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英文合同中常見(jiàn)的易混淆的用語(yǔ)表達(dá)(上)
- 點(diǎn)擊數(shù):發(fā)布時(shí)間:2017-07-26來(lái)源:CONTRACTUS的博客
摘要: 英文合同中常見(jiàn)的易混淆的用語(yǔ)表達(dá)(上) 1、關(guān)于履行合同的表達(dá) 合同中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的to perform a contract,to fulfill a contract,to execute a contract,to implement a contract,這些短語(yǔ)都可以表示履行合同,從字面上看都對(duì)。然而在具體的合同條款中,
英文合同中常見(jiàn)的易混淆的用語(yǔ)表達(dá)(上)
1、關(guān)于“履行合同”的表達(dá)
合同中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的to perform a contract, to fulfill a contract, to execute a contract, to implement a contract,這些短語(yǔ)都可以表示“履行合同”,從字面上看都對(duì)。然而在具體的合同條款中,表示履行不同的合同義務(wù)時(shí),其用法是有區(qū)別的。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)合同的一方履行合同與所規(guī)定的該方的那部分具體義務(wù)相同,應(yīng)該是fulfill a contract.如果是泛指雙方在合同中的各項(xiàng)責(zé)任和義務(wù)都應(yīng)得到履行,則選用perform a contract較合適。
「例」 關(guān)于79HP一106號(hào)合同項(xiàng)下尚未執(zhí)行的180公噸NY2一11低密度聚乙烯,我們?nèi)匀徽J(rèn)為貴方應(yīng)盡快開(kāi)證以保證履行合同。我們提請(qǐng)貴方注意,the Adviser Inc.和貴方同時(shí)向我方購(gòu)買(mǎi)NY2—11低密度聚乙烯,他們已經(jīng)在我方主動(dòng)調(diào)價(jià)后不久履行了原合同,而且又和我們簽訂了較大數(shù)量的新合同。
With respect to the outstanding 180 M/r of low-density polyethylene NY2—11 under Contract No.79HP一106,we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract. We hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc. , Who purchased LDPE NY2—11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quantity.
該句子出現(xiàn)的“履行”分別使用了perform和fulfill.。 perform的法律含義是:to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract; fulfill的法律含義是:to do everything which is promised in a contract.。再研究一下合同各方應(yīng)履行的合同義務(wù):涉外合同一經(jīng)生效,雙方當(dāng)事人必須全面地、適當(dāng)?shù)芈男泻贤械牧x務(wù),但是具體對(duì)某一方合同當(dāng)事人來(lái)講,就是履行合同中最屬于他應(yīng)該履行的那部分責(zé)任和義務(wù)。比如,在國(guó)際貨物銷(xiāo)售合同中,對(duì)買(mǎi)方來(lái)說(shuō),“履行合同”的概念就是payment,當(dāng)然與payment有關(guān)的義務(wù)還有采用何種方式和支付工具付款等。如果該合同的價(jià)格條件是FOB的話(huà),買(mǎi)方還要負(fù)責(zé)租船訂艙,支付運(yùn)費(fèi),并將船期、船號(hào)及時(shí)通知賣(mài)方等。又如:The Contractor shall fulfill all of its duties and obligations in carrying out its work and services hereunder(承租人必須忠實(shí)信守和履行下列各項(xiàng)規(guī)則)。
2、關(guān)于“遵守”的表達(dá)
「例」合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)的一切活動(dòng)應(yīng)遵守中華人民共和國(guó)法律。
這一條款中“遵守”一詞,英語(yǔ)中有observe, obey, abide by, comply with等,在選擇表示“遵守”的詞匯時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)句子搭配關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇。本句子中的主語(yǔ)是activity,漢語(yǔ)翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)選擇comply with,表示to act in accordance with a provision, rule, demand,故全句譯成:
All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provision of laws,decrees and pertinent regulations of the People's Republic of China.
