THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW
completed and revised version 1998
European Union Commission on Contract Law
 
歐洲合同法通則

 

第一章至第九章由韓世遠(yuǎn)翻譯；第十章至第十七章由劉生亮翻譯

 

      歐洲合同法通則簡介

 
歐洲合同法通則由三部分組成。第一部分主要規(guī)定了履行的種類、不履行、不履行時(shí)救濟(jì)手段以及一系列一般問題(如適用、任意法特點(diǎn)、概念規(guī)定及交易過程中的一般行為義務(wù)等)。該通則第一部分的起草工作始于1982年并持續(xù)到1995年，歐洲合同法委員會(huì)在此期間召開12次會(huì)議磋商該部分內(nèi)容并最終確定了總計(jì)59條的內(nèi)容。該通則的第二部分起草工作始于1992年并持續(xù)至1995年，委員會(huì)就此共召開9次會(huì)議討論該部分內(nèi)容。第二部分共計(jì)73條，涉及到如下內(nèi)容：合同的訂立、代理權(quán)限、合同的生效(包括意思表示瑕疵，但不包括違反強(qiáng)行法和違反善良風(fēng)俗的規(guī)定)、合同的解釋以及合同的內(nèi)容和效力。第三部分與第二部分不同的是，第三部分至始并沒有與業(yè)已出版的前兩部分統(tǒng)一出版，而是單獨(dú)刊行。
該通則的三個(gè)部分全部由上面已經(jīng)提到的歐洲合同法通則委員會(huì)起草，該委員會(huì)基于個(gè)人的動(dòng)議而成立，其成員由來自歐共體所有成員國的學(xué)者組成。
該通則受到美國法重述的啟示：每一卷都包括委員會(huì)一致同意的條款內(nèi)容，此外，還包括案例適用在內(nèi)的條款評(píng)注(comment)以及比較法上的法律批注(note)，該批注主要涉及到歐盟成員國的國內(nèi)相關(guān)規(guī)定，當(dāng)然這也兼顧了國際條約、尤其是聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(ＣＩＳＧ)。3個(gè)委員會(huì)的工作語言基本上全部是英文，其余為法文。歐洲合同法通則并不僅僅在外表上接近美國法重述，該通則在更大程度上旨在法律統(tǒng)一，從民族國家的法律角度出發(fā)，前者比后者更追求法律改革和推動(dòng)法律發(fā)展。因此，較之于美國法重述的立法者，歐洲合同法通則的起草者面臨一個(gè)更具創(chuàng)造性的任務(wù)，因?yàn)榍罢邇H賦予其工作一個(gè)宣示性、確定美國共同私法的功能。當(dāng)然，委員會(huì)一如既往努力探求歐盟所有成員國合同法的共同核心(common core)以及探求反映當(dāng)代超國家的法律發(fā)展軌跡。依據(jù)起草者的目的，該通則在歐洲的任何地方都可適用該通則，從而可供成員國法學(xué)研究和判例使用。
 
 

CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS第一章  一般規(guī)定

 

Section 1 - Scope of the Principles第一節(jié)  本原則的適用范圍

rticle 1.101- Application of the Principles第1:101條：本原則的適用
(1) These Principles are intended to be applied as general rules of contract law in the European Communities.
本原則擬作為合同法的一般規(guī)則在歐洲共同體適用。
 
(2) These Principles will apply when the parties have agreed to incorporate them into their contract or that their contract is to be governed by them.
如果當(dāng)事人已約定將本原則訂入其合同或者其合同受本原則的規(guī)制，本原則即予適用。
 
(3) These Principles may be applied when the parties: (a) have agreed that their contract is to be governed by ‘general principles of law’, the ‘lex mercatoria’ or the like; or (b) have not chosen any system or rules of law to govern their contract.
當(dāng)事人于符合下列條件時(shí)，可適用本原則：1.約定其合同受“法的一般原則”、“商人法”或類似者之規(guī)制時(shí)；或者2.沒有選擇任何法律制度或者法律規(guī)則規(guī)制其合同。
 
