with r easonable promptness and certainty, the contractual duty of the offeror is disc harged unless
如果受要約人通過履行義務(wù)而為承諾，并且有合理的理由知道要約人沒有足夠的渠道以合理的迅急和確定性知曉義務(wù)的履行，則要約人的合同義務(wù)解除，除非
 
(a) the offeree exercises reasonable diligence to notify the offeror of acceptance, or
 受要約人盡到合理勤勉就承諾的作出通知要約人，或
 
(b) the offeror learns of the performance within a reasonable time, or
要約人在合理的期間內(nèi)知曉了義務(wù)的履行，或
 
(c) the offer indicates that notification of acceptance is not required.
 該要約并沒有要求就承諾作出通知。
 
§55. Acceptance of Non-Promissory Offers非允諾要約的承諾
Acceptance by promise may create a contract in which the offeror’s performan ce is completed when the offeree’s promise is made.
通過允諾而為的承諾可以創(chuàng)設(shè)合同，并且當(dāng)受要約人作出允諾時(shí)，要約人已經(jīng)履行了該合同的義務(wù)。
 
§56. Acceptance By Promise; Necessity of Notification to Offeror
通過允諾而為承諾；向要約人發(fā)出通知的必要性
 
Except as stated in §69 or where the offer manifests a contrary intention, it is essential to an acceptance by promise either that the offeree exercise reasonable diligence to notify the offeror of acceptance or that the offeror receive the acceptance reasonably.
除§69 節(jié)的規(guī)定或要約有相反的意思表示外，受要約人盡到合理的勤勉就承諾通知要約人或者要約人合理地收到承諾對于通過允諾而為的承諾而言至關(guān)重要。
 
§57. Effect of Equivocal Acceptance模棱兩可承諾的效力
 
Where notification is essential to acceptance by promise, the offeror is not bound by an acceptance in equivocal terms unless he reasonably understands it as an acceptance.
如果通過允諾而為的承諾要求發(fā)出通知，則模棱兩可作出的承諾對要約人并不具有約束力，除非要約人合理地認(rèn)為其屬于承諾。
 
§58. Necessity of Acceptance Complying with Terms of Offer
依照要約條款所作承諾的必要性
 
An acceptance must comply with the requirements of the offer is to the promise to be made or the performance to be rendered.
承諾應(yīng)按照要約對允諾或義務(wù)履行的要求作出。
 
§59. Purported Acceptance Which Adds Qualifications附帶有限制條件的聲稱的承諾
 
A reply to an offer which purports to accept it but is conditional on the offeror's assent to terms additional to or different from those offered is not an acceptance but is a counter-offer.
如果對一個(gè)旨在承諾的要約的回復(fù)，取決于要約人對附加條款的同意，或者該恢復(fù)與要約的內(nèi)容實(shí)質(zhì)上不符，則該回復(fù)并非承諾，而應(yīng)屬于反要約。
 
 §60. Acceptance of Offer Which States Place, Time or Manner of Acceptance
說明承諾地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間或承諾方式的承諾
 
If an offer prescribes the place, time or manner of acceptance its terms in this respect must be complied with in order to create a contract. If an offer merely suggests a permitted place, time or manner of acceptance, another method of acceptance is not precluded.
如果一個(gè)要約規(guī)定了承諾的地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間或方式，則該要約在此方面的條款就必須保持一致以創(chuàng)設(shè)合同。如果一個(gè)要約只是就允許的承諾地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間或方式提出建議，則并不排除使用其他的承諾方式。
 
§61. ACCEPTANCE WHICH REQUESTS CHANGE OF TERMS
要求變更要約條款的承諾
 
An acceptance which requests a change or addition to the terms of the offer is not thereby invalidated unless the acceptance is made to depend on assent to the changed or added terms.
如果一個(gè)承諾要求變更或增加要約的條款，則該承諾并非就是無效的，除非該承諾取決于要約人對這些變更或增加條款的同意。
 
 §62. EFFECT OF PERFORMANCE BY OFFEREE WHERE OFFER INVITES EITHER PERFORMANCE OR PROMISE
如果要約要求履行義務(wù)或作出允諾而為承諾，則受要約人履行義務(wù)的效力
 
(1) Where an offer invites an offeree to choose between acceptance by promi se and acceptance by performance, the tender or beginning of the invited per formance or a tender of a beginning of it is an acceptance by performance.
如果要約要求受要約人選擇通過作出允諾或履行義務(wù)而為承諾，則履行義務(wù)或開始履行義務(wù)即為通過履行義務(wù)作出承諾。
 
(2) Such an acceptance operates as a promise to render complete performance.
 如此作出的承諾相當(dāng)于作出完全履行義務(wù)的允諾。
 
§63. TIME WHEN ACCEPTANCE TAKES EFFECT Unless the offer provides otherwise,
承諾生效的時(shí)間 除非要約有相反的規(guī)定，
 
(a) an acceptance made in a manner and by a medium invited by an offer is operative and completes the manifestation of mutual assent as soon as put out of the offeree's possession, without regard to whether it ever reaches the offe ror; but
以某種方式或要約規(guī)定的媒介作出的承諾是有影響力的，并且一經(jīng)受要約人作出，不管是否到達(dá)要約人，即構(gòu)成了雙方當(dāng)事人一致的意思表示；但是
 