在使用observe和abide by時(shí),其主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是合同的當(dāng)事人,例如:The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work(承包方必須遵守和服從與該項(xiàng)工程有關(guān)的一切適用的法律、規(guī)章和條例)。
3、關(guān)于“解除合同、終止合同、中止合同”的表達(dá)”
「例」 由于發(fā)生地震、臺(tái)風(fēng)、水災(zāi)、火災(zāi)、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)及其他無(wú)法預(yù)見(jiàn)并且對(duì)其發(fā)生和后果均不能防止或避免的不可抗力事件,致使直接影響合同的履行或者不能按約定的條件履行時(shí),遇有上述不可抗力事件的一方,應(yīng)立即將事件情況書(shū)面通知對(duì)方,并在其后15天內(nèi),提供事件詳情及全部或部分合同不能或需要延期履行的理由的有效證明文件,此項(xiàng)證明文件應(yīng)由事件發(fā)生地區(qū)的公證機(jī)構(gòu)出具。按照事件對(duì)履行合同影響的程度,由雙方協(xié)商決定是否解除合同,或者部分免除履行合同的責(zé)任,或者延期履行合同。
原譯文:
Should either of the parties of the Contract be prevented from executing the Contract by Force Majeure, such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, fire and war and other unforeseen events, and their happenings and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable, the presented party shall notify the other party by a written notice without any delay, and within 15 days thereafter provide the detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary organization for explaining the reason of its inability to execute or delay the execution of all or part of the Contract. Both parties shal1,through consultations,decide whether to terminate the Contract or to exempt the part of obligations for implementation of the Contract or whether to delay the execution of the Contract according to the effects of the events on the performance of the Contract.
該句子的英譯文在表達(dá)原文內(nèi)容上是沒(méi)什么問(wèn)題的,但是將句中的“解除合同”譯成to terminate the contract有些不妥。因?yàn)椋瑥姆梢饬x上講,to terminate the contract是指“終止合同”,而“終止合同”的法律行為,必須在出現(xiàn)了終止合同的法律事件后才能實(shí)行。按照《中華人民共和國(guó)合同法》的規(guī)定,“終止合同”的法定情形有七種(見(jiàn)《中華人民共和國(guó)合同法》第91條)。該條款主要說(shuō)明的是,由于“不可抗力事件‘(Force Majeure Events)致使合同無(wú)法履行,這種事由不屬于終止合同的條件,而屬解除合同的條件。因此,”解除合同“應(yīng)選用to rescind the Contract,這樣符合法定解除合同的情形。另外,譯文either of the parties of the Contract中的第二個(gè)介詞of應(yīng)換成to,譯成:the parties to the Contract,因?yàn)閠o表示一種歸屬關(guān)系,即:”履行合同的雙方當(dāng)事人“。
。2)當(dāng)事人一方有另一方不能履行合同的確切證據(jù)時(shí),可以中止履行合同,但是應(yīng)當(dāng)通知另一方;當(dāng)另一方對(duì)履行合同提供了充分的保證時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)履行合同。
原譯文: The Party shall terminate its performance of the contract if it has conclusive evidence that the other party is unable to perform the contract. However, It shall immediately inform the other party of such termination.
該句中的譯者將“中止”誤理解為“終止”,譯成了to terminate its performance of the Contract,這是個(gè)原則性的錯(cuò)誤。“中止”和“終止”在法律上均有“停止”的意思,但前者表示,因故暫停正在履行的合同,待造成中止的原因消除后,再恢復(fù)合同的履行,其英譯應(yīng)該是:to suspend its performance of the Contract;后者表示完全結(jié)束正在履行的合同,其英譯文是 to terminate the Contract.
4、關(guān)于合同各方“責(zé)任”的表達(dá)
「例」 。1)合資各方的責(zé)任:
甲方責(zé)任: 1.辦理為設(shè)立合資公司向中國(guó)有關(guān)主管部門(mén)申請(qǐng)批準(zhǔn),登記注冊(cè),領(lǐng)取營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照等事宜;
乙方責(zé)任: 1.辦理合資企業(yè)委托在中國(guó)境外選購(gòu)機(jī)械設(shè)備等有關(guān)的事宜:
。1) Responsibilities of Each Party to the Joint Venture
Responsibility Of Party A: 1.Handling of approval. registration business license and other matters concerning the establishment of the Joint Venture Company from the relevant departments in charge in China.