(4) These Principles may provide a solution to the issue raised where the system or rules of law applicable do not do so.
當(dāng)可得適用的法律制度或法律規(guī)則對(duì)所產(chǎn)生的問題未提供解決方案時(shí)，本原則得作為一種解決方案。
 
Article 1.102 - Freedom of contract第1:102條：合同自由
(1) Parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its contents, subject to the requirements of good faith and fair dealing, and the mandatory rules established by these Principles.
當(dāng)事人可以自由締結(jié)合同并決定其內(nèi)容，但要符合誠實(shí)信用和公平交易，以及由本原則確立的強(qiáng)制性規(guī)則。
 
(2) The parties may exclude the application of any of the Principles or derogate from or vary their effects, except as otherwise provided by these Principles.
當(dāng)事人可以排除本原則的適用或者背離或變更其效力，除非本原則另有規(guī)定。
 
Article 1.103 - Mandatory Law第1:103條：強(qiáng)行法
(1) Where the otherwise applicable law so allows, the parties may choose to have their contract governed by the Principles, with the effect that national mandatory rules are not applicable.
在其他可得適用的法律亦允許之場(chǎng)合，當(dāng)事人可以選擇使其合同受本原則的規(guī)制，以使國內(nèi)的強(qiáng)制性規(guī)則不能適用。
 
(2) Effect should nevertheless be given to those mandatory rules of national, supranational and international law which, according to the relevant rules of private international law, are applicable irrespective of the law governing the contract.
依據(jù)有關(guān)國際私法規(guī)則，如國內(nèi)的、超國家的以及國際的強(qiáng)制性規(guī)則能夠適用時(shí)，則應(yīng)賦予這些強(qiáng)制性規(guī)則以效力，而不管規(guī)制該合同的法律。
 
Article 1.104 - Application to questions of consent第1:104條：對(duì)同意之問題的適用
(1) The existence and validity of the agreement of the parties to adopt or incorporate these Principles shall be determined by these Principles.
當(dāng)事人對(duì)適用本原則的合意，其存在及生效應(yīng)依本原則加以確定。
 
(2) Nevertheless, a party may rely upon the law of the country in which it has its habitual residence to establish that it did not consent if it appears from the circumstances that it would not be reasonable to determine the effect of its conduct in accordance with these Principles.
然一方當(dāng)事人可以依據(jù)它的慣常居所所在國的法律來證明它不同意，只要情況表明依據(jù)本原則確定它的行為的效力將是不合理的。
 
Article 1.105 - Usages and Practices第1:105條：慣例與習(xí)慣做法
(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practice they have established between themselves.
當(dāng)事人受它們同意的慣例以及它們之間確立的習(xí)慣做法的拘束。
 
(2) The parties are bound by a usage which would be considered generally applicable by persons in the same situation as the parties, except where the application of such usage would be unreasonable.
與當(dāng)事人處于同樣情形下的其他人通常會(huì)認(rèn)為可得適用的慣例，當(dāng)事人受其拘束，除非適用該慣例是不合理的。
 
Article 1.106 - Interpretation and Supplementation第1:106條：解釋與補(bǔ)充
(1) These Principles should be interpreted and developed in accordance with their purposes. In particular, regard should be had to the need to promote good faith and fair dealing, certainty in contractual relationships and uniformity of application.
本原則應(yīng)本其目的予以解釋和發(fā)展，特別是，應(yīng)注意有必要促進(jìn)誠實(shí)信用和公平交易、合同關(guān)系的確定性和適用的統(tǒng)一性。
 
(2) Issues within the scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are so far as possible to be settled in accordance with the ideas underlying the Principles. Failing this, the legal system applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law is to be applied.
對(duì)屬于本原則范圍之內(nèi)但又未為本原則明確解決的問題，應(yīng)盡可能地依照本原則所隱含的精神予以解決。如仍不能解決，則應(yīng)適用依國際私法規(guī)則可以適用的法律制度。
 
