摘要： Section 4-Price Reduction第四節(jié) 減價 Article 9.401 - Right to Reduce Price第9:401條：減價請求權(quán) (1) A party who accepts a tender of performance not conforming to the contract may reduce the price. This reduction shall be proportionate to t
Section 4-Price Reduction第四節(jié) 減價
Article 9.401 - Right to Reduce Price第9:401條：減價請求權(quán)
(1) A party who accepts a tender of performance not conforming to the contract may reduce the price. This reduction shall be proportionate to the decrease in the value of the performance at the time this was tendered compared to the value which a conforming tender would have had at that time.
受領了與合同不符的履行提交的一方當事人可以減少其價格。此種減價應當與履行提交時與符合要求地提交的履行相比履行之價值的降低相稱。
(2) A party who is entitled to reduce the price under the preceding paragraph and who has already paid a sum exceeding the reduced price may recover the excess from the other party.
一方當事人如依前款規(guī)定有權(quán)請求減價，并且它已支付了超過減后余價的價金，則可以向?qū)Ψ疆斒氯艘爻龅牟糠帧?br />
(3) A party who reduces the price cannot also recover damages for reduction in the value of the performance but remains entitled to damages for any further loss it has suffered so far as these are recoverable under Section 5 of this Chapter.
減過價的一方當事人不得再為履行價值的降低獲取損害賠償，但仍然有權(quán)對它遭受的其他損失請求賠償，只要它們依據(jù)本章第五節(jié)的規(guī)定是可以獲取的。
Section 5-Damages and Interest第五節(jié) 損害賠償與利息
Article 9.501 - Right to Damages 第9:501條：損害賠償請求權(quán)
(1) The aggrieved party is entitled to damages for loss caused by the other party's non-performance which is not excused under Article 8:108.
受害方當事人有權(quán)對因?qū)Ψ疆斒氯说牟宦男卸斐傻膿p失請求賠償，只要該不履行沒有依第8:108條而免責。
(2) The loss for which damages are recoverable includes: (a) non-pecuniary loss; and (b) future loss which is reasonably likely to occur.
可獲取賠償?shù)膿p失包括：1.非金錢損失；和2.合情合理地易于發(fā)生的未來的損失。
Article 9.502 - General Measure of Damages第9:502條：損害賠償?shù)囊话銟藴?/span>
The general measure of damages is such sum as will put the aggrieved party as nearly as possible into the position in which it would have been if the contract had been duly performed. Such damages cover the loss which the aggrieved party has suffered and the gain of which it has been deprived.
損害賠償?shù)囊话銟藴适侵改軌蚴故芎Ψ疆斒氯吮M可能地處于如果合同被正常地履行時它所會處的狀態(tài)的金額。此種損害賠償包括受害方當事人所受損失及其所失利益。
Article 9.503 - Foreseeability 第9:503條：可預見性
The non-performing party is liable only for loss which it foresaw or could reasonably have foreseen at the time of conclusion of the contract as a likely result of its non-performance, unless the non-performance was intentional or grossly negligent.
履行方當事人僅對其于合同成立時預見到的或可以合理地預見到的、作為其不履行的可能結(jié)果的損失負責，除非該不履行是故意的或重大過失的。
Article 9.504 - Loss Attributable to Aggrieved Party第9:504條：可歸責于受害方當事人的損失
The non-performing party is not liable for loss suffered by the aggrieved party to the extent that the aggrieved party contributed to the non-performance or its effects.
只要受害方當事人助成了不履行或其結(jié)果，不履行方當事人對于受害方當事人遭受的損失不負責任。
Article 9.505 - Reduction of loss第9:505條：損失的減輕
(1) The non-performing party is not liable for loss suffered by the aggrieved party to the extent that the aggrieved party could have reduced the loss by taking reasonable steps.
對于受害方當事人遭受的它本可以采取合理措施減輕的損失，不履行方當事人不負責任。
(2) The aggrieved party is entitled to recover any expenses reasonably incurred in attempting to reduce the loss.
對于在力圖減輕損失過程中合理地發(fā)生的費用，受害方當事人有權(quán)要求補償。
Article 9.506 - Substitute Transaction 第9:506條：替代交易
Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has made a substitute transaction within a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner, it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price of the substitute transaction as well as damages for any further loss so far as these are recoverable under this Section.
如果受害方當事人已解除合同并已在一合理的時間內(nèi)以合理的方式完成了一筆替代交易，它可以主張合同價格與替代交易的價格之間的差額以及依本節(jié)規(guī)定可以獲取的其他損失的損害賠償。
Article 9.507 - Current Price 第9:507條：時價
Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has not made a substitute transaction but there is a current price for the performance contracted for, it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price current at the time the contract is terminated as well as damages for any further loss so far as these are recoverable under this Section.
如果受害方當事人已解除合同且沒有從事替代交易，但對于約定的履行存有時價，它可以主張合同解除時合同價格與時價之間的差額以及依本節(jié)規(guī)定可以獲取的其他損失的損害賠償。
Article 9.508 - Delay in Payment of Money 第9:508條：支付金錢的遲延
(1) If payment of a sum of money is delayed, the aggrieved party is entitled to interest on that sum from the time when payment is due to the time of payment at the average commercial bank short-term lending rate to prime borrowers prevailing for the contractual currency of payment at the place where payment is due.
如果一筆金錢的支付遲延，受害方當事人有權(quán)獲取該筆金錢從應予支付之日起至實際支付之日止按應予支付地向優(yōu)秀借款人發(fā)放該約定支付金額短期商業(yè)銀行貸款平均利率計算的利息。
(2) The aggrieved party may in addition recover damages for any further loss so far as these are recoverable under this Section.
受害方當事人另外可以主張依本節(jié)規(guī)定可以獲取的對其他損失的損害賠償。
Article 9.509 - Agreed Payment for Non-performance第9:509條：對不履行約定的違約金
(1) Where the contract provides that a party who fails to perform is to pay a specified sum to the aggrieved party for such non-performance, the aggrieved party shall be awarded that sum irrespective of its actual loss.
如果合同規(guī)定沒有履行的一方當事人應為其不履行向受害方當事人支付一筆特定數(shù)額的金錢，則受害方當事人應得到該筆金錢而不管其實際損失。
(2) However, despite any agreement to the contrary the specified sum may be reduced to a reasonable amount where it is grossly excessive in relation to the loss resulting from the non-performance and the other circumstances.
然不論有任何相反約定，如果該筆特定數(shù)額的金錢與因不履行而造成的損失以及其他情事相比非常地過分，則可以減輕至一合理的數(shù)額。
Article 9.510 - Currency by which Damages to be Measured第9:510條：用以計算損害賠償?shù)呢泿?/span>
Damages are to be measured by the currency which most appropriately reflects the aggrieved party's loss.
損害賠償應以最能反映受害方的損失的貨幣加以計算。
CHAPTER 10 Plurality of parties第十章 多數(shù)當事人
Section 1: Plurality of debtors第一節(jié) 多數(shù)債務人
Article 10:101: Solidary, Separate and Communal Obligations
第10：101條 連帶之債、按份之債和共同之債
(1) Obligations are solidary when all the debtors are bound to render one and the same performance and the creditor may require it from any one of them until full performance has been received.