Responsibility Of Party B: 1. Handling the matters entrusted by the Joint Venture Company, such as selecting and purchasing machinery and equipment outside China, etc.
英譯該條款時(shí),應(yīng)首先確定和選擇“責(zé)任”一詞的英語(yǔ)表述。合同英語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的兩個(gè)表示“責(zé)任”的單詞,一個(gè)為liability,另一個(gè)為responsibility.這是兩個(gè)極易混淆的詞匯,
在表達(dá)當(dāng)事人的責(zé)任時(shí)是共同的,但涉及到具體的權(quán)利義務(wù)時(shí),兩詞是有嚴(yán)格區(qū)別的。
liability在表示責(zé)任時(shí),主要強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)方面:一方面指“賠償責(zé)任”(being legally responsible for paying or damage or loss),如:The underwriters refused to take any liability for the losses(承包人對(duì)損失拒絕承擔(dān)責(zé)任);另一方面指“債務(wù)責(zé)任‘(一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式liabilities),如:The Seller shall refund to the Buyer such amounts after paying all tax liabilities(在付清一切稅款后,賣(mài)方須向買(mǎi)方償還這些款項(xiàng))。因此,”有限責(zé)任公司“常被譯成limited liability company,表示a company where a member is responsible for repaying the company’s debts only up to the face value of the shares he owns.
responsibility在表示“責(zé)任”時(shí),著重強(qiáng)調(diào)“職責(zé)、義務(wù)”(commitment or duty for which a party is responsible),如:The licensee shall assume full responsibility for the payment of all royalties(對(duì)于一切專(zhuān)利權(quán)使用費(fèi)的支付事宜,許可證受讓方應(yīng)承擔(dān)完全責(zé)任)。
由上面的分析和比較可見(jiàn),以上句子中的“責(zé)任”顯然是合同各方應(yīng)履行的職責(zé)和義務(wù)。因此,應(yīng)譯為responsibility.
。2)任何一方當(dāng)事人違反合同的賠償責(zé)任,應(yīng)相當(dāng)于另一方因此所受到的損失,但不得超過(guò)違反合同的一方訂立合同時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)見(jiàn)到的因違反合同可能造成的損失。
The liability of a party to pay compensation for the breach of a contract shall be equal to the loss suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach. However,such compensation may not exceed the loss, which the party responsible for the breach ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract as a possible consequence of a breach of contract.
該句中的“責(zé)任”明顯是一種being legally responsible for paying loss,所以選擇liability是合適的。
5、關(guān)于“reference”的用法
(1)Thank you for you r letter reference DT/Zi No.102.of 29th,March.
感謝你方3月29日編號(hào)為DT/Zi,No.102的來(lái)信。
reference在此例中指“編號(hào)” (number which makes it possible to find a document which has been filed)。
。2)We have had only one order from ABC Co. , Ltd. , so we regret we cannot give you a reference from long experience.
我們僅接受ABC有限公司的一筆定貨,很遺憾我們不能提供具有長(zhǎng)期交往經(jīng)歷的資信情況。
reference在此例中指“資信情況” (statement about a company's abilities)。
。3)Reference is made to your Sales Confirmation No.1529.
現(xiàn)談到你方的第1529號(hào)銷(xiāo)售確認(rèn)書(shū)。
reference在此例中指“談到” (mentioning or dealing with)。
(4)The Buyers ask for credit and have given the Bank of China ,Beijing as a reference.
買(mǎi)方要求記賬交易,并提出中國(guó)銀行北京分行作為資信備詢(xún)?nèi)恕?br />
reference在此例中指“咨信備詢(xún)?nèi)?rdquo;(person who reports on someone's character or abilities)。
(5)The Sales Company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the commission.
關(guān)于傭金的分配問(wèn)題,應(yīng)授予銷(xiāo)售公司同樣的權(quán)利。
with reference to在此例中意思為“關(guān)于”(about or concerning sb or sth)。
。6) A reference to your records will show that we have more than once asked you to establish L/C against S/C No.2523.