Article 1.107 - Application of the Principles by Way of Analogy第1:107條：本原則的類推適用
These Principles apply with appropriate modifications to agreements to modify or end a contract, to unilateral promises and other statements and conduct indicating intention.
本原則經(jīng)適當(dāng)修正適用于變更或解除合同的協(xié)議、單方允諾和其他的表意陳述和行為。
 

Section 2 - General Obligations第二節(jié)  一般義務(wù)

Article 1.201 - Good Faith and Fair Dealing第1:201條：誠實(shí)信用和公平交易
(1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing.
各方當(dāng)事人均須依誠實(shí)信用和公平交易而行為。
 
(2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty.當(dāng)事人不得排除或限制此項(xiàng)義務(wù)。
Article 1.202- Duty to Co-operate第1:202條：協(xié)助義務(wù)
    Each party owes to the other a duty to co-operate in order to give full effect to the contract.
為了充分落實(shí)合同，各方當(dāng)事人均向?qū)Ψ截?fù)有協(xié)助的義務(wù)。
 

Section 3 - Terminology and Other Provisions第三節(jié)  術(shù)語與其他規(guī)定

 
Article 1.301 - Meaning of Terms第1:301條：用語的含義
In these Principles, except where the context otherwise requires:
在本原則中，除非上下文要求具有其他的含義：
 
(1) 'act' includes omission;“行為”包括不作為；
(2) 'court' includes arbitral tribunal; “法院”包括仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)；
(3) an 'intentional' act includes an act done recklessly;
“故意的”行為包括重大過失的行為；
 
(4) 'non-performance' denotes any failure to perform an obligation under the contract, whether or not excused, and includes delayed performance, defective performance and failure to co-operate in order to give full effect to the contract.
“不履行”意指任何沒有履行合同債務(wù)的行為，無論是否被諒解，并可包括遲延履行、瑕疵履行和沒有協(xié)助以使合同得到充分的落實(shí)。
 
(5) A matter is 'material' if it is one which a reasonable person in the same situation as one party ought to have known would influence the other party in its decision whether to contract on the proposed terms or to contract at all.
一件事情，如果是處在當(dāng)事人位置的通情達(dá)理之人本應(yīng)知道它將會(huì)影響對(duì)方當(dāng)事人決定是否依被提議的條款締約或者是否締約的，則為“重大的”。
 
(6) 'Written' statements include communications made by telegram, telex, telefax and electronic mail and other means of communication capable of providing a readable record of the statement on both sides
“書面”表述包括以電報(bào)、電傳、傳真以及其他通訊方式作出的能夠?qū)﹄p方的表述提供可讀性記錄的通知。
 
Article 1.302 - Reasonableness第1:302條：合理性
Under these Principles reasonableness is to be judged by what persons acting in good faith and in the same situation as the parties would consider to be reasonable. In particular, in assessing what is reasonable the nature and purpose of the contract, the circumstances of the case, and the usages and practices of the trades or professions involved should be taken into account.
依據(jù)本原則，合理性是指由善意行為并與當(dāng)事人處于相同的狀況下之人加以判斷所會(huì)認(rèn)為是合理的情況；在權(quán)衡何謂合理者時(shí)，應(yīng)特別考慮合同的性質(zhì)與目的、案件的情況以及所涉交易或行業(yè)的慣例和習(xí)慣做法。
 
Article 1.303- Notice第1:303條：通知
(1) Any notice may be given by any means, whether in writing or otherwise, appropriate to the circumstances.
通知得以任何與具體情況相適合的方式作出，不論是書面的或其他的方式。
 
(2) Subject to paragraphs (4) and (5), any notice becomes effective when it reaches the addressee.
在符合第四款和五款的前提下，通知自到達(dá)于受通知人時(shí)起生效。
 
