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英文合同中幾個主要情態(tài)動詞的用法與區(qū)別

點擊數:發(fā)布時間:2017-08-15來源:CONTRACTUS的博客
摘要: 英文合同中幾個主要情態(tài)動詞的用法與區(qū)別 一、 shall 和 should 的用法 英文合同中常見的情態(tài)動詞主要有以下兩個,即, shall 和 should 。但它們在合同中分別表示不同的含義。 shall 是英文合同中使用頻率最高的一個詞,也是語氣最重的一個詞,常用于第三人
英文合同中幾個主要情態(tài)動詞的用法與區(qū)別
 
一、shallshould 的用法
英文合同中常見的情態(tài)動詞主要有以下兩個,即,shallshould。但它們在合同中分別表示不同的含義。shall是英文合同中使用頻率最高的一個詞,也是語氣最重的一個詞,常用于第三人稱。shall常用來表示法律上必須履行的責任和應盡的義務,如不履行合同條款就會產生違反法律責任和義務的后果,其含義相當于中文的應當必須。
 shall在合同文件中是使用頻率最高的詞,在合同文件中shall表示強制性承擔法律或合同所規(guī)定的義務,Shall 在合同英語中的詞義不同于普通英語中的詞義。它在合同英語中主要表示指示性施為性含義和行使權利的義務責任。
在表達應該必須做某事時,應用“shall”而不能用“ must”“should”,但有時可用“will”,力度比shall弱。
 Should在文件中往往作“if”解,只表示如果之意。
 如 The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, call and preside over the board meeting.
 文中兩個shall,都表示有責任做,應該做之意!≡目勺g為:
董事會會議應由董事長召集、主持;如董事長缺席,原則上應由副董事長召集、主持。
合同條文的主句成分中的shall,在漢語中有很多種譯法。通常被譯成、,有時被譯成應當,也有時譯成、,還有被譯成必須,甚至被完全忽略不譯的。試看以下各例。
例.Shipment: The Date of the Bill of Lading shall be accepted as a conclusive evidence of the date of shipment.
付運:提貨單的日期須被承認為付運日期的確實證據。
 
  If the Buyers fail to notify and/or forward full details within the period specified above, the Buyers shall be deemed to have waived their right to assert any claim.
如果買方未能在上述規(guī)定的期間內通知和(或)寄出完整的細節(jié),那么買方將被認為放棄提出任何索賠的權利。
 
 例.In the event the Buyers’ such appointment does not arrive in time, the Sellers’ system of inspection shall be final and binding upon the parties concerned.
萬一買方對這種委托未能及時到達,賣方的檢查制度將是決定性的并對有關各方有約束力。
 
 例.Quantity, unless otherwise arranged, shall be subject to a variation of 5% plus or minus at Seller’s option.
量:除非另作安排,量可由賣方選擇作加或減5%的變動。
 
. Such compensation shall correspond to the real value of the property concerned and shall be freely convertible and paid without undue delay.
征用財產的補償應相當于該財產當時的實際價值,可自由兌換,不得無故遲延支付。
 
 例.The Purchaser shall, upon receipt of Corporation’s respective invoices therefor, pay to Corporation all amounts which become due by the Purchaser to the Corporation hereunder, including without limitation an amount equal to the taxes and duties.
收到公司的各種發(fā)票后,買方必須立刻付給公司已到期應付的所有款項,包括各種稅收費用在內,不得有例外。
 
 例.The contractor shall be entitled to use for the purpose of the works such supplies of electricity and water as may be available therefor on the site and shall pay the purchaser such as may be reasonable in the circumstances, and shall at his own expense provide any apparatus necessary for such use.
承包商有權利用工地上原有的供電供水進行施工,但須向業(yè)主交納合理的水電費,并要自己承擔用去安裝供電供水所需儀表。
 