數(shù)個債務人均負一個相同履行的債，且債權(quán)人在債務全部被履行之前可以請求任何一個債務人予以履行的債為連帶之債。
(2) Obligations are separate when each debtor is bound to render only part of the performance and the creditor may require from each debtor only that debtor’s part.
每個債務人只負擔部分債務，且債權(quán)人只能請求債務人履行其承擔部分的債務的債為單獨之債。
(3) An obligation is communal when all the debtors are bound to render the performance together and the creditor may require it only from all of them.
所有的債務人共同為履行行為，且債權(quán)人只能向所有人請求履行的債為共同之債。
Article 10:102: When Solidary Obligations Arise第10：102條 連帶之債的產(chǎn)生
(1) If several debtors are bound to render one and the same performance to a creditor under the same contract, they are solidarily liable, unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
如果數(shù)個債務人在同一個合同中對債權(quán)人為一個相同的履行，他們之間負連帶之債，除非合同或者法律另有規(guī)定。
(2) Solidary obligations also arise where several persons are liable for the same damage.
當數(shù)人對同一損害負責時也產(chǎn)生連帶之債。
(3) The fact that the debtors are not liable on the same terms does not prevent their obligations from being solidary..
所有債務人并非以相同的條件承擔責任不妨礙他們的債務成為連帶之債。
Article 10:103: Liability under Separate Obligations第10：103條 單獨之債的責任
Debtors bound by separate obligations are liable in equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
單獨之債的債務人承擔相同份額的責任，除非合同和法律另有規(guī)定。
Article 10:104: Communal Obligations: Special Rule when Money claimed for Non-performance
第10：104條 共同之債：因不履行而主張金錢賠償?shù)奶厥庖?guī)則
Notwithstanding Article 10:101(3), when money is claimed for non-performance of a communal obligation, the debtors are solidarily liable for payment to the creditor.
盡管第10：101條第三款有規(guī)定，但是在共同之債不履行時債權(quán)人請求金錢賠償，債務人對債權(quán)人承擔連帶責任。
Article 10:105: Apportionment between Solidary Debtors
第10：105條 連帶債務人之間的債務分配
(1) As between themselves, solidary debtors are liable in equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
在連帶債務人內(nèi)部各債務人承擔相同份額的責任，除非合同或者法律另有規(guī)定。
(2) If two or more debtors are liable for the same damage under Article 10:102(2), their share of liability as between themselves is determined according to the law governing the event which gave rise to the liability.
如果根據(jù)第10：102條第二款的規(guī)定，兩個或者多個債務人對同一個損害承擔責任，其承擔的份額由確定他們責任的法律予以規(guī)定。
Article 10:106: Recourse between solidary Debtors第10：106條 連帶債務人之間的追索權(quán)
(1) A solidary debtor who has performed more than that debtor’s share may claim the excess from any of the other debtors to the extent of each debtor's unperformed share, together with a share of any costs reasonably incurred.
支付了超出自己應付份額的連帶債務人得向其他債務人請求該債務人未付之份額，以及任何合理花費的相應部分。
(2) A solidary debtor to whom paragraph (1) applies may also, subject to any prior right and interest of the creditor, exercise the rights and actions of the creditor, including accessory securities, to recover the excess from any of the other debtors to the extent of each debtor’s unperformed share.
適用前款的連帶債務人還可以依照債權(quán)人的優(yōu)先權(quán)和優(yōu)先利益，行使債權(quán)人的請求權(quán)和訴權(quán)，包括附屬有價證券，來獲取其為其他債務人未履行之份額所致的多余支出。
(3) If a solidary debtor who has performed more than that debtor’s share is unable, despite all reasonable efforts, to recover contribution from another solidary debtor, the share of the others, including the one who has performed, is increased proportionally.
如果在采取了各種合理措施之后，多履行了義務的連帶債務人還是不能從其他連帶債務人處獲得其分攤的份額的，其他債務人包括已經(jīng)履行了的債務人承擔的份額都要適當?shù)卦黾印?br />
Article 10:107: Performance, Set-off and Merger in Solidary Obligations
第10：107條 連帶之債的履行、抵銷和混同
(1) Performance or set-off by a solidary debtor or set-off by the creditor against one solidary debtor discharges the other debtors in relation to the creditor to the extent of the performance or set-off.
一個連帶債務人的履行或抵銷，或債權(quán)人對某一個連帶債務人的抵銷，就履行或者抵銷部分解除與該債權(quán)人相關(guān)的其他債務人的責任。
(2) Merger of debts between a solidary debtor and the creditor discharges the other debtors only for the share of the debtor concerned.
一個連帶債務人和債權(quán)人債務的混同，只就該債務人份額解除其他債務人的責任。
Article 10:108: Release or Settlement in Solidary Obligations
第10：108條 連帶之債的免除和清償
(1) When the creditor releases, or reaches a settlement with, one solidary debtor, the other debtors are discharged of liability for the share of that debtor.
當債權(quán)人對連帶債務中的一個債務人免除債務或獲得清償，其他債務人就該債務人的份額解除責任。
(2) The debtors are totally discharged by the release or settlement if it so provides.
如果有規(guī)定，所有的債務人因該免除或者清償而被免除所有責任。
(3) As between solidary debtors, the debtor who is discharged from that debtor’s share is discharged only to the extent of the share at the time of the discharge and not from any supplementary share for which that debtor may subsequently become liable under Article 10:106(3).
在連帶債務人內(nèi)部，被免除責任的債務人只免除當時被免除的份額，而不包括第10：106條第三款可能承擔的補充部分。
Article 10:109: Effect of Judgment in Solidary Obligations第10：109條 連帶之債判決的效力
A decision by a court as to the liability to the creditor of one solidary debtor does not affect:
法庭關(guān)于某個連帶債務人對債權(quán)人責任的判決不影響：
(a) the liability to the creditor of the other solidary debtors; or
其他連帶債務人對該債權(quán)人的責任，或者
(b) the rights of recourse between the solidary debtors under Article 10:106.
第10：106條規(guī)定的連帶債務人之間的追索權(quán)。
Article 10:110: Prescription in Solidary Obligations第10：110條 連帶之債的時效
Prescription of the creditor’s right to performance ("claim") against one solidary debtor does not affect:
債權(quán)人對一個連帶債務人請求履行的權(quán)利之時效不影響：
(a) the liability to the creditor of the other solidary debtors; or
其他連帶債務人對債權(quán)人的責任；或者
(b) the rights of recourse between the solidary debtors under Article 10:106.
第10：106條規(guī)定的連帶債務人之間的追索權(quán)。
Article 10:111: Opposability of other Defences in Solidary Obligations
第10：111條 連帶之債中其他抗辯的對抗
(1) A solidary debtor may invoke against the creditor any defence which another solidary debtor can invoke, other than a defence personal to that other debtor. Invoking the defence has no effect with regard to the other solidary debtors.
除可行使自己對債權(quán)人享有的抗辯外，連帶債務人同樣可以對債權(quán)人行使其他連帶債務人的所有抗辯�？罐q的行使對其他連帶債務人不發(fā)生效力。
(2) A debtor from whom contribution is claimed may invoke against the claimant any personal defence that that debtor could have invoked against the creditor.