(b) an acceptance under an option contract is not operative until received by the offeror.
 選擇權(quán)合同項(xiàng)下的承諾直到該承諾到達(dá)要約人才開始生效。
 
§64. ACCEPTANCE BY TELEPHONE OR TELETYPE
通過電話或電傳打字機(jī)作出承諾
 
Acceptance given by telephone or other medium of substantially instantaneously two-way communication is governed by the principles applicable to acceptances where the parties are in the presence of each other.
通過電話或其他實(shí)質(zhì)上是兩種即時(shí)同步傳遞的媒介作出承諾時(shí)，應(yīng)適用雙方當(dāng)事人均在場時(shí)的承諾原則。
 
§65. REASONABLENESS OF MEDIUM OF ACCEPTANCE承諾媒介的合理性
Unless circumstances known to the offeree indicate otherwise, a medium of acceptance is reasonable if it is the one used by the offeror or one customary i n similar transactions at the time and place the offer is received.
除非受要約人所知道的情形表明了相反的跡象，否則， 如果作出承諾的媒介屬于要約人使用的媒介或者是在類似交易中，收到要約的 時(shí)間地點(diǎn)習(xí)慣使用的媒介，則該媒介就是合理的。
 
§66. ACCEPTANCE MUST BE PROPERLY DISPATCHED承諾必須適當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)出
An acceptance sent by mail or otherwise from a distance is not operative when dispatched, unless it is properly addressed and such other precautions take n as are ordinarily observed to insure safe transmission of similar messages.
通過郵件或其他方式從遠(yuǎn)距離發(fā)送的承諾并非有效，除非該承諾適當(dāng)?shù)貙懨髁说刂�，并且采取了通常情況下可預(yù)料到的、能夠確保類似信息安全傳送的預(yù)防措施。
 
 §67. EFFECT OF RECEIPT OF ACCEPTANCE IMPROPERLY DISPATCHED
收到未適當(dāng)發(fā)出的承諾時(shí)的效力
 
Where an acceptance is reasonably dispatched but the offeree uses means of transmission not invited by the offer or fails to exercise reasonable diligence t o insure safe transmission, it is treated as operative upon dispatch if received within the time in which a properly dispatched acceptance would normally have arrived.
如果受要約人合理地發(fā)出了承諾，但是沒有使用要約中所要求的傳送方式、或沒有盡到合理勤勉以確保承諾的安全傳送，那么，如果在一個(gè)適當(dāng)發(fā)送的承諾正常到達(dá)要約人的時(shí)間內(nèi)達(dá)到要約人，則該承諾一經(jīng)發(fā)出就應(yīng)被視為是有效的。
 
§68. WHAT CONSTITUTES RECEIPT OF REVOCATION, REJECTION, OR ACCEPTANCE
什么情況下應(yīng)認(rèn)為要約撤回，要約拒絕或承諾的通知書被收到
 
A written revocation, rejection, or acceptance is received when the writing comes into the possession of the person addressed, or of some person authorized by him to receive it for him, or when it is deposited in some place which he has authorized as the place for this or similar communications to be deposit ed for him.
如果書面的要約撤回、拒絕或承諾的通知書為指定的收件人擁有，或者被授權(quán)接收此類通知書的人收到，或者如果該通知書被存放于要約人授權(quán)接收該通知書 或類似通知書的某一地點(diǎn)時(shí)，則應(yīng)認(rèn)為該書面的要約撤回、要約拒絕或承諾通知 書被收到。
 
§69. ACCEPTANCE BY SILENCE OR EXERCISE OF DOMINION
通過沉默或?qū)嵤┛刂茩?quán)作出承諾
 
(1) Where an offeree fails to reply to an offer, his silence and inaction operate as an acceptance in the following cases only:
如果受要約人沒有就一個(gè)要約作出答復(fù)，則該受要約人的沉默與不作為只 有在下列情況下才可以視為承諾：
 
(a) Where an offeree takes the benefit of offered services with reasonable opportunity to reject them and reason to know that they were offered with the expectation of compensation.
如果受要約人從要約人提出的服務(wù)當(dāng)中獲利，并且有合理的機(jī)會(huì)拒絕這些服務(wù)，同時(shí)也有合理的理由知道要約人期待從其所提供的服務(wù)中獲得補(bǔ)償。
 
(b) Where the offeror has stated or given the offeree reason to understand th at assent may be manifested by silence or inaction, and the offeree in remaining silent and inactive intends to accept the offer.
如果要約人已經(jīng)說明或者已經(jīng)使受要約人合理地相信，可以通過沉默或不作為的方式作出同意的意思表示，并且在此情況下，持續(xù)保持沉默和不作為的 受要約人有意就此要約作出承諾。
 
(c) Where because of previous dealings or otherwise, it is reasonable that the offeree should notify the offeror if he does not intend to accept.
如果由于先前的交易行為或其他行為，此行為是合理的，即受要約人如果不愿承諾就應(yīng)該通知要約人。
 