(3) A notice reaches the addressee when it is delivered to it or to its place of business or mailing address, or, if it does not have a place of business or mailing address, to its habitual residence.
通知被送交到受通知人或其營業(yè)場(chǎng)所或通訊地址，如若其沒有營業(yè)場(chǎng)所或通訊地址，送交到其慣常居所時(shí)，為到達(dá)受通知人。
 
(4) If one party gives notice to the other because of the other's non-performance or because such non-performance is reasonably anticipated by the first party, and the notice is properly dispatched or given, a delay or inaccuracy in the transmission of the notice or its failure to arrive does not prevent it from having effect. The notice shall have effect from the time at which it would have arrived in normal circumstances.
一方當(dāng)事人向另一方當(dāng)事人發(fā)出通知，因?yàn)榱硪环降牟宦男谢蛘咭驗(yàn)榇瞬宦男幸驯磺胺疆?dāng)事人合理地預(yù)見到，而且該通知是恰當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)出或作出的，則該通知在傳送過程中的遲延或不準(zhǔn)確或沒有到達(dá)并不妨礙它的生效。通知應(yīng)從它在通常情況下本應(yīng)到達(dá)的時(shí)間起生效。
 
(5) A notice has no effect if a withdrawal of it reaches the addressee before or at the same time as the notice.
如果對(duì)通知的撤回是在該通知之前或同時(shí)到達(dá)受通知人，通知不生效力。
 
(6) In this Article, 'notice' includes the communication of a promise, statement, offer, acceptance, demand, request or other declaration.
在本條中，“通知”包括允諾、表述、要約、承諾、要求、請(qǐng)求或其他的聲明。
 
Article 1.304 - Computation of Time第1:304條：時(shí)間的計(jì)算
(1) A period of time set by a party in a written document for the addressee to reply or take other action begins to run from the date stated as the date of the document. If no date is shown, the period begins to run from the moment the document reaches the addressee.
一方當(dāng)事人在書面的文件中規(guī)定的由受領(lǐng)人答復(fù)或作出其他行為的期間由該文件載明之日起算；如果沒有載明日期，則該期間從該文件到達(dá)受領(lǐng)人時(shí)起算。
 
(2) Official holidays and official non-working days occurring during the period are included in calculating the period. However, if the last day of the period is an official holiday or official non-working day at the address of the addressee, or at the place where a prescribed act is to be performed, the period is extended until the first following working day in that place.
在計(jì)算期間時(shí)，在該期間內(nèi)發(fā)生的正式節(jié)假日或正式非工作日亦包括在內(nèi)。但若該期間的最后一天在受領(lǐng)人所在地或在所要求的行為的履行地為正式節(jié)假日或正式非工作日，該期間順延至此后該地的第一個(gè)工作日。
 
(3) Periods of time expressed in days, weeks, months or years shall begin at 00.00 on the next day and shall end at 24.00 on the last day of the period; but any reply that has to reach the party who set the period must arrive, or other act which is to be done must be completed, by the normal close of business in the relevant place on the last day of the period.
以日、星期、月或年表示的時(shí)間期限應(yīng)自該期間第二天的零時(shí)開始至該期間最后一天的二十四時(shí)終止；但向規(guī)定該期間的一方當(dāng)事人所作任何答復(fù)的到達(dá)，或者所要作出的其他行為的完成，必須在該期間最后一天在相關(guān)地點(diǎn)的正常營業(yè)停止之前。
 
Article 1.305 - Imputed Knowledge and Intention第1:305條：被歸咎的知曉與故意
If any person who with a party's assent was involved in making a contract, or who was entrusted with performance by a party or performed with its assent: (a) knew or foresaw a fact, or ought to have known or foreseen it; or (b) acted intentionally or with gross negligence, or not in accordance with good faith and fair dealing, this knowledge, foresight or behaviour is imputed to the party itself.
如果某人在締約一方當(dāng)事人同意的情況下參與了合同的締結(jié)，或者被締約一方當(dāng)事人委托履行或者在其同意的情況下履行了合同，該人：1.知道或預(yù)見到了某事實(shí)，或應(yīng)當(dāng)知道或預(yù)見到該事實(shí)；或者，2.故意地或具有重大過失地或者不符合誠實(shí)信用和公平交易地行為，這些知曉、預(yù)見或行為歸咎于該方當(dāng)事人本人。
 