 例.The Board shall have such jurisdiction and powers as are conferred on it by this or any other Ordinance.
仲裁處具備本條例或任何其他條例授予仲裁處的司法管轄權及權利。
Shall在合同條款處在兩種情況下可以不譯外,主要可以被譯成、應當等。但shallnot或其他否定形式(如用否定詞No/neigher開頭的句子)連用時,一般不能順其自然,譯成不須、不應不要、不可不應當,因為這幾個詞的意思在漢語里主要表示建議忠告;在語用上,口語色彩較重,表示 禁止的語氣不夠強烈;大量既定的權威性文獻表明:shall not及類似否定式短句的最通常、最恰當的譯法是不得,因為不得在漢語里與禁止一詞同義,與法律英語中含shall的否定句所要表達的意思相同。試看以下各例:
例.The rights and freedoms enjoyed by Hong Kong residents shall not be restricted unless as prescribed by law. Such restrictions shall not contravene the provisions of the preceding paragraph of this Article.
  香港居民享有的權利和自由,除依法規(guī)定外不得限制,此種限制不得與本條第一款規(guī)定抵觸。
 
 例 No will shall be revoked by any presumption of an intention on the ground of an alteration in circumstances.
  凡以情況有變?yōu)槔碛,而對立遺囑作出推定者,該遺囑不得因該項推定而撤銷。
 例.Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interest hereunder without the other Party’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld.
  本協議的任何一方未經另一方事先書面同意(該另一方不得無理拒絕同意),不得轉讓本協議或其在本協議項下的任何權利和權益。
在法律和普通合同條文中,當shall之后所跟的動詞本身就能表達權利、義務或責任以及主句的基本結構為shall + be + predicative (表語)時,通常也是不譯的:
  3The board shall have such jurisdiction and powers as are conferred on it by this or any other Ordinance.
  仲裁處具備本條例或任何其他條例授予仲裁處的司法管轄權及權利。
  4If the Buyers fail to provide such letter of credit in the Seller’s favor as prescribed above, the Sellers shall have the option of reselling the contracted goods for the account of the Buyers or delaying any shipment and/or cancelling any orders at any time on the Buyers account and risk.
  如果買方未能向賣方提供如上規(guī)定的這種信用證,賣方有權選擇把合同規(guī)定的買上賬上的貨物轉售或隨時推遲付運和(或)撤銷任何訂單,損失和風險由買方承擔。
  5The Landlord shall not be in any way responsible to the Tenant for any damage caused to be said premises or the contents thereof arising as a result of the negligence of any other tenant of the said building.
  由于該大廈其他任何住戶的過失而產生的對該樓宇或其里面的東西的任何損壞,業(yè)主對主租戶不負任何責任。
  6Provided that should the Purchaser or his nominee have entered in possession of the premises hereby agreed to be sold the Purchaser shall thereupon be deemed to have accepted the title of the Vendor and shall not be entitled to raise any requisition or objection In respect of any of the matters aforesaid.
  倘若買主或其指定人已占有憑本合同出售的樓宇,買主將被認為已接受賣主的所有權,并無權在上述任何問題方面提出任何要求或反對。
  7The cost of and incidental to the preparation and registration of this Agreement shall be borne and paid by the Vender and the Purchaser jointly. In Addition to this the Purchaser shall bear and pay all the cost of Messrs. & Co. Solicitors for services in connection with the sale and purchase of the said premises…
  本合同草擬和登記的費用和所伴隨的費用由賣主和買主共同負責支付(或:賣主和買主共同支付費用)。除此之外,買主還須負責支付某某律師行與所述樓宇買賣有關的服務費
對照以上中英文本,我們不難歸納出:在法律及合同條文中,have the right/power/jurisdiction/obligation of, have the option of, be responsible for (bear/take responsibility/cost for), be obliged to, be liable to, be entitled to, be at liberty to, be able to, be + predicative adjective等動詞短語片語是經常用來表示權利、責任和義務的,如果這些短語前面帶有shall,則一般不能把它譯成、應當、等。
 