被請求分攤連帶債務的債務人可以向請求的一方行使任何其針對于債權(quán)人的抗辯
Section 2 : Plurality of creditors第二節(jié) 多數(shù)債權(quán)人
Article 10:201: Solidary, Separate and Communal Claims
第10：201條 連帶、單獨和共同債權(quán)
(1) Claims are solidary when any of the creditors may require full performance from the debtor and when the debtor may render performance to any of the creditors.
數(shù)個債權(quán)人均可請求債務人完全履行債務，且債務人可以向任何一個債權(quán)人為履行的債權(quán)為連帶債權(quán)。
(2) Claims are separate when the debtor owes each creditor only that creditor’s share of the claim and each creditor may require performance only of that creditor’s share.
債務人對每個債權(quán)人只付其相應的份額，且每個債權(quán)人只能請求債務人為其相應份額之履行的債權(quán)為單獨債權(quán)。
(3) A claim is communal when the debtor must perform to all the creditors and any creditor may require performance only for the benefit of all.
債務人必須向所有的債權(quán)人履行，且任何債權(quán)人只能為所有債權(quán)人之利益而請求履行的債權(quán)為共同債權(quán)。
Article 10:202: Apportionment of Separate Claims第10：202條 單獨債權(quán)的分配
Separate creditors are entitled to equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
每個單獨債權(quán)人享有相同的份額，除非合同或者法律另有規(guī)定。
Article 10:203: Difficulties of executing a Communal Claim
第10：203條 執(zhí)行共同債權(quán)的困難
If one of the creditors in a communal claim refuses, or is unable to receive, the performance, the debtor may discharge the obligation to perform by depositing the property or money with a third party according to Articles 7:110 or 7:111 of the Principles.
如果共同債權(quán)人中的一人拒絕或者不能接受履行，債務人可以根據(jù)本通則第7：110條或者第7：111條通過第三方提存財產(chǎn)或者金錢免除責任。
Article 10:204: Apportionment of Solidary Claims第10：204條 連帶債權(quán)的分配
(1) Solidary creditors are entitled to equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
連帶債權(quán)人享有相同的份額，除非合同或者法律另有規(guī)定。
(2) A creditor who has received more than that creditor’s share must transfer the excess to the other creditors to the extent of their respective shares.
接受了超出自己份額的債權(quán)人必須將超出部分轉(zhuǎn)移給其他的債權(quán)人。
Article 10:205: Regime of solidary Claims第10：205條連帶債權(quán)的范圍
(1) A release granted to the debtor by one of the solidary creditors has no effect on the other solidary creditors
一個連帶債權(quán)人對債務人債務的免除對其他連帶債權(quán)人沒有效力。
(2) The rules of Articles 10:107, 10:109, 10:110 and 10:111(1) apply, with appropriate adaptations, to solidary claims.
本通則第138條、第140條、第141條和第142條經(jīng)過適當?shù)男薷倪m用于連帶債權(quán)。
CHAPTER 11 Assignment of Claims第十一章 債權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓
Section 1: General Principles第一節(jié) 一般原則
Article 11:101: Scope of Chapter第11：101條 本章適用范圍
(1) This Chapter applies to the assignment by agreement of a right to performance ("claim") under an existing or future contract.
本章適用于現(xiàn)在或者將來的合同中關(guān)于債權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議。
(2) Except where otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, this Chapter also applies to the assignment by agreement of other transferable claims.
除另有規(guī)定或者上下文另有要求，本章也適用于其他可轉(zhuǎn)讓債權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議。
(3) This Chapter does not apply: 本章不適用于：
(a) to the transfer of a financial instrument or investment security where, under the law otherwise applicable, such transfer must be by entry in a register maintained by or for the issuer; or
金融文據(jù)或者投資證券的轉(zhuǎn)讓，在其他的法律規(guī)定下，該轉(zhuǎn)讓必須由發(fā)行人或者為發(fā)行人保存的登記；或者
(b) to the transfer of a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument or of a negotiable security or a document of title to goods where, under the law otherwise applicable, such transfer must be by delivery (with any necessary indorsement).
匯票或者其他流通票據(jù)或者流通的有價證券或者貨物所有權(quán)憑證的轉(zhuǎn)讓，在其他法律的規(guī)定下，該轉(zhuǎn)讓必須帶有任何必要的背書。
(4) In this Chapter "assignment" includes an assignment by way of security.
本章中的“轉(zhuǎn)讓”包括作為擔保的轉(zhuǎn)讓。
(5) This Chapter also applies, with appropriate adaptations, to the granting by agreement of a right in security over a claim otherwise than by assignment.
經(jīng)過適當?shù)男薷模菊逻�適用于通過債權(quán)擔保而不是通過轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利的協(xié)議。
Article 11:102: Contractual Claims Generally Assignabl
第11：102條 合同債權(quán)一般可以轉(zhuǎn)讓
(1) Subject to Articles 11:301 and 11:302, a party to a contract may assign a claim under it.
根據(jù)第11：301條和11：302條，合同一方當事人可以轉(zhuǎn)讓債權(quán)。
(2) A future claim arising under an existing or future contract may be assigned if at the time when it comes into existence, or at such other time as the parties agree, it can be identified as the claim to which the assignment relates.
現(xiàn)在或者將來合同中產(chǎn)生的將來債權(quán)可以轉(zhuǎn)讓，如果在其出現(xiàn)或者當事人同意的其他這樣的時候，該債權(quán)可以被認定為轉(zhuǎn)讓涉及的債權(quán)。
Article 11:103: Partial Assignment第11：103條 部分轉(zhuǎn)讓
A claim which is divisible may be assigned in part, but the assignor is liable to the debtor for any increased costs which the debtor thereby incurs.
可分之債權(quán)可以部分轉(zhuǎn)讓，但是轉(zhuǎn)讓人對于債務人可能由此而增加的任何費用負責。
Article 11:104: Form of Assignment第11：104條 轉(zhuǎn)讓的形式
An assignment need not be in writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.
轉(zhuǎn)讓不必用書面形式或者遵守其他關(guān)于形式的要求。轉(zhuǎn)讓可以用任何手段來舉證，包括證人證言。
Section 2: Effects of Assignment As Between Assignor and Assignee
第二節(jié) 轉(zhuǎn)讓人和受讓人之間的轉(zhuǎn)讓效力
Article 11:201: Rights Transferred to Assignee第11：201條 轉(zhuǎn)讓給受讓人的權(quán)利
(1) The assignment of a claim transfers to the assignee: 轉(zhuǎn)讓給受讓人的權(quán)力：
(a) all the assignor's rights to performance in respect of the claim assigned; and
被轉(zhuǎn)讓債權(quán)中轉(zhuǎn)讓所有人所有的履行請求權(quán)：和
(b) all accessory rights securing such performance. 保證該履行的所有附加權(quán)利。
(2)Where the assignment of a claim under a contract is associated with the substitution of the assignee as debtor in respect of any obligation owed by the assignor under the same contract, this Article takes effect subject to Article 12:201.