CHAPTER 2 - FORMATION第二章  合同的成立
Section 1 - General Provisions第一節(jié)  一般規(guī)定

 
Article 2.101 - Conditions for the Conclusion of a Contract第2:101條：合同成立的條件
(1) A contract is concluded if: (a) the parties intend to be legally bound, and (b) they reach a sufficient agreement，without any further requirement.
合同符合下列條件即成立而無須其他要件：1.當(dāng)事人意欲在法律上受有拘束，以及2.它們形成了充分的合意。
 
(2) A contract need not be concluded or evidenced in writing nor is it subject to any other requirement as to form. The contract may be proved by any means, including witnesses.
合同無須最終形成書面的形式，或以書面的形式證明，或是符合其他的形式要件。合同可采用任何方式加以證明，包括證人。
 
Article 2.102 - Intention第2:102條：意思
The intention of a party to be legally bound by contract is to be determined from the party's statements or conduct as they were reasonably understood by the other party.
一方當(dāng)事人欲在法律上受有拘束的意思要依被對(duì)方當(dāng)事人合理地理解的該方當(dāng)事人的表述或行為加以決定。
 
Article 2.103 - Sufficient Agreement第2:103條：充分的合意
(1) There is sufficient agreement if the terms: (a) have been sufficiently defined by the parties so that the contract can be enforced, or (b) can be determined under these Principles.
如果條款：1.已被當(dāng)事人充分地界定進(jìn)而使合同能夠被強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行，或者，2.能夠依本原則加以確定，即為存有充分的合意。
 
(2) However, if one of the parties refuses to conclude a contract unless the parties have agreed on some specific matter, there is no contract unless agreement on that matter has been reached.
但如果一方當(dāng)事人拒絕達(dá)成合同，除非當(dāng)事人在某種特定的事情上形成合意，則不存在任何合同，除非對(duì)上述事情的合意已經(jīng)形成。
 
Article 2.104 - Terms not individually negotiated第2:104條：未經(jīng)個(gè)別商議的條款
(1) Contract terms which have not been individually negotiated may be invoked against a party who did not know of them only if the party invoking them took reasonable steps to bring them to the other party's attention before or when the contract was concluded.
未經(jīng)個(gè)別商議的合同條款，只有當(dāng)使用此類條款的一方當(dāng)事人在合同達(dá)成之前或在達(dá)成合同之時(shí)已采取了合理的步驟提醒了對(duì)方當(dāng)事人的注意，始得被用來對(duì)抗不知存有此類條款的一方當(dāng)事人。
 
(2) Terms are not brought appropriately to a party's attention by a mere reference to them in a contract document, even if that party signs the document.
在一份合同文本中僅僅提及參照此類條款，該條款并非合理地提醒了對(duì)方的注意，即使對(duì)方簽署了該文本。
 
Article 2.105 - Merger Clause第2:105條：合并條款
(1) If a written contract contains an individually negotiated clause stating that the writing embodies all the terms of the contract (a merger clause), any prior statements, undertakings or agreements which are not embodied in the writing do not form part of the contract.
如果書面合同包含有一個(gè)經(jīng)過個(gè)別商議的條款，聲稱書面合同體現(xiàn)了全部的合同條款（合并條款），則任何未從文字中反映出來的事先的陳述、保證或合意并不構(gòu)成合同的組成部分。
 
 (2) If the merger clause is not individually negotiated it will only establish a presumption that the parties intended that their prior statements, undertakings or agreements were not to form part of the contract. This rule may not be excluded or restricted.
如果合并條款未經(jīng)個(gè)別商議，這只能確立如下假定：當(dāng)事人并非想讓它們事先的陳述、保證或合意構(gòu)成合同的組成部分。此項(xiàng)規(guī)則不得被排除或限制。
 