二、May 的用法
 May 多用于合同法律文件中,具有和協議條款相同的指示性施為性作用。當may 表示許可的含義時常常翻譯成。 May not 具有和協議條款相同的宣布性的施為性作用,漢語翻譯為不可,而且與shall not的內涵不一樣。
  May 在法律英語中主要有兩種解釋。  一是表示給予許可或者給予某人做某事的授權be allowed to or have permission to),這一含義多用于法律法規(guī)中! 《潜硎也許或者可能性be in some degree likely to),這一含義多用于合同中。
  第一、May 在法律法規(guī)中的翻譯
  May 在法律法規(guī)的法律英語中表示被授權的法律含義時,漢語中常用可以表示。下面的例子就是進一步說明這一特征。
 、 中華人民共和國法律和中華人民共和國締結或者參加的國際條約沒有規(guī)定的,可以適用國際慣例(《中華人民共和國通則》第142 條)。
  International practice may be applied on matters of which neither the law of the People’s Republic of China nor any international treaty concluded or acceded to by the People’s Republic of China has any provisions.
  ② 民事法律行為可以采取書面形式、口頭形式或者其他形式。
  A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form.
 、 人民法院審理案件,其中一部分事實已經清楚,可以就該部分先行判決。
  If some of the facts in a case being tried by the People’s Court are already evident, the Court may pass judgment on that part of the case first.
 、 當事人對重審案件的判決、裁定,可以上訴)。
  The parties concerned may appeal against the judgment or written order rendered in a retrial of their case.
  第二、May 在合同文件中的翻譯
  May 在合同法律文件中的法律解釋以可能、可以likely, possible )或者(或)許perhaps)的含義為主,但也更有可能在可能性possibility)與準許permission)之間易產生歧 義。在漢語的法律表述中常常用詞組可以, 也可以來表達may 在法律英語中可能性的法律解釋。
  ① 當事人依法可以委托代理人訂立合同。
  The parties may conclude a contract through an agent in accordance with the law.
  ② 承租人可以要求減少租金或者不支付租金。
  The lessee may request a reduction of rent or not to pay the rent.
 、 出租人可以要求支付全部租金;也可以解除合同,收回租賃物。
  The lessor may request it to pay all the rent, or rescind the contract and take back the leased property. ”
  ④ 發(fā)包人可以與總承包人訂立建設工程合同,也可以分別與勘察人、設計人、施工人訂立勘察、設計、施工承包合同。
The contract letting party may enter into a construction project contract with a general contractor, or enter into a survey contract, design contract or construction contract with a surveyor, designer or constructor respectively.
總之,正確翻譯與運用情態(tài)動詞shallmay對于英漢法律翻譯來說都是非常基本的要求。由于漢語法律中沒有與shall 和may 完全對等的法律詞語與法律解釋,那么對shall 和may 的翻譯就沒有最完美的解決方案。
英文合同中有時也出現情態(tài)動詞maymust。may 用于約定當事人的權利(可以做什么),沒有任何義務的含義,不帶有強制性,有時表示允許或許可,相當于中文的可以、等含義。其否定形式may not用于禁止性義務(不得做什么),語氣不如shall not強烈。must用于強制性義務(必須做什么),但這一義務不一定具有法律的約束力,其否定形式一般不會出現在英文合同中。了解和掌握情態(tài)動詞的確切含義有助于正確理解英文合同條款的內容。由于合同中權利和義務的約定構成了合同的主體,情態(tài)動詞如選用不當,有可能會引起法律糾紛。
  A business secret the parties learn in concluding a contract shall not be disclosed or unfairly used, no matter the contract is established or not.
  當事人在訂立合同過程中知悉商業(yè)秘密,無論合同是否成立,不得泄露或者不正當地使用。
 Local authorities and all departments shall support the Customs offices in exercising their functions and powers according to law; they may not illegally interfere in the Customs enforcement of law.
 
 、Must 的用法
must雖然也是法律篇章中的一個主要情態(tài)動詞,而且具有最強的強制性,但幾乎沒有該詞直接的否定形式(即must not)的位置,盡管該詞的否定形式在普通問題的篇章中并不少見:如Cars must not be parked here. (此地不準停車。)以及You must not tell a lie. (你不可以說慌。)如同shall not 和 may not一樣,must not 也表示一種禁令,通常譯為不可以不準,但不能或不宜譯為不得
  例:任何單位和個人實施他人專利的,除本法第十四條規(guī)定的以外,都必須與專利權人訂立書面實施許可合同,向專利權人支付專利使用費。 專利權的所有權單位或者持有單位應當對職務發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的發(fā)明人或者設計人給予獎勵。
Except as provided for in Article 14, any entity or individual exploiting the patent of another must conclude a written licensing contract with the patentee and pay the patentee a fee for the exploitation of its or his patent. … The entity owning or holding the patent right on a job-related invention-creation shall reward the inventor or designer.
 