(2) An offeree who does any act inconsistent with the offeror's ownership of offered property is bound in accordance with the offered terms unless they are manifestly unreasonable. But if the act is wrongful as against the offeror it is an acceptance only if ratified by him.
如果受要約人實(shí)施了任何與要約人對被要約財(cái)產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)不一致的行為，則該受要約人應(yīng)受要約條款的規(guī)定的制約，除非這些條款的規(guī)定明顯不合理。但是如果這一行為對要約人而言是不正當(dāng)?shù)�，則只有在受要約人作出修正之后， 該行為才可以作為承諾存在。
 
§70. EFFECT OF RECEIPT BY OFFEROR OF A LATE OR OTHERWISE DEFECTIVE ACCEPTANCE
要約人收到遲延的或有其他缺陷的承諾時(shí)的效力
 
A late or otherwise defective acceptance may be effective as an offer to the or iginal offeror, but his silence operates as an acceptance in such a case only as stated in §69.
遲延的或有其他缺陷的承諾可以作為對原要約人發(fā)出的一個(gè)要約而生效，但是這種情況下，原要約人對此新要約表示沉默的承諾只能適用§69 節(jié)的規(guī)定。
 
CHAPTER 4 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS—CONSIDERATION
第四章  合同的訂立——約因
 
TOPIC1. THE REQUIREMENT OF CONSIDERATION
主題一  約因需要成就的條件
 
§71. REQUIREMENT OF EXCHANGE; TYPES OF EXCHANGE
交換的條件；交換的種類
 
(1) To constitute consideration, a performance or a return promise must be bargained for.
約因的構(gòu)成要求履行行為或相應(yīng)承諾必須經(jīng)過交易磋商之過程。
 
(2) A performance or return promise is bargained for if it is sought by the promisor in exchange for his promise and is given by the promisee in exchange f or that promise.
如果允諾人想要以自己之允諾換取他人之履行行為或相應(yīng)承諾，并且被允諾人為換取該允諾而為履行或作出相應(yīng)承諾，則認(rèn)為該履行行為或相應(yīng)承諾經(jīng) 過了交易磋商。
 
(3) The performance may consist of履行行為包括
(a) an act other than a promise, or行為而不是承諾，或者
 (b) a forbearance, or權(quán)力之不行使或行為之容忍，或
(c) the creation, modification, or destruction of a legal relation.法律關(guān)系之創(chuàng)設(shè)、變更或消滅
(4) The performance or return promise may be given to the promisor or to so me other person. It may be given by the promisee or by some other person.
履行行為或相應(yīng)承諾可以由受允諾人或其他人向允諾人或其他人作出。
 
§72. EXCHANGE OF PROMISE FOR PERFORMANCE允諾與行為履行的交換
Except as stated in §§73 and 74, any performance which is bargained for is consideration.
除§§73 和 74 的規(guī)定外，任何經(jīng)過交易磋商的行為履行均為約因。
 
§73. PERFORMANCE OF LEGAL DUTY法律義務(wù)的履行
Performance of a legal duty owed to a promisor which is neither doubtful nor the subject of honest dispute is not consideration; but a similar performance i s consideration if it differs from what was required by the duty in a way which reflects more than a pretense of bargain.
允諾人應(yīng)履行的法律義務(wù)如果既非可疑，又非合法爭議的對象，則該義務(wù)不屬于約因；但是某一類似履行行為如果有別于此項(xiàng)法律義務(wù)的要求，表明不只一個(gè)磋商存在，則該履行行為屬于約因。
 
§74. SETTLEMENT OF CLAIM請求權(quán)爭議的解決
(1) Forbearance to assert or the surrender of a claim or defense which proves to be invalid is not consideration unless
不主張權(quán)利或提交被證明是無效的權(quán)利請求書或抗辯書并非約因，除非
 
(a) the claim or defense is in fact doubtful because of the uncertainty as to th e facts or the law, or
該權(quán)利請求或抗辯由于法律或事實(shí)的不確定性，在事實(shí)上是可疑的，或
 
(b) the forbearing or surrendering party believes that the claim or defense may be fairly determined to be valid.....
不主張權(quán)利方或提交請求或抗辯方認(rèn)為該權(quán)利請求或抗辯可能被公平地認(rèn)定為有效
 
(2) The execution of a written instrument surrendering a claim or defense by one who is under no duty to execute it is consideration if the execution of the written instrument is bargained for even though he is not asserting the claim or defense and believes that no valid claim or defense exists.
如果沒有執(zhí)行義務(wù)的一方陳述請求或抗辯的書面文書經(jīng)過了交易磋商，那么，即使該方當(dāng)事人目前并沒有主張?jiān)撜埱蠡蚩罐q，而且認(rèn)為不存在合法的請 求或抗辯，則執(zhí)行該書面文書的行為應(yīng)屬約因。
 
 §75.EXCHANGE OF PROMISE FOR PROMISE允諾與允諾之間的交換
except as stated in §76 and 77, a promise which is bargained for is considerati on if ,but only if, the promised performance would be consideration.
除§§76 和 77 的規(guī)定外，一個(gè)經(jīng)過磋商的允諾，如果，并且在只有被允諾的行為履行屬于約因的情況下，才屬于約因。
 
§76.CONDITIONAL PROMISE附有條件之允諾
(1) A conditional promise is not consideration if the promisor knows at the time of making the promise that the condition cannot occur.
如果允諾人在作出允諾時(shí)知道附帶的條件不可能成就，則該附帶條件的允諾不屬于約因。
 