閱你方記錄可以看出,我方已多次催促,要求你方對(duì)第2523號(hào)銷(xiāo)售確認(rèn)書(shū)開(kāi)立信用證。
reference在此例中指“查閱”。
以上只是含有reference一詞的部分詞義?梢(jiàn),如果把reference一概譯為“參考”不僅詞不達(dá)義,而且還會(huì)影響條款的效力。一詞多義的選擇和確定通常從以下幾方面著手:
6、關(guān)于“cover”的用法
cover一詞,作為動(dòng)詞講一般都理解為“包括”,例如:The prices quoted in the brochure cover packing and are subject to 35%trade discount,可譯為:“小冊(cè)子所報(bào)的價(jià)格包括包裝費(fèi)在內(nèi),可有35%的商業(yè)折扣。”但以下的含有cover的句子,就不能將cover譯成“包括”:
。1) No doubt there must have been some reason for the delay in shipment. To cover this contingency we cabled you on Mar.29 that we were extending the letter of credit for two weeks.
句中的cover應(yīng)理解為“應(yīng)付”,全句可譯成:
無(wú)疑,一定有某種致使裝船延誤的原因。為應(yīng)付這一意外事件,我方已于3月29日電告你方,將信用證延期兩周。
(2)If Party A insists on its original quotation. Party B will have to cover its requirements elsewhere
句中的cover指“購(gòu)進(jìn)貨物”,全句可譯成:
如果甲方堅(jiān)持原報(bào)價(jià),則乙方只能從其他方面購(gòu)進(jìn)其需要的貨物。
。3)In order to cover our order, we have arranged with the Bank of China, Dalian Branch, a credit for USD 55,000.
句中的cover在這里表示“償付”,全句可譯成:
為支付我方訂貨,我方已聯(lián)系中國(guó)銀行大連分行開(kāi)立55,000美元的信用證。
。4)Party B shall cover the goods with particular average.
句中的cover在這里的含義為:to insure sth against loss,全句可譯成:
乙方將對(duì)該貨物投保水漬險(xiǎn)。
7、關(guān)于“提供”(supply , provide )的用法
「例」合同在有效期內(nèi),雙方對(duì)合同產(chǎn)品涉及的技術(shù)如有改進(jìn)和發(fā)展,應(yīng)相互免費(fèi)將改進(jìn)和發(fā)展的技術(shù)資料提供給對(duì)方使用。
Within the validity term of the Contract, both parties shall supply each other with the improvement and development of the technology related to the Contract Products free of charge.
該句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“提供”一詞用了supply,就不如provide確切。盡管這兩個(gè)詞都表示“供給”,但在牽涉到金錢(qián)時(shí),provide則表示to give sb sth free of charge, supply則不太明確,一般來(lái)說(shuō)需要給錢(qián)。因此,該條款雖然明確了free of charge,但用provide更恰當(dāng)。
8、關(guān)于“屬于”(belong to , prssess, own)的用法
「例」改進(jìn)和開(kāi)發(fā)的技術(shù),其所有權(quán)屬于改進(jìn)和開(kāi)發(fā)一方。
這一條的重點(diǎn)主要規(guī)定改進(jìn)后的技術(shù)專(zhuān)有權(quán)歸屬問(wèn)題,所以該句中正確地選擇“屬于”一詞是很關(guān)鍵的。有人選擇belong to,也有人選擇possess,還有人用own,這三個(gè)詞均可以表示“屬于”。我們分析一下這三個(gè)詞的內(nèi)涵,belong t0的含義是指“屬于……財(cái)產(chǎn)”;possess和own雖然都著重于“所屬關(guān)系”,但possess只指目前屬于某人,并沒(méi)有講是如何得到的;而own含有“對(duì)……合法占有”,與原文意思一致,故把這一條款譯成:
The improved and developed technology shall be owned by the party who has improved and developed the technology.