 四、shall, maymust的否定句
   shall在否定句中,不管其句型如何  或在該情態(tài)動詞后加上not、或在句首添上一個No,或與任何其他形式的否定詞搭配(如shall serve no more than … two terms),在絕大數情況下,與shall搭配的否定詞都被譯成不得。此外,neither party … shall + do 的句型也同樣翻譯成任何一方不得做某事。
例:.The Seller shall present the following documents required for negotiation to the banks(賣方必須將下列單據提交銀行附議).shall 的否定形式shall not在英文合同中常表示不得發(fā)生的行為。

例:. Party A shall not supply the contracted commodity to other buyers in the above-mentioned territory(甲方不得向上述地區(qū)其他買主供應本合同項下商品)。但必須注意的是,在英文合同中,shall在表示應該時不可隨便用should代替,should雖然也表示應該,但它沒有shall那樣重的含義,因為should并不表示法律義務,只表示一般的義務或道義上的義務,有時甚至表示原該最好如此的含義。當should出現在合同中時,它常放在句子的開頭,表示一個隱含的條件狀語,相當于由if、in case 或in the event that 引導的狀語從句,其含義相當于中文的如果、萬一而不是應該。

例:. Should the verification conclusion contradict the conditions of an auction target stated in an auction contract, the auctioneer has the right to demand a change or rescind the contract(如果鑒定結論與委托拍賣合同載明的拍賣標的狀況不相符,拍賣人有權要求變更或者解除合同)。



在下列例句中的最后一句 – “賣方不應負責,就不能改成賣方不得負責,否則該句子在中文詞語搭配上就違背習慣用法。
  例 . Partial shipment or transshipment shall be permitted unless otherwise stated on the face hereof. The Seller shall not be responsible for non-shipment or late shipment of the contracted goods due to causes beyond the Sellers’ control or causes due to the failure of the Buyers to provide in time the relative letter of credit or other instructions requested by the Sellers.
  應準許分批付運和轉運,除非本合同正面另有規(guī)定。合同規(guī)定的貨物若因賣方無法控制的原因或由于買方未能及時提供有關的信用證或賣方所要求的其他指示而不付運或遲付運,賣方不應負責。
  又如the Purchaser shall thereupon be deemed to have accepted the title of the Vendor and shall not be entitled to raise any requisition or objection in respect of any of the matters aforesaid.
 買主即被認為已經接受賣主的所有權,并無權在上述任何問題方面提出任何要求或反對。
  如果把后半句改成并不得有權…”,則整句譯文就會顯得不倫不類。因此,具體情況具體分析,此處只是揭示shall在否定句中一個最常用的譯法而已;主 要適用于本文揭示的在肯定句中shall可被譯成這一類型的否定句;基本上不適用shall可以不譯的這一類型的否定句。
 可漢譯為不得的情態(tài)動詞當然并非是只有跟shall有關的否定句,與may相關的否定句也同樣可譯成不得
 例 . 外觀設計專利被授予后,任何單位或個人未經專利權人許可,不得為生產經營目的制造、銷售其外觀設計專利產品。
  After the grant of the patent right for a design, no entity or individual may, without the authorization of the patentee, make or sell the product incorporating its or his patented design, for production or business purposes.
  例.申請人可以對其專利申請文件進行修改,但是對發(fā)明和實用新型專利申請文件的修改不得超出原說明書和權利要求書記載的范圍
  An applicant may amend his or its application for a patent, but the amendment to the application for a patent for invention or utility model may not go beyond the scope of the disclosure contained in the initial description and the claims…
 例. Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Party’s prior written consent, except to (i) any corporation resulting from any merger, consolidation or other reorganization involving the assigning party.
  任何一方未經另一方事先書面同意,不得轉讓本協議的全部或部分,除非轉讓給(i)涉及轉讓方的因兼并、合并或其他重組而產生的任何公司..
 


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