 (3) The parties' prior statements may be used to interpret the contract. This rule may not be excluded or restricted except by an individually negotiated clause.
當(dāng)事人事先的陳述可用以解釋合同。除非采用個(gè)別商議條款的形式，此項(xiàng)規(guī)則不得被排除或限制。
 
 (4) A party may by its statements or conduct be precluded from asserting a merger clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably relied on them.
一方當(dāng)事人可因其陳述或行為而被阻卻主張此種條款，只要對(duì)方當(dāng)事人業(yè)已合理地信賴了它們。
 
Article 2.106 - Written Modification only第2:106條：只許書面變更
(1) A clause in a written contract requiring any modification or ending by agreement to be made in writing establishes only a presumption that an agreement to modify or end the contract is not intended to be legally binding unless it is in writing.
書面合同中如有條款規(guī)定協(xié)議變更或者終止須采取書面形式的，只是假定變更或者終止合同的協(xié)議若非采取書面形式便不具有法律拘束力。
 
(2) A party may by its statements or conduct be precluded from asserting such a clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably relied on them.
如果一方當(dāng)事人的陳述或者行為已被對(duì)方當(dāng)事人合理地信賴了，則該方當(dāng)事人不得主張適用前款規(guī)定。
 
Article 2.107 - Promises binding without acceptance第2:107條：無須接受即具有拘束力的允諾
A promise which is intended to be legally binding without acceptance is binding.
一項(xiàng)意欲無須接受即具有拘束力的允諾是有拘束力的。
 

Section 2 - Offer and Acceptance第二節(jié)  要約與承諾

 
Article 2.201 - Offer第2:201條：要約
(1) A proposal amounts to an offer if: (a) it is intended to result in a contract if the other party accepts it, and (b) it contains sufficiently definite terms to form a contract.
一項(xiàng)建議一旦符合下列要件即構(gòu)成要約：1.它意欲在對(duì)方承諾后即形成合同，并且  2.它含有相當(dāng)確定的條款以形成合同。
 
(2) An offer may be made to one or more specific persons or to the public.
要約可以向一個(gè)或者多個(gè)特定的人或者向公眾作出。
 
(3) A proposal to supply goods or services at stated prices made by a professional supplier in a public advertisement or a catalogue, or by a display of goods, is presumed to be an offer to sell or supply at that price until the stock of goods, or the supplier's capacity to supply the service, is exhausted.
一項(xiàng)由職業(yè)性供應(yīng)人以公開的廣告或價(jià)目表或者以商品展示的方式作出的以特定價(jià)格供應(yīng)商品或服務(wù)的建議，被推定為是按此價(jià)格出售商品或提供服務(wù)的要約，直至庫存商品售罄或者供應(yīng)人提供此項(xiàng)服務(wù)的能力告盡。
 

Article 2.202 - Revocation of an Offer第2:202條：要約的撤銷

(1) An offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched its acceptance or, in cases of acceptance by conduct, before the contract has been concluded under Article 2.205(2) or (3).
要約可得撤銷，只要撤銷通知在受要約人發(fā)出其承諾之前或者，在以行為表示承諾之場(chǎng)合，在依第2:205條第二款或第三款形成合同之前到達(dá)受要約人。
 
(2) An offer made to the public can be revoked by the same means as were used to make the offer.
向公眾發(fā)出的要約可以用與發(fā)出該要約時(shí)采用的相同的方式撤銷。
 
(3) However, a revocation of an offer is ineffective if: (a) the offer indicates that it is irrevocable; or (b) it states a fixed time for its acceptance; or (c) it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.
但如存有下列情況，對(duì)要約的撤銷是無效的：1.要約已表明它是不可撤銷的；或2.要約已確定了承諾的時(shí)間；或3.受要約人合理地信賴該要約為不可撤銷的并已基于對(duì)要約的信賴作出了行為。
 