(2) A promise conditional on a performance by the promisor is a promise of alternative performances within §77 unless occurrence of the condition is also promised.
取決于允諾人某一行為履行的允諾屬于§77 中的有選擇性行為的允諾，除非允諾人也就該條件的成就作出允諾。
 
§77.ILLUSORY AND ALTERNATIVE PROMISE空洞和選擇性的允諾
A promise or apparent promise is not consideration if by its terms the promisor or purported promisor reserves a choice of alternative performances unless
如果一個(gè)允諾人或聲稱的允諾人按照允諾的條款保留了對履行行為的選擇權(quán)，則該允諾或表面上的允諾不屬于約因，除非
 
(a) each of the alternative performances would have been consideration if it a lone had been bargained for, or
每一個(gè)供選擇的履行行為如果進(jìn)行單獨(dú)磋商時(shí)本為約因，或者
 
(b) one of the alternative performances would have been consideration and there is or appears to the parties to be a substantial possibility that before the promisor exercises his choice events may eliminate the alternatives which would not have been consideration.
 供選擇的履行行為之一本為約因，并且好象對于當(dāng)事人而言，在允諾人作出選擇之前，那些不屬于約因的選擇行為實(shí)質(zhì)上有可能被消除。
 
§78.VOIDABLE AND UNENFORCEABLE PROMISE可撤消的和不可強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的允諾
The fact that a rule of law renders a promise voidable or unenforceable does not prevent it from being consideration.
對一個(gè)可撤消的或不可強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的允諾的實(shí)施并不能阻止該允諾成為約因。
 
§79. ADEQUACY OF CONSIDERATION; MUTUALITY OF OBLIGATION
約因的適當(dāng)性；義務(wù)的相互性
 
If the requirement of consideration is met, there is no additional requirement of
如果約因的條件已經(jīng)成就，則對下列事項(xiàng) 不存在額外的要求
 
(a) a gain, advantage, or benefit to the promisor or a loss, disadvantage, or detriment to the promisee; or
要約人獲益或受要約人受損；或
 
(b) equivalence in the values exchanged; or交換價(jià)值的對等性；或
 
(c) "mutuality of obligation." “義務(wù)的相互性”。
 
§80. MULTIPLE EXCHANGE多重交換
(1) There is consideration for a set of promises if what is bargained for and given in exchange would have been consideration for each promise in the set if exchanged for that promise alone.
如果雙方交易磋商和交換之對象，在換取單一允諾時(shí)為一系列允諾中任一允諾之約因，則此一系列允諾存在約因。
 
(2) The fact that part of what is bargained for would not have been consideration if that part alone had been bargained for does not prevent the whole fro m being consideration.
如果當(dāng)事人可以就部分交易磋商之對象進(jìn)行單獨(dú)磋商，則該部分被磋商的 對象則不應(yīng)為約因，但是這一事實(shí)并不阻止整體交易磋商之對象成為約因。
 
§81. CONSIDERATOIN AS MOTIVE OR INDUCTING CAUSE作為誘因的約因
(1) The fact that what is bargained for does not of itself induce the making of a promise does not prevent it from being consideration for the promise.
交易磋商對象本身并不能導(dǎo)致允諾的作出，但是這一事實(shí)并不能阻止該交易磋商之對象成為該允諾的約因。
 
(2) The fact that a promise does not of itself induce a performance return promise does not prevent the performance or return promise from being consideration for the promise.
允諾本身并不能導(dǎo)致一個(gè)相應(yīng)承諾的履行，但是這一事實(shí)并不能阻止該相應(yīng)承諾的履行成為該允諾的約因。
 
TOPIC 2. CONTRACTS WITHOUT CONSIDERATION主題二  沒有約因的合同
 
§82. PROMISE TO PAY INDEBTEDNESS; EFFECT ON THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
給付債務(wù)之允諾；時(shí)效法的效力
 
(1) A promise to pay all or part of an antecedent contractual or quasi-contractual indebtedness owed by the promisor is binding if the indebtedness is still enforceable or would be except for the effect of a statute of limitations.
如果允諾人作出允諾給付全部或部分先前的合同債務(wù)或準(zhǔn)合同債務(wù)，并且如果此債務(wù)仍然是可執(zhí)行的或者是排除適用時(shí)效法的，則該允諾具有拘束力。
 
(2) The following facts operate as such a promise unless other facts indicate a different intention:
除非其他事實(shí)表明了不同的意圖，則下列事實(shí)可以作為允諾存在：
 
(a) A voluntary acknowledgment to the obligee, admitting the present existence of the antecedent indebtedness; or
自愿向債權(quán)人承認(rèn)先前的債務(wù)仍然存在；或
 
(b) A voluntary transfer of money, a negotiable instrument, or other thing by the obligor to the obligee, made as interest on or part payment of or collateral security for the antecedent indebtedness; or
債務(wù)人自愿向債權(quán)人轉(zhuǎn)讓金錢、票據(jù)或其他物品，作為對先前債務(wù)的利息或 部分給付或抵押擔(dān)保品；或
 
(c) A statement to the obligee that the statute of limitations will not be pleaded as a defense.
 債務(wù)人向債權(quán)人作出聲明，表示不將時(shí)效法作為抗辯理由。
 