如果根據(jù)合同對債權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)讓與受讓人根據(jù)同一合同代替轉(zhuǎn)讓人成為債務人并承擔轉(zhuǎn)讓人所有債務相聯(lián)系，那么本條根據(jù)第12：201條生效。
Article 11:202: When Assignment Takes Effect第11：202條 轉(zhuǎn)讓生效的時間
(1) An assignment of an existing claim takes effect at the time of the agreement to assign or such later time as the assignor and assignee agree.
現(xiàn)存?zhèn)鶛?quán)的轉(zhuǎn)讓于轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議達成或者轉(zhuǎn)讓人和受讓人后來同意的時候開始生效。
(2)An assignment of a future claim is dependent upon the assigned claim coming into existence but thereupon takes effect from the time of the agreement to assign or such later time as the assignor and assignee agree.
將來債權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)讓取決于轉(zhuǎn)讓債權(quán)的產(chǎn)生，但是從同意轉(zhuǎn)讓的時間或者轉(zhuǎn)讓人和受讓人后來同意的時候開始生效。
Article 11:203: Preservation of Assignee’s Rights Against Assignor
第11：203條 受讓人對轉(zhuǎn)讓人權(quán)利的保留
An assignment is effective as between the assignor and assignee, and entitles the assignee to whatever the assignor receives from the debtor, even if it is ineffective against the debtor under Article 11:301 or 11:302.
即使根據(jù)第11：301條和第11：302條轉(zhuǎn)讓對于債務人無效，轉(zhuǎn)讓人和受讓人之間的轉(zhuǎn)讓仍然有效，且受讓人可以取得轉(zhuǎn)讓人自債務人處所接受的全部。
Article 11:204: Undertakings by Assignor第11：204條 轉(zhuǎn)讓人的保證
By assigning or purporting to assign a claim the assignor undertakes to the assignee that:
通過轉(zhuǎn)讓或者聲稱轉(zhuǎn)讓債權(quán)，轉(zhuǎn)讓人對受讓人保證：
(a) at the time when the assignment is to take effect the following conditions will be satisfied except as otherwise disclosed to the assignee:
除了向受讓人另有說明，轉(zhuǎn)讓生效時必須滿足以下情形，
(i) the assignor has the right to assign the claim; 轉(zhuǎn)讓人有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓債權(quán)；
(ii) the claim exists and the assignee's rights are not affected by any defences or rights (including any right of set-off) which the debtor might have against the assignor; and
債權(quán)存在，并且受讓人的權(quán)利不會被債務人可能對轉(zhuǎn)讓人行使的任何抗辯或者請求權(quán)（任何抵銷權(quán)）影響；以及
(iii) the claim is not subject to any prior assignment or right in security in favour of any other party or to any other incumbrance;
債權(quán)沒有任何在先的轉(zhuǎn)讓或者為其他任何人所做的擔�；蛘咂渌恼系K。
(b) the claim and any contract under which it arises will not be modified without the consent of the assignee unless the modification is provided for in the assignment agreement or is one which is made in good faith and is of a nature to which the assignee could not reasonably object; and
債權(quán)和任何根據(jù)債權(quán)產(chǎn)生的合同不會在未經(jīng)受讓人同意的情況下變更，除非在轉(zhuǎn)讓合同中規(guī)定了做出該修改，或者該修改是出于善意并且該修改的性質(zhì)是受讓人不會合理反對的；以及
(c) the assignor will transfer to the assignee all transferable rights intended to secure performance which are not accessory rights.
為了確保非附屬性的權(quán)利得以實現(xiàn)，轉(zhuǎn)讓人應將所有可轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)移給受讓人。
Section 3: Effects of Assignment As Between Assignee and Debtor
第三節(jié) 轉(zhuǎn)讓在受讓人和債務人之間的效力
Article 11:301: Contractual Prohibition of Assignment第11：301條 合同禁止轉(zhuǎn)讓
(1) An assignment which is prohibited by or is otherwise not in conformity with the contract under which the assigned claim arises is not effective against the debtor unless:
合同禁止轉(zhuǎn)讓或者轉(zhuǎn)讓與該合同的規(guī)定不一致的，轉(zhuǎn)讓對債務人無效，除非：
(a) the debtor has consented to it; or債務人同意；或者
(b) the assignee neither knew nor ought to have known of the non-conformity; or
受讓人不知道或者不應當知道這種不一致；或者
(c) the assignment is made under a contract for the assignment of future rights to payment of money.
轉(zhuǎn)讓是在轉(zhuǎn)讓將來金錢支付權(quán)利的合同中確定的。
(2) Nothing in the preceding paragraph affects the assignor's liability for the non-conformity.
前款的規(guī)定不影響轉(zhuǎn)讓人對與合同的不一致應負的責任。
Article 11:302: Other Ineffective Assignments第11：302條 其他無效轉(zhuǎn)讓
An assignment to which the debtor has not consented is ineffective against the debtor so far as it relates to a performance which the debtor, by reason of the nature of the performance or the relationship of the debtor and the assignor, could not reasonably be required to render to anyone except the assignor.
只要與轉(zhuǎn)讓有關(guān)的履行由于其性質(zhì)或者債務人和轉(zhuǎn)讓人之間的關(guān)系不能合理地要求債務人向除轉(zhuǎn)讓人之外的任何人來履行，債務人不同意轉(zhuǎn)讓的，轉(zhuǎn)讓對債務人無效。
Article 11:303: Effect on Debtor's Obligation第11：303條 對債務人債務的效力
(1) Subject to Articles 11:301, 11:302, 11:307 and 11:308, the debtor is bound to perform in favour of the assignee if and only if the debtor has received a notice in writing from the assignor or the assignee which reasonably identifies the claim which has been assigned and requires the debtor to give performance to the assignee.
根據(jù)第11：301條、第11：302條、第11：307條和第11：308條的規(guī)定，在且僅在債務人收到轉(zhuǎn)讓人的書面通知或者受讓人合理地證明債權(quán)已被轉(zhuǎn)讓并要求債務人對受讓人予以履行時，債務人才對受讓人進行履行。
(2) However, if such notice is given by the assignee, the debtor may within a reasonable time request the assignee to provide reliable evidence of the assignment, pending which the debtor may withhold performance.
然而，如果轉(zhuǎn)讓通知是受讓人提出的，債務人可以在合理時間內(nèi)要求受讓人提供轉(zhuǎn)讓的合理證據(jù)，在此之前債務人可以拒絕履行。
(3) Where the debtor has acquired knowledge of the assignment otherwise than by a notice conforming to paragraph (1), the debtor may either withhold performance from or give performance to the assignee.
債務人獲得了與第一款中通知不同的轉(zhuǎn)讓信息后，可以拒絕向受讓人履行或者向受讓人履行。
(4) Where the debtor gives performance to the assignor, the debtor is discharged if and only if the performance is given without knowledge of the assignment.
債務人向轉(zhuǎn)讓人履行的，在且僅在履行是不知轉(zhuǎn)讓的情況下作出時，債務人責任得以免除。
Article 11:304: Protection of Debtor第11：304條 對債務人的保護
A debtor who performs in favour of a person identified as assignee in a notice of assignment under Article 11:303 is discharged unless the debtor could not have been unaware that such person was not the person entitled to performance.