如果將“屬于”改用belong to,其主語(yǔ)就應(yīng)該是ownership,表示“所有權(quán)屬于……”,因?yàn)閠he improved and developed technology屬于“知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)”,而這種權(quán)利與物質(zhì)財(cái)產(chǎn)有直接聯(lián)系。這樣,該句還可以調(diào)整如下:
The ownership of any improved and developed technology shall belong to the party who has improved and developed the technology.
「例4」本細(xì)則的解釋權(quán),屬于中華人民共和國(guó)財(cái)政部。
句中的“屬于”是指power 0r right will be present or vested in sb or a body,故應(yīng)選用reside in.全句譯成:
The right of interpreting the detailed Rules and Regulations resides in the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China.
9、關(guān)于“由于”(due to, owing to, in view of, because of considering, in consideration)的用法
合同經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的“由于”,在英語(yǔ)中,常用以下一組短語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá):due to, owing to, in view of,because of. considering, in consideration.請(qǐng)比較下列句子:
。3)Sources suggested that this decline in exports is largely due to a sharp cutback in the credit offered by the Thai government to these countries.
有消息說(shuō),這種出口下降主要是由于泰國(guó)政府向這些國(guó)家提供的信貸大幅度削減所造成的。
(4) Because of the exceptional demand for electric blankets due to the prolonged cold weather. we are at present out of stock of the make you wish to order.
由于天氣持續(xù)寒冷,電熱毯需求量特大,你方欲訂購(gòu)的制品目前正缺貨。
以上兩句中,由due to引出的短語(yǔ)均屬形容詞性質(zhì)的短詞,分別在句中作表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),一般不引出狀語(yǔ)。引出狀語(yǔ),表示“由于”的短語(yǔ)往往選用because of和owing to.例如:
。5) Owing to the increasing demand for this type of our products, our stocks have run very low.
由于對(duì)此種產(chǎn)品的需求日益增長(zhǎng),我方的存貨已不多了。
。6)In consideration of your consistently good credibility, we can accept payment by D/P.
由于貴公司信譽(yù)一直很好,我們可以同意以付款單的方式接受付款。
句子中的in consideration of引出的短語(yǔ)也可以表示“由于”,一般作狀語(yǔ),而后面的介詞賓語(yǔ)必須是褒義詞,一般不用貶義詞。
10、關(guān)于“有權(quán)”和“取消”的用法
「例」 買(mǎi)方須于銷(xiāo)售確認(rèn)書(shū)第三條所規(guī)定日期之前開(kāi)出本批交易的信用證。否則,售方有權(quán)不經(jīng)通知取消本確認(rèn)書(shū),或接受買(mǎi)方對(duì)本售貨確認(rèn)書(shū)未履行的全部或一部分,或?qū)σ虼嗽馐艿膿p失提出索賠。
原譯文: The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right lo rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained. if any.
該句條款中的“有權(quán)”,英文合同中大多選擇:to have the right或keep the right,但該句選用reserve the right to do sth. 比前兩種表達(dá)更正式,因?yàn)閞eserve本身就屬條法英語(yǔ)中的專(zhuān)用詞匯,表示to have a specified power of right in law.比如,我們經(jīng)?吹降“版權(quán)所有”,用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)就是All rights reserved.句中的“取消”,英文中有cancel, abolish, call off等表達(dá)方式,而本句選用rescind專(zhuān)門(mén)指cancel a contract or an agreement。
11、關(guān)于“要求”的表達(dá)
「例」 如乙方在技術(shù)資料的交付方面違約,不應(yīng)要求甲方立即支付任何專(zhuān)利權(quán)使用費(fèi)。
原譯文: Party A shall not be asked to pay at once any royalties in default on the part of Party B to the Delivery of Technical Documentation.
該譯文中的ask應(yīng)更換為require ,ask和require的意思雖然都是“要求”,但后者更正式;句中的at once應(yīng)更換為forthwith,因?yàn)閒orthwith是公文體,較at once或immediately正式、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。例如:The Parties acknowledge and agree that the Joint Venture Company shall be formed forthwith upon satisfaction of the conditions(締約各方確認(rèn)并同意,一旦條件符合,合資經(jīng)營(yíng)公司便立即組成)。
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