§83. PROMISE TO PAY INDEBTEDNESS DISCHARGED IN BANKRUPTCY
給付在破產(chǎn)程序中已履行的債務(wù)之允諾
 
An express promise to pay all or part of an indebtedness of the promisor, discharged or dischargeable in bankruptcy proceedings begun before the promise is made, is bindding.
如果允諾人對于在允諾作出之前已經(jīng)開始的破產(chǎn)程序中已履行的或可履行的債務(wù)允諾全部或部分給付，則該允諾具有拘束力。
 
§84. PROMISE TO PERFORM A DUTY IN SPPITE OF NON-OCCURRENCE OF A CONDITION
條件不成就時(shí)而履行義務(wù)之允諾
 
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), a promise to perform all or part of a conditional duty under an antecedent contract in spite of the non-occurrence of the condition is binding, whether the promise is made before or after the time for the condition to occur, unless
除(2)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，允諾人在條件不成就的情況下，允諾全部或部分履行先前合同項(xiàng)下附帶條件的義務(wù)，則不管該允諾是在條件成就時(shí)之前還是之后作出，該允諾具有約束力，除非
 
(a) occurrence of the condition was material part of the agreed exchange for t he performance of the duty and the promisee was under no duty that it occur; or
(a) 條件的成就屬于雙方為義務(wù)履行而達(dá)成交換 之重要部分，并且受要約人對條件的成就不承擔(dān)義務(wù)；或
 
(b) uncertainty of the occurrence of the condition was an element of the risk assumed by the promisor.
條件成就的不確定性是允諾人所承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的一個(gè)要素。
 
(2) If such a promise is made before the time for the occurrence of the condition has expired and the condition is within the control of the promisee or beneficiary, the promisor can make his duty again subject to the condition by notifying the promisee or beneficiary of his intention to do so if
如果一個(gè)允諾是在條件成就的期限屆滿之前作出，并且該條件處于受允諾人或其受益人的控制當(dāng)中，則在下列情況下，允諾可以人履行其受條件制約的義務(wù)，只要向受要約人或其受益人通知履行該義務(wù)的意圖即可
 
(a) the notification is received while there is still a reasonable time to cause the condition to occur under the antecedent terms or an extension given by the promisor; and
在條件依據(jù)先前合同的條款或允諾人對該合同作出的延伸而成就之前的一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)，受要約人或其受益人收到了此通知；和
 
(b) reinstatement of the requirement of the condition is not unjust because of a material change of position by the promisee or beneficiary; and
由于受要約人或其受益人的主張發(fā)生了重大改變，使得恢復(fù)條件的制約是公平的；和
 
(c) the promise is not binding apart from the rules stated in Subsection (1)
 除了(1)小節(jié)規(guī)定的原則外，允諾并不具有約束力。
 
§85.PROMISE TO PERFORM A VOIDABLE DUTY履行可撤消義務(wù)之允諾
except as stated in §93, a promise to perform all or part of an antecedent con tract of the promisor, previously violable by him, but not avoided prior to the making of the promise, is binding.
除§93 的規(guī)定外，如果允諾人先前的合同在允諾之前雖然可撤消但是不可避免，則允諾人就完全或部分履行該合同所作出的允諾，具有約束力。
 
§86.PROMISE FOR BENEFIT RECEIVED因受有利益而為給付之允諾
(1) A promise made in recognition of a benefit previously received by the promisor from the promisee is binding to the extent necessary to prevent injustice.
基于對允諾人過去從受允諾人處所獲取利益的確認(rèn)而作出的允諾，在為了防止不公正而必要的程度上是有約束力的。
 
(2) A promise is not binding under Subsection (1) 在以下情況下，上述允諾將失去約束力：
 
(a) if the promisee conferred the benefit as a gift or for other reasons the promisor has not been unjustly enriched; or
允諾人作為贈(zèng)與而提供了該利益，或者，由于其他原因，允諾人并不會(huì)不當(dāng)?shù)美��?br />  
(b) to the extent that its value is disproportionate to the benefit.
 在該允諾的價(jià)值與該利益的價(jià)值不相稱的程度上，該允諾沒有約束力。
 
§87. OPTION CONTRACT選擇權(quán)合同
(1) An offer is binding as an option contract if it
作為一個(gè)選擇權(quán)合同，要約在下列情況下是有約束力的：
 
(a) is in writing and signed by the offeror, recites a purported consideration for the making of the offer, and proposes an exchange on fair terms within a reasonable time; or
(a) 如果該要約是由要約人以書面形式簽署發(fā)出，并且陳述了發(fā)出該要約的約因，提議在合理 的時(shí)間內(nèi)通過公平的條款作出交換；或
 
(b) is made irrevocable by statute. 法律規(guī)定該要約是不可撤回的。
 
(2) An offer which the offeror should reasonably expect to induce action or for bearance of a substantial character on the part of the offeree before acceptance and which does induce such action or forbearance is binding as an option contract to the extent necessary to avoid injustice.
如果要約人應(yīng)當(dāng)合理地預(yù)見到其要約會(huì)使受要約人在承諾之前采取具有某 種實(shí)質(zhì)性質(zhì)的作為或不作為，并且該要約的確導(dǎo)致了這樣的作為或不作為，該 要約便同選擇權(quán)合同一樣，在為避免不公正而必需的范圍內(nèi)具有約束力。
 