債務人根據(jù)第11：303條按照轉(zhuǎn)讓通知中確定的受讓人家一履行后，其債務得以免除，除非債務人不可能不知道該人是不具有領受履行資格的人。
Article 11:305: Competing Demands第11：305條 競爭性要求
A debtor who has received notice of two or more competing demands for performance may discharge liability by conforming to the law of the due place of performance, or, if the performances are due in different places, the law applicable to the claim.
債務人收到兩個或者多個關(guān)于履行沖突的要求時，通過依照適當履行地法律解除債務或者如果履行在不同的地點都是適當?shù)模ㄟ^遵照債權(quán)地法律解除債務。
Article 11:306: Place of Performance第11：306條 履行地點
(1) Where the assigned claim relates to an obligation to pay money at a particular place, the assignee may require payment at any place within the same country or, if that country is a Member State of the European Union, at any place within the European Union, but the assignor is liable to the debtor for any increased costs which the debtor incurs by reason of any change in the place of performance.
如果轉(zhuǎn)讓的債權(quán)是在某個特定地點支付金錢，受讓人可以要求在同一國家的任何地方作為履行地點或者，如果該國是歐盟成員國，可以要求在歐盟任何地方履行，但是轉(zhuǎn)讓人承擔因為改變履行地點而增加的任何費用。
(2) Where the assigned claim relates to a non-monetary obligation to be performed at a particular place, the assignee may not require performance at any other place.
如果轉(zhuǎn)讓的債權(quán)是關(guān)于在某個特定地點的非金錢債務，受讓人不得要求在其他地點為履行。
Article 11:307: Defences and Rights of Set-Off第11：307條 抗辯和抵銷的權(quán)利
(1) The debtor may set up against the assignee all substantive and procedural defences to the assigned claim which the debtor could have used against the assignor.
債務人可以就轉(zhuǎn)讓的債權(quán)向受讓人提出所有能夠?qū)罐D(zhuǎn)讓人的實體抗辯和程序抗辯。
(2) The debtor may also assert against the assignee all rights of set-off which would have been available against the assignor under Chapter 13 in respect of any claim against the assignor:
債務人可以向受讓人主張抵銷，如果該權(quán)利是根據(jù)第十三章債務人所享有的針對于轉(zhuǎn)讓人的權(quán)利：
(a) existing at the time when a notice of assignment, whether or not conforming to Article 11:303(1), reaches the debtor; or
在轉(zhuǎn)讓通知到達債務人時存在，無論該通知是否與第11：303條第一款相符；或
(b) closely connected with the assigned claim. 緊密地與受讓的債權(quán)相聯(lián)系。
Article 11:308: Unauthorised Modification not Binding on Assignee
第11：308條 未經(jīng)授權(quán)的修改不約束受讓人
A modification of the claim made by agreement between the assignor and the debtor, without the consent of the assignee, after a notice of assignment, whether or not conforming to Article 11:303(1), reaches the debtor does not affect the rights of the assignee against the debtor unless the modification is provided for in the assignment agreement or is one which is made in good faith and is of a nature to which the assignee could not reasonably object.
轉(zhuǎn)讓人和債務人之間通過協(xié)議對債權(quán)的修改，沒有受讓人的同意，無論該修改是否符合第11：303條第一款的規(guī)定，在轉(zhuǎn)讓通知到達債務人之后，不影響受讓人對債務人的權(quán)利，除非該修改在轉(zhuǎn)讓合同中有規(guī)定或者該修改是出于善意并且該修改的性質(zhì)是受讓人不能合理地加以反對的。
Section 4: Order of Priority between Assignee and Competing Claimants
第四節(jié) 受讓人和對抗性請求人之間的優(yōu)先權(quán)的順序
Article 11:401: Priorities第11：401條 優(yōu)先權(quán)
(1) Where there are successive assignments of the same claim, the assignee whose assignment is first notified to the debtor has priority over any earlier assignee if at the time of the later assignment the assignee under that assignment neither knew nor ought to have known of the earlier assignment.
如果同一個債權(quán)有連續(xù)的轉(zhuǎn)讓，如果在后的受讓人在受讓時不知道或者不應知道有在先的轉(zhuǎn)讓，就轉(zhuǎn)讓第一個對債務人進行通知的受讓人享有優(yōu)先于其他在先受讓人的權(quán)利。
(2) Subject to paragraph (1), the priority of successive assignments, whether of existing or future claims, is determined by the order in which they are made.
根據(jù)第一款，現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼膫鶛?quán)連續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)讓中的優(yōu)先權(quán)，由轉(zhuǎn)讓的順序決定。
(3) The assignee’s interest in the assigned claim has priority over the interest of a creditor of the assignor who attaches that claim, whether by judicial process or otherwise, after the time the assignment has taken effect under Article 11:202.
轉(zhuǎn)讓根據(jù)第11：202條生效之后，無論是通過司法程序或者其他程序，受讓人在受讓債權(quán)上的利益優(yōu)先于轉(zhuǎn)讓人之債權(quán)人對該債權(quán)的利益。
(4) In the event of the assignor's bankruptcy, the assignee's interest in the assigned claim has priority over the interest of the assignor's insolvency administrator and creditors, subject to any rules of the law applicable to the bankruptcy relating to:
在轉(zhuǎn)讓人破產(chǎn)時，根據(jù)以下與破產(chǎn)相關(guān)的法律，受讓人在受讓債權(quán)上的利益優(yōu)先于轉(zhuǎn)讓人破產(chǎn)管理人和破產(chǎn)債權(quán)人
(a) publicity required as a condition of such priority; 此種優(yōu)先權(quán)情形的公開
(b) the ranking of claims; or債權(quán)的等級；或者
(c) the avoidance or ineffectiveness of transactions in the bankruptcy proceedings.
破產(chǎn)程序中交易的撤銷或者無效
CHAPTER12 Substitution of New Debtor: Transfer of Contract
第十二章 新的相務人的替代：合同的技移
Section 1: Substitution of New Debtor第一節(jié) 新的債務人的替代
Article 12:101: Substitution: General rules第12：101條 替代：一般規(guī)則
(1) A third person may undertake with the agreement of the debtor and the creditor to be substituted as debtor, with the effect that the original debtor is discharged.
第三方可以根據(jù)債務人和債權(quán)人之間的協(xié)議替代成為債務人，原債務人之債務即被解除。
(2) A creditor may agree in advance to a future substitution. In such a case the substitution takes effect only when the creditor is given notice by the new debtor of the agreement between the new and the original debtor.
債權(quán)人可以事先同意將來的債務人的替代。在此種情形下，只有在新債務人將新舊債務人之間的協(xié)議通知債權(quán)人時該替代才生效。
Article 12:102: Effects of Substitution on Defences and Securities
第12：102條 關(guān)于抗辯和擔保的替代效力
(1) The new debtor cannot invoke against the creditor any rights or defences arising from the relationship between the new debtor and the original debtor.
新舊債務人之間的任何權(quán)利或者抗辯不得對抗債權(quán)人。
(2) The discharge of the original debtor also extends to any security of the original debtor given to the creditor for the performance of the obligation, unless the security is over an asset which is transferred to the new debtor as part of a transaction between the original and the new debtor.