§88. GUARANTY擔(dān)保
A promise to be surety for the performance of a contractual obligation, made to the obligee, is binding if
為確保合同義務(wù)的履行，允諾人向受允諾人作出的允諾在下列情況下是有拘束 力的：
 
(a) the promise is in writing and signed by the promisor and recites a purport ed consideration; or
允諾由允諾人書面簽署發(fā)出，并且陳述了約因；或
 
(b) the promise is made binding by statute; or允諾按照法令是有約束力的；或
 
(c) the promisor should reasonably expect the promise to induce action or for bearance of a substantial character on the part of the promisee or a third person, and the promise does induce such action or forbearance.
 允諾人應(yīng)該合理地預(yù)料到該允諾能夠引起受允諾人或第三人的行為或負(fù)擔(dān)， 并且事實(shí)上該允諾也確實(shí)引起了此種行為或負(fù)擔(dān)。
 
§89. MODIFICATION OF EXECUTORY CONTRACT待履行合同之修訂
A promise modifying a duty under a contract not fully performed on either sid e is binding
修訂任何一方當(dāng)事人未完全履行之合同義務(wù)的允諾在下列情況下是具有約束力的：
 
 
(a) if the modification is fair and equitable in view of circumstances not anticipated by the parties when the contract was made; or
鑒于發(fā)生了當(dāng)事人在締結(jié)合同時(shí)無法預(yù)料的情況，對合同義務(wù)作出修訂是公平公正的；或
 
(b) to the extent provided by statute; or該允諾是在法令規(guī)定的范圍內(nèi)作出；或
 
(c) to the extent that justice requires enforcement in view of material change of position in reliance on the promise.
基于對允諾之信賴，當(dāng)事人的主張發(fā)生了重大變更，該允諾是在執(zhí)行合同義務(wù)屬公平正義之需的情況下作出的。
 
§90. PROMISE REASONABLY INDUCING ACTION OR FORBEARANCE
 
(1) A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action o r forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and which does in duce such action or forbearance is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise. The remedy granted for breach may be limited a s justice requires.
允諾如果是在允諾人通過合理的推想可以預(yù)見到能夠引起受允諾人或第三人的行為或負(fù)擔(dān)，并確實(shí)引起了此種行為或負(fù)擔(dān)的情況下作出的話，如果只有通 過允諾的履行才能避免不公正，則該允諾必須得到履行。對因違背諾言而給予的 救濟(jì)應(yīng)限制在正當(dāng)范圍內(nèi)
 
 (2) A charitable subscription or marriage settlementis binding under Subsection(1) without proof that the promise induced action or forbearance.
對教會(huì)的捐贈(zèng)或婚姻財(cái)產(chǎn)協(xié)議依 (1)小節(jié)是有約束力的，受允諾人無須證明該允諾誘使了作為或不作為。
 
§91.Effect of Promises Enumerated in §§82-90 When Conditional
附條件情況下§§82-90 中所列舉允諾之效力
 
If a promise within the terms of §§82-90 is in terms conditional or performance at a future time the promisor is bound thereby ,but performance becomes due only upon the occurrence of the condition or upon the arrival of the specified time.
如果§§82-90 中所列舉允諾之條款是附有條件的或者允諾人的履行受將來某個(gè)時(shí)間的制約，則只有在條件成就或特定時(shí)間到來后，該履行行為才到期。
 
§92 TO WHOM PROMISES ENUMERATED IN §§82-85 MUST BE MADE
§§82-85 中所列舉允諾作出之對象
 
The new promise referred to in §§82-85 is not binding unless it is made to a person who is then an obligee of the antecedent duty.
§§82-85 中所指的新允諾并不能被執(zhí)行，除非它是針對在當(dāng)時(shí)還是先前義務(wù)之債務(wù)人而作出的。
 
§93. PROMISES ENUMERATED IN §§82-85 MADE IN IGNORANCE OF FACTS
§§82-85 中所列舉的、在不知曉事實(shí)情況下作出的允諾
 
A promise within the terms of §§82-85is not binding unless the promisor knew or had reason to know the essential facts of the previous transaction to which the promise relates, but his knowledge of the legal effect of the facts is im material.
 §§82-85 中所列舉的允諾是不能被執(zhí)行的，除非允諾人知道或有理由知道與該允諾相關(guān)的先前交易的重要事實(shí)，但是他對這些事實(shí)之法律效力是否知曉并不重要。
 
§94 STIPULATIONS法令規(guī)定
A promise or agreement with reference to a pending judicial proceeding, mad e by a party to the proceeding or his attorney, is binding without consideration. By statute or rule of court such as agreement is generally binding only
一方當(dāng)事人或其律師在未決訴訟程序中所作出的，與該程序有關(guān)的允諾或協(xié)議，在沒有約因的情況下也是具有約束力的。依據(jù)法令或法院的判決，這些協(xié)議只有在下列情況下具有普遍的約束力：
 
(a) if it is in writing and signed by the party or attorney, or
該允諾或協(xié)議是由當(dāng)事人或其律師書面簽署的，或
 
(b) if it is made or admitted in the presence of the court, or
該允諾或協(xié)議是在法庭作出或確認(rèn)，或
 
(c) to the extent that justice requires enforcement in view of material change of position in reliance on the promise or agreement.
基于對該允諾或協(xié)議之信賴，當(dāng)事人的主張發(fā)生了重大變更，該允諾或協(xié)議 是在執(zhí)行合同義務(wù)屬公平正義之需的情況下作出的。
 
TOPIC 3. CONTRACTS UNDER SEAL; WRITING AS A STATUTORY SUBSTITUTE FOR THE SEAL
主題三 蓋印合同；蓋印的法定替代——書面形式
 
§95. Requirements for sealed contract or written contract or instrument (1) In the absence of statute a promise is binding without consideration if (a) it is in writing and sealed; and
蓋印合同或書面合同之要求(1)如果法令沒有作出規(guī)定，則一個(gè)沒有約因的允諾在下列情況下是具有約束力的： 該允諾是以書面形式為之，并附有蓋印；和
 
(b) the document containing the promise is delivered; and 包含有此允諾的文書被交付；和
 
(c) the promisor and promisee are named in the document or so described as to be capable of identification when it is delivered.
該文書中提到了允諾人或受允諾人，或者在該文書被交付時(shí)允諾人和受允諾 人被認(rèn)為有識別能力。
 
(2) When a statute provides in effect that a written contract or instrument is binding without consideration or that lack of consideration is an affirmative defense to an action on a written contract or instrument, in order to be subject t o the statute a promise must either
如果有效的法令規(guī)定沒有約因的書面合同是具有約束力的，或者規(guī)定缺少約因可以作為一個(gè)對依據(jù)書面合同而為行為之明確抗辯，那么，對該法令的遵守，要求允諾必須或者
 
(a) be expressed in a document signed or otherwise assented to by the promisor and delivered; or
在由允諾人簽署或以其他方式表示同意并交付的文書中作出；或
 
(b) be expressed in a writing or writings to which both promisor and promisee manifest assent.
 由允諾人和受允諾人一致同意的書面形式作出
 
 §96. WHAT CONSTITUTES A SEAL何為蓋印
(1) A seal is a manifestation in tangible and conventional form of an intention that a document be sealed.
蓋印就是通過有形的、慣用的形式而為的、加蓋在文書上的一種意思表示。
 
(2) A seal may take the form of a piece of wax, a wafer or other substance affixed to the document or of an impression made on the document.
 蓋印可以是蠟狀物、干膠或其他附于文書上的物質(zhì)，或者也可以是在文書上留下的壓痕。
 
(3) By statute or decision in most States in which the seal retains significance a seal may take the form of a written or printed seal, word, scrawl or other s gn.
 依據(jù)多數(shù)州認(rèn)為蓋印仍然具有重要意義的法令或判決，蓋印也可以是書面 或印刷之印文、文字、草簽或其他記號。
 
§97. WHEN A PROMISE IS SEALED允諾何時(shí)蓋印
A written promise is sealed if the promisor affixes or impresss a seal on the document or adopts a seal already thereon.
如果要約人在文書上加蓋了印章或者使用了上述蓋印，則該書面允諾被蓋印。
 
§98. ADOPTION OF A SEAL BY DELIVERY以交付而為蓋印
Unless extrinsic circumstances manifest a contrary intention, the delivery of a written promise by the promisor amounts to the adoption of any seal then on the document which has apparent reference to his signature or to the signature of another party to the document.
除非外界情況表現(xiàn)出允諾人有相反意圖，允諾人交付書面允諾即相當(dāng)于在文書上蓋印，且該印章與允諾人或文書他方當(dāng)事人的簽名有關(guān)。
 
§99. ADOPTION OF THE SAME SEAL BY SEVERAL PARTIES
多方當(dāng)事人使用相同的印章
 
Any number of parties to the same instrument may adopt one seal.
同一合同的多方當(dāng)事人可以采用一個(gè)印章。
 
§100. RECITAL OF SEALING OR DELIVERY蓋印或交付的說明
A recital of the sealing or of the delivery of a written promise is not essential to its validity as a contract under seal and is not conclusive of the fact of sealing or delivery unless a statute makes a recital of sealing the equivalent of a seal.
就書面允諾之蓋印或交付的說明并不影響此允諾作為蓋印合同的效力，也不是 蓋印或交付的確證，除非法令規(guī)定對蓋印之說明相當(dāng)于蓋印本身。
 
 §101 DELIVERY交付
A written promise, sealed or unsealed, may be delivered by the promisor in escrow, conditionally to the promisee, or unconditionally.
一個(gè)書面要約，不管蓋印與否，可以由允諾人附條件暫交第三者保管或無條件 地交付受允諾人。
 
§102 UNCONDITIONAL DELIVERY無條件交付
A written promise is delivered unconditionally when the promisor puts it out of his possession and manifests an intention that it is to take effect at once according to its terms.
當(dāng)書面允諾脫離允諾人之占有，并表示該允諾將依據(jù)其條款立即生效，那么，該書面允諾應(yīng)無條件地被交付。
 
§103. DELIVERY IN ESCROW; CONDITIONAL DELIVERY TO THE PROMISEE
附條件暫交第三人保管之交付；向受允諾人有條件之交付
 