原債務人債務的解除也及于原債務人對債務的履行提供給債權(quán)人的任何擔保，除非該擔保是作為原債務人和新債務人交易中的一部分所轉(zhuǎn)讓的財產(chǎn)。
(3) Upon discharge of the original debtor, a security granted by any person other than the new debtor for the performance of the obligation is released, unless that other person agrees that it should continue to be available to the creditor.
基于原債務人債務的解除，新債務人之外任何第三人為原債務的履行而提供的擔保也相應地解除，除非該第三人同意繼續(xù)擔保。
(4) The new debtor may invoke against the creditor all defences which the original debtor could have invoked against the creditor.
新債務人享有原債務人得對抗債權(quán)人的任何抗辯。
Section 2: Transfer of Contract第二節(jié) 合同的移轉(zhuǎn)
Article 12:201: Transfer of Contract第12：201條 合同的轉(zhuǎn)移
(1) A party to a contract may agree with a third person that that person is to be substituted as the contracting party. In such a case the substitution takes effect only where, as a result of the other party’s assent, the first party is discharged.
合同當事人一方可以同意第三方替代其成為合同當事人。在此種情形下，合同另一方當事人同意之后替代才生效，被替代的一方的合同責任即被解除。
(2) To the extent that the substitution of the third person as a contracting party involves a transfer of rights to performance ("claims"), the provisions of Chapter 11 apply; to the extent that obligations are transferred, the provisions of Section 1 of this Chapter apply.
在第三方成為合同當事人時，涉及債權(quán)移轉(zhuǎn)的，適用第十一章的規(guī)定；涉及債務移轉(zhuǎn)的，適用本章第一節(jié)的規(guī)定。
CHAPTER 13 Set-Off第十三章 抵銷
Article 13:101: Requirements for Set-Off第13：101條 抵銷的條件
If two parties owe each other obligations of the same kind, either party may set off that party’s right to performance ("claim") against the other party's claim, if and to the extent that, at the time of set-off, the first party:
如果雙方互負同種類的債務，任何一方可以用自己的債權(quán)抵銷對方的債權(quán)，在抵銷時，如果并在此范圍內(nèi)抵銷方：
(a) is entitled to effect performance; and有權(quán)實現(xiàn)自己的履行。
(b) may demand the other party's performance. 可以要求對方的履行。
Article 13:102: Unascertained Claims第13：102條 不確定的債權(quán)
(1) A debtor may not set off a claim which is unascertained as to its existence or value unless the set-off will not prejudice the interests of the other party.
除非抵銷不影響對方的利益，否則債務人不得抵銷存在不確定或者價值不確定的債權(quán)。
(2) Where the claims of both parties arise from the same legal relationship it is presumed that the other party's interests will not be prejudiced.
如果雙方的債權(quán)源自同一法律關(guān)系，推定抵銷不會影響對方的利益。
Article 13:103: Foreign Currency Set-Off第13：103條 外幣抵銷
Where parties owe each other money in different currencies, each party may set off that party’s claim against the other party's claim, unless the parties have agreed that the party declaring set-off is to pay exclusively in a specified currency.
如果雙方以不同貨幣互負金錢債務，每一方可以抵銷對方的債權(quán)，除非雙方已達成協(xié)議提出抵銷的一方必須以特定的貨幣履行其債務。
Article 13:104: Notice of Set-Off第13：104條 抵銷通知
he right of set-off is exercised by notice to the other party.
抵銷權(quán)以向?qū)Ψ桨l(fā)出通知的方式行使。
Article 13:105: Plurality of Claims and Obligations第13：105條 多個債權(quán)和債務
(1) Where the party giving notice of set-off has two or more claims against the other party, the notice is effective only if it identifies the claim to which it relates.
如果發(fā)出抵銷通知的一方對對方有兩個或者多個的債權(quán)，抵銷通知只對在通知中明確指明抵銷的某個債權(quán)生效。
(2) Where the party giving notice of set-off has to perform two or more obligations towards the other party, the rules in Article 7:109 apply with appropriate adaptations.
如果發(fā)出抵銷通知的一方要向?qū)Ψ铰男袃蓚�或者多個的債務，第7：109條經(jīng)過適當修改可以適用。
Article 13:106: Effect of Set-Off第13：106條 抵銷的效力
Set-off discharges the obligations, as far as they are coextensive, as from the time of notice.
如果債務范圍相同，自發(fā)出抵銷通知時，抵銷解除債務。
Article 13:107: Exclusion of Right of Set-Off第13：107條 抵銷權(quán)的排除
Set-off cannot be effected: 以下情形抵銷不能生效：
(a) where it is excluded by agreement; 協(xié)議排除抵銷；
(b) against a claim to the extent that that claim is not capable of attachment; and
被抵銷的權(quán)利無法產(chǎn)生；并且
(c) against a claim arising from a deliberate wrongful act.
被抵銷的權(quán)利是故意的不法行為的結(jié)果。
CHAPTER 14 Prescription第十四章 時效
Section 1: General Provision第一節(jié) 一般規(guī)定
Article 14:101: Claims subject to Prescription第14：101條 債權(quán)的時效
A right to performance of an obligation ("claim") is subject to prescription by the expiry of a period of time in accordance with these Principles.
請求履行債務的權(quán)利所遵從的時效是指根據(jù)本通則規(guī)定的某段時間的經(jīng)過。
Section 2: Periods of Prescription and their Commencement第二節(jié) 時效期間及其起算點
Article 14:201: General Period第14：201條 一般期間
The general period of prescription is three years. 時效的一般期間為三年。
Article 14:202: Period for a Claim Established by Legal Proceedings
第14：202條 法定程序規(guī)定的請求期間
(1) The period of prescription for a claim established by judgment is ten years.
由判決確定的債權(quán)，時效期間為十年。
(2) The same applies to a claim established by an arbitral award or other instrument which is enforceable as if it were a judgment.
仲裁裁決或者其他類似判決的有強制執(zhí)行力的法律文件規(guī)定的債權(quán)也適用十年規(guī)定。
Article 14:203: Commencement第14：203條 起算
(1) The general period of prescription begins to run from the time when the debtor has to effect performance or, in the case of a right to damages, from the time of the act which gives rise to the claim.
一般時效開始于債務人必須履行債務之時，或者，如果是在損害賠償?shù)恼埱笾�，從產(chǎn)生請求賠償?shù)男袨榘l(fā)生時起算。
(2) Where the debtor is under a continuing obligation to do or refrain from doing something, the general period of prescription begins to run with each breach of the obligation.
如果債務人有持續(xù)義務為或不為某事，一般的時效期間開始于每次對義務的違反。
(3) The period of prescription set out in Article 14:202 begins to run from the time when the judgment or arbitral award obtains the effect of res judicata, or the other instrument becomes enforceable, though not before the debtor has to effect performance.
第14：202條確定的訴訟期間開始于判決或者仲裁裁決取得既判案件結(jié)果之時，或者其他法律文件可執(zhí)行之時，但不早于債務人必須履行債務之時。
Section 3: Extension of Period第三節(jié) 期間的延長
Article 14:301: Suspension in Case of Ignorance第14：301條 因不知情而中止
The running of the period of prescription is suspended as long as the creditor does not know of, and could not reasonably know of:
只要債權(quán)人不知道或者不能合理地知道以下情況，時效中止：
(a) the identity of the debtor; or債務人的身份；或者
(b) the facts giving rise to the claim including, in the case of a right to damages, the type of damage.
產(chǎn)生請求權(quán)的事實，包括在產(chǎn)生損害賠償請求權(quán)的情況下?lián)p害的種類。
Article 14:302: Suspension in Case of Judicial and Other Proceedings
第14：302條 因司法或其他程序而中止
(1) The running of the period of prescription is suspended from the time when judicial proceedings on the claim are begun.
自關(guān)于該債權(quán)的司法程序開始起，時效期間的計算中止。
(2) Suspension lasts until a decision has been made which has the effect of res judicata, or until the case has been otherwise disposed of.
中止持續(xù)到判決生效或者用其他的方法結(jié)束案件。
(3) These provisions apply, with appropriate adaptations, to arbitration proceedings and to all other proceedings initiated with the aim of obtaining an instrument which is enforceable as if it were a judgment.
經(jīng)適當?shù)男薷模@些規(guī)則適用于仲裁程序和其他一切為了取得類似判決的有強制執(zhí)行力的法律文件而發(fā)動的其他程序。
Article 14:303: Suspension in Case of Impediment beyond Creditor's Control
第14：303條 因債權(quán)人的控制之外的障礙而中止
(1) The running of the period of prescription is suspended as long as the creditor is prevented from pursuing the claim by an impediment which is beyond the creditor’s control and which the creditor could not reasonably have been expected to avoid or overcome.
只要因債權(quán)人控制之外的障礙而阻止其主張債權(quán)的，且該障礙是債權(quán)人不能合理預見并不能避免或者克服的，時效期間的計算中止。
(2) Paragraph (1) applies only if the impediment arises, or subsists, within the last six months of the prescription period.
障礙的發(fā)生或存在是在時效期間的最后6個月內(nèi)，才適用前款。
Article 14:304: Postponement of Expiry in Case of Negotiations
第14：304條 因協(xié)商而推遲時效屆滿
If the parties negotiate about the claim, or about circumstances from which a claim might arise, the period of prescription does not expire before one year has passed since the last communication made in the negotiations.
如果雙方協(xié)商了債權(quán)或者債權(quán)可能產(chǎn)生的情形，在最后一次協(xié)商的一年之內(nèi)時效期間不屆滿。
Article 14:305: Postponement of Expiry in Case of Incapacity
第14：3O5條 因喪失行為能力而推遲到期時間
(1) If a person subject to an incapacity is without a representative, the period of prescription of a claim held by or against that person does not expire before one year has passed after either the incapacity has ended or a representative has been appointed.
如果喪失行為能力的人沒有代理人，該無行為能力人的債權(quán)或?qū)ζ湫惺箓鶛?quán)的時效期間在無行為能力狀態(tài)結(jié)束或者指定代理人之后的一年內(nèi)不屆滿。
(2) The period of prescription of claims between a person subject to an incapacity and that person’s representative does not expire before one year has passed after either the incapacity has ended or a new representative has been appointed.
在無行為能力人和其代理人之間的債權(quán)時效期間在無行為能力狀態(tài)結(jié)束或者指定代理人之后的一年內(nèi)時效不屆滿。
Article 14:306: Postponement of Expiry: Deceased’s Estate
第14：306條 時效期間屆滿的推遲：死者的不動產(chǎn)
Where the creditor or debtor has died, the period of prescription of a claim held by or against the deceased’s estate does not expire before one year has passed after the claim can be enforced by or against an heir, or by or against a representative of the estate.
如果債權(quán)人或者債務人死亡，該死者的不動產(chǎn)債權(quán)或者對其行使的不動產(chǎn)債權(quán)在債權(quán)能夠?qū)τ善淅^承人或者對其繼承人行使、由其代理人或者對其代理人行使的一年之內(nèi)，
訴訟時效期間不屆滿。
Article 14:307: Maximum Length of Period第14：307條 最長期間
The period of prescription cannot be extended, by suspension of its running or postponement of its expiry under these Principles, to more than ten years or, in case of claims for personal injuries, to more than thirty years. This does not apply to suspension under Article 14:302.
按本通則規(guī)定通過訴訟時效的終止或者推遲其屆滿時間而延長的訴訟時效不得超過十年；在人身傷害的案件中，不超過三十年。本條不適用于本通則第14：302條中規(guī)定的
時效中止。
Section 4: Renewal of Periods第四節(jié) 期限的重新計算
Article 14:401: Renewal by Acknowledgement 第14：401條 因承認而重新計算
(1) If the debtor acknowledges the claim, vis-à-vis the creditor, by part payment, payment of interest, giving of security, or in any other manner, a new period of prescription begins to run.
如果債務人對債權(quán)人，或債權(quán)人對債務人，通過部分支付、支付利息、提供擔�；蛘哂闷渌姆椒ǔ姓J債權(quán)，新的訴訟時效開始起算。
(2) The new period is the general period of prescription, regardless of whether the claim was originally subject to the general period of prescription or the ten year period under Article 14:202. In the latter case, however, this Article does not operate so as to shorten the ten year period.
不管這個債權(quán)原來是遵守一般的訴訟時效期間還是根據(jù)第14：202條十年的時效規(guī)定，新的期間為一般訴訟時效。然而，在后一種情況，為縮短十年的期間，本條不生效。
Article 14:402: Renewal by Attempted Execution第14：402條 因試圖執(zhí)行而重新計算
The ten year period of prescription laid down in Article 14:202 begins to run again with each reasonable attempt at execution undertaken by the creditor.
第14：202條 規(guī)定的十年時效因債權(quán)人每一次采取合理的執(zhí)行措施而開始重新計算。
Section 5: Effects of Prescription第五節(jié) 訴訟時效的效力
Article 14:501: General Effect第14：501條 一般效力
(1) After expiry of the period of prescription the debtor is entitled to refuse performance.
在訴訟時效期間屆滿后，債務人有權(quán)拒絕履行。
(2) Whatever has been performed in order to discharge a claim may not be reclaimed merely because the period of prescription had expired.
任何為了解除債務而為的履行不得因為超過訴訟時效而要求返還。
Article 14:502: Effect on Ancillary Claims第14：502條 附屬債權(quán)的效力
The period of prescription for a right to payment of interest, and other claims of an ancillary nature, expires not later than the period for the principal claim.
請求支付利息和其他有附屬性質(zhì)的債權(quán)的訴訟時效不晚于主債權(quán)的時效。
Article 14:503: Effect on Set-Off第14：503條 抵銷的效力
A claim in relation to which the period of prescription has expired may nonetheless be set off, unless the debtor has invoked prescription previously or does so within two months of notification of set-off.
但是，已經(jīng)經(jīng)過訴訟時效的債權(quán)可以被抵銷，除非債務人在先前已提出訴訟時效作為抗辯，或者在收到抵銷通知的兩個月內(nèi)進行抗辯。
Section 6: Modification by Agreement第六節(jié) 通過協(xié)議修改
Article 14:601: Agreements Concerning Prescription
第14：601條 關(guān)于訴訟時效的協(xié)議
(1) The requirements for prescription may be modified by agreement between the parties, in particular by either shortening or lengthening the periods of prescription.