 (1) A written promise is delivered in escrow by the promisor when he puts it into the possession of a person other than the promisee without reserving a power of revocation and manifests an intention that the document is to take effect according to its terms upon the occurrence of a stated condition but not otherwise.
如果允諾人在沒有保留撤回權(quán)的情況下，將書面允諾之占有轉(zhuǎn)讓與受允諾人之外的人，并且表示該書面允諾一經(jīng)所陳述的條件而不是其他條件成就時(shí)，即依據(jù)其條款開始生效，那么該書面允諾以條件未完成前寄存于第三人的方式 交付。
 
(2) A written promise is delivered conditionally to the promisee when the promisor puts it into the possession of the promisee without reserving a power of revocation and manifests an intention that the document is to take effect according to its terms upon the occurrence of a stated condition but not otherwise.
如果允諾人在沒有保留撤回權(quán)的情況下，將書面允諾之占有轉(zhuǎn)讓與受允諾人，并且表示該書面允諾一經(jīng)所陳述的條件而不是其他條件成就時(shí)，即依據(jù)其條款開始生效，那么該書面允諾被無條件地交付于受允諾人。
 
(3) Delivery of a written promise in escrow or its conditional delivery to the promisee has the same effect as unconditional delivery should have if the requirement of the condition were expressed in the writing.
如果在書面允諾中明確了條件的成就，則采用條件未成就前寄存于第三人之方式或附條件向受允諾人交付書面允諾之方式與無條件交付方式相同的效力。
 
(4) In the absence of a statute modifying the significance of a sealed promise in escrow or its conditional delivery to the promisee is irrevocable for the time specified by the promisor for the occurrence of the condition, or , if no time is specified, for a reasonable time.
如果法令沒有就采用條件未成就前寄存于第三人交付或附條件交付之蓋印允諾之重要性作出修訂，則該蓋印允諾在允諾人所規(guī)定的條件成就之前的時(shí)間 內(nèi)不可撤回，如果允諾人沒有規(guī)定時(shí)間，則在合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)允諾人不得撤回允諾。
 
§104. ACCEPTANCE OR DISCLAIMER BY THE PROMISEE受允諾人的承諾或不承諾
 
(1) Neither acceptance by the promisee nor knowledge by him of the existence of a promise is essential to the formation of a contract by the delivery of a written promise which is binding without consideration.
如果一個(gè)具有約束力的沒有約因的書面允諾一經(jīng)交付，則受允諾人的承諾或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)有允諾的不知情并不影響合同的形成。
 
(2) A promisee who has not manifested assent to a written promise may, with in a reasonable time after learning of its existence and terms, render it inoperative by disclaimer.
受允諾人如果不同意書面允諾，則可以在得知允諾存在和允諾條款的合理時(shí)間內(nèi)，通過拒絕承諾指出該書面允諾是沒有影響力的。
 
(3) Acceptance or disclaimer is irrevocable. 承諾或不承諾的意思表示是不可撤回的。
 
§105. ACCEPTANCE WHERE RETURN PROMISE IS CONTEMPLATED
相應(yīng)承諾存在時(shí)的承諾
 
Where a conveyance or a document containing a promise also purports to containa return promise by the grantee or promisee, acceptance by the grantee or promisee is essential to create any contractual obligation other than an option contract binding on the grantor or promisor.
如果包含允諾的信息或文書中聲稱還包含受讓人或受允諾人的相應(yīng)承諾，則受讓人或受允諾人的承諾對于創(chuàng)設(shè)任何合同義務(wù)至關(guān)重要，但是對轉(zhuǎn)讓人或允諾人有約束力的選擇權(quán)合同義務(wù)除外。
 
§106. WHAT AMOUNTS TO ACCEPTANCE OF INSTRUMENT接受允諾文書的意義
 
Acceptance of a conveyance or of a document containing a promise is a manifestation of assert to the terms thereof made, either before or after delivery, in accordance with any requirements imposed by the grantor or promisor. If the acceptance occurs before delivery and is not binding as an option contract , it is revocable until the moment of delivery.
 如果受允諾人不管是在交付前還是交付后，按照轉(zhuǎn)讓人或允諾人規(guī)定的條件，接受了包含允諾的信息或文書，則相當(dāng)于受允諾人對允諾的條款作出了同意的意思表示。如果是在交付之前接受，并且接受行為作為一個(gè)選擇權(quán)合同是不具有約束力的，則在交付之前受允諾人可以作出撤回的意思表示。
 
§107. CREATION OF UNSEALED CONTRACT BY ACCEPTANCE BY PROMISEE
受允諾人之接受以創(chuàng)設(shè)無蓋印合同
 
Where a grantee or promisee accepts a sealed document which purports to contain a return promise by him, he makes the return promise. But if he dose not sign or seal the document his promise is not under seal, and whether it is binding depends on the rules governing unsealed contracts.
如果受讓人或受允諾人接受了一個(gè)包含由他來作出相應(yīng)承諾的蓋印文書，則該受讓人或受允諾人應(yīng)作出相應(yīng)承諾。但是如果他沒有簽字或沒有蓋章，則他的允諾為無蓋印允諾，是否無蓋印允諾具有約束力取決于法律對無蓋印合同之規(guī)定。