訴訟時效的規(guī)定可以通過雙方的協(xié)議加以變更，特別是縮短或者延長訴訟時效期間。
(2) The period of prescription may not, however, be reduced to less than one year or extended to more than thirty years after the time of commencement set out in Article 14:203.
但是訴訟時效在第14：203條規(guī)定開始起算之后不能減少至少于一年或是增加至超過三十年。
CHAPTER 15 Illegality第十五章 違法行為
Article 15:101: Contracts Contrary to Fundamental Principles
第15：101條 違反基本原則的合同
A contract is of no effect to the extent that it is contrary to principles recognised as fundamental in the laws of the Member States of the European Union.
違反歐盟成員國法律基本原則的合同無效。
Article 15:102: Contracts Infringing Mandatory Rules第15：102條 違反強制性規(guī)則的合同
(1) Where a contract infringes a mandatory rule of law applicable under Article 1:103 of these Principles, the effects of that infringement upon the contract are the effects, if any, expressly prescribed by that mandatory rule.
如果合同違反了第1：103條下適用法律的強制性規(guī)則，合同違反該項法律的后果就是該法明確規(guī)定的法律后果。
(2) Where the mandatory rule does not expressly prescribe the effects of an infringement upon a contract, the contract may be declared to have full effect, to have some effect, to have no effect, or to be subject to modification.
如果強制性規(guī)則沒有明確地指出違反法律的合同的效力，合同可能被認為有完整的效力、有部分效力、無效、或者要求對合同進行修改。
(3) A decision reached under paragraph (2) must be an appropriate and proportional response to the infringement, having regard to all relevant circumstances, including:
前款的決定必須是考慮所有的相關(guān)情況后針對違法行為作出的適當?shù)摹⒎媳壤臎Q定，相關(guān)情況包括：
(a) the purpose of the rule which has been infringed; 被違反的規(guī)則的目的
(b) the category of persons for whose protection the rule exists;該規(guī)則保護的人的范疇
(c) any sanction that may be imposed under the rule infringed;
被違反的規(guī)則可能施加的任何懲罰
(d) the seriousness of the infringement; 違法程度的嚴重性
(e) whether the infringement was intentional; and違法是否是故意；以及
(f) the closeness of the relationship between the infringement and the contract.
違法和合同之間關(guān)系的緊密程度
Article 15:103: Partial Ineffectiveness第15：103條 部分無效
(1) If only part of a contract is rendered ineffective under Articles 15:101 or 15:102, the remaining part continues in effect unless, giving due consideration to all the circumstances of the case, it is unreasonable to uphold it.
如果根據(jù)第15：101和第15：102條合同只是部分無效，則合同其余部分依然有效，除非對該案件的所有情況予以適當?shù)目紤]認為維持合同是不合理的。
(2) Articles 15:104 and 15:105 apply, with appropriate adaptations, to a case of partial ineffectiveness.
經(jīng)過適當?shù)男薷�，�?5：104條和第15：105條適用于合同的部分無效。
Article 15:104: Restitution第15：104條 返還原物
(1) When a contract is rendered ineffective under Articles 15:101 or 15:102, either party may claim restitution of whatever that party has supplied under the contract, provided that, where appropriate, concurrent restitution is made of whatever has been received.
根據(jù)第15：101條或15：102條而無效的合同，已經(jīng)根據(jù)合同作出給付的一方可以要求返還原物，只要其已經(jīng)相應地返還自己之所得。
(2) When considering whether to grant restitution under paragraph (1), and what concurrent restitution, if any, would be appropriate, regard must be had to the factors referred to in Article 15:102(3).
在考慮是否允許前款之返還，以及如果有返還應如何返還才合理時，必須考慮第15：102條第三款列明的情形。
(3) An award of restitution may be refused to a party who knew or ought to have known of the reason for the ineffectiveness.
對于知道或者應當知道無效原因的當事人可以拒絕其要求對方返還的請求。
(4) If restitution cannot be made in kind for any reason, a reasonable sum must be paid for what has been received.
如果因為任何原因不能返還原物，必須對收取之物支付合理的價款。
Article 15:105: Damages第15：105條 損害賠償
(1) A party to a contract which is rendered ineffective under Articles 15:101 or 15:102 may recover from the other party damages putting the first party as nearly as possible into the same position as if the contract had not been concluded, provided that the other party knew or ought to have known of the reason for the ineffectiveness.
根據(jù)第15：101條或15：102條而被認定為無效的合同，假如對方知道或者應當知道無效的原因，則一方可獲得使自己恢復到合同沒有締結(jié)時狀態(tài)所受到的損害賠償。
(2) When considering whether to award damages under paragraph (1), regard must be had to the factors referred to in Article 15:102(3).
在考慮是否允許前款之賠償時，必須考慮第15：102條第三款規(guī)定的情形。
(3) An award of damages may be refused where the first party knew or ought to have known of the reason for the ineffectiveness.
在要求損害賠償方知道或者應當知道無效的原因時，對方可以拒絕賠償。
CHAPTER 16 Conditions第十六章 附條件之債
Article 16:101: Types of Condition 第16：101條 條件的類型
A contractual obligation may be made conditional upon the occurrence of an uncertain future event, so that the obligation takes effect only if the event occurs (suspensive condition) or comes to an end if the event occurs (resolutive condition).
合同義務可以取決于將來不確定事件的發(fā)生，故只有在事件發(fā)生時債務產(chǎn)生或者如果該事件發(fā)生債務消滅。
Article 16:102: Interference with Conditions第16：102條 對條件的干涉
(1) If fulfilment of a condition is prevented by a party, contrary to duties of good faith and fair dealing or co-operation, and if fulfilment would have operated to that party's disadvantage, the condition is deemed to be fulfilled.
如果一方違反誠實信用、公平交易或合作的原則阻礙條件的成就，并且若該條件成就即對該方不利，則視條件已經(jīng)成就。
(2) If fulfilment of a condition is brought about by a party, contrary to duties of good faith and fair dealing or co-operation, and if fulfilment operates to that party's advantage, the condition is deemed not to be fulfilled.
如果一方違反誠實信用、公平交易或合作的原則促成條件的成就，并且若該條件成就即對該方有利，則視條件不成就。
Article 16:103: Effect of Conditions第16：103條 附條件的效力
(1) Upon fulfilment of a suspensive condition, the relevant obligation takes effect unless the parties otherwise agree.
延緩條件成就，相關(guān)的債務生效，除非雙方另有約定。
(2) Upon fulfilment of a resolutive condition, the relevant obligation comes to an end unless the parties otherwise agree.
解除條件成就，相關(guān)的債務終止，除非雙方另有約定。
CHAPTER 17 Capitalisation of Interest第十七章 利息本金化
Article 17:101: When Interest to be Added to Capital第17：101條 利息應記入本金
(1) Interest payable according to Article 9:508(1) is added to the outstanding capital every 12 months.
按照第第9：508條第一款應支付的利息每十二個月應記入未付清的本金之中。
(2) Paragraph (1) of this Article does not apply if the parties have provided for interest upon delay in payment.
如果雙方就支付遲延利息有約定，前款不適用。
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