Article 2.203 - Lapse of an Offer第2:203條：要約的失效
When a rejection of an offer reaches the offeror, the offer lapses.
要約于拒絕通知到達(dá)要約人時(shí)失效。
 
Article 2.204 - Acceptance第2:204條：承諾
(1) Any form of statement or conduct by the offeree is an acceptance if it indicates assent to the offer.
受要約人作出的任何形式的陳述或行為，一旦它表明了對(duì)要約的同意，即為承諾。
 
(2) Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.沉默或不作為本身并不構(gòu)成承諾。
Article 2.205 - Time of Conclusion of the Contract第2:205條：合同成立的時(shí)間
(1) If an acceptance has been dispatched by the offeree，the contract is concluded when the acceptance reaches the offeror.
一旦承諾已由受要約人發(fā)出，合同自該項(xiàng)聲明到達(dá)要約人時(shí)成立。
 
(2) In case of acceptance by conduct, the contract is concluded when notice of the conduct reaches the offeror.
在以行為表示承諾之場(chǎng)合，合同自有關(guān)該行為的通知到達(dá)要約人時(shí)成立。
 
(3) If by virtue of the offer, of practices which the parties have established between themselves, or of a usage, the offeree may accept the offer by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the contract is concluded when the performance of the act begins.
如果根據(jù)要約、當(dāng)事人之間業(yè)已確立的習(xí)慣做法或者慣例，受要約人可以履行某種行為來對(duì)要約作出承諾而無須通知要約人，合同自開始履行該行為時(shí)成立。
 
Article 2.206 - Time Limit for Acceptance第2:206條：承諾的期限
(1) In order to be effective, acceptance of an offer must reach the offeror within the time fixed by it.
對(duì)要約所為的承諾如欲有效，須于要約人確定的期限內(nèi)到達(dá)要約人。
 
(2) If no time has been fixed by the offeror，acceptance must reach it within a reasonable time.
如果要約人沒有確定任何期限，承諾須于一合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)到達(dá)要約人。
 
(3) In the case of an acceptance by an act of performance under art. 2.205 (3), that act must be performed within the time for acceptance fixed by the offeror or, if no such time is fixed, within a reasonable time.
在以依第2:205條第三款履行某種行為表示承諾的場(chǎng)合，該行為須于要約人確定的承諾期限內(nèi)履行；如果沒有確定期限，則在一合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)。
 
Article 2.207 - Late Acceptance第2:207條：遲到的承諾
(1) A late acceptance is nonetheless effective as an acceptance if without delay the offeror informs the offeree that he treats it as such.
承諾雖遲到仍得為有效的承諾，只要要約人不曾遲延地通知受要約人他將它作為承諾。
 
(2) If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror informs the offeree that it considers its offer as having lapsed.
如果帶有遲到的承諾的信件或書面材料表明，如果傳送正常它會(huì)按時(shí)到達(dá)要約人，則此遲到的承諾仍得為有效的承諾，除非要約人不曾遲延地通知受要約人它認(rèn)為它的要約已經(jīng)失效。
 
Article 2.208 - Modified Acceptance第2:208條：變更了的承諾
(1) A reply by the offeree which states or implies additional or different terms which would materially alter the terms of the offer is a rejection and a new offer.
受要約人所作的答復(fù)，如言明了或隱含了附加的或不同的條款，且這些條款會(huì)實(shí)質(zhì)性地變更要約的條款，則為拒絕并構(gòu)成一個(gè)新的要約。
 
(2) A reply which gives a definite assent to an offer operates as an acceptance even if it states or implies additional or different terms, provided these do not materially alter the terms of the offer. The additional or different terms then become part of the contract.
對(duì)要約作出的明確地同意的答復(fù)，盡管它對(duì)要約言明了或隱含了附加的或不同的條款，只要它們并沒有實(shí)質(zhì)性地變更要約的條款，仍構(gòu)成承諾。附加的或不同的條款構(gòu)成合同的組成部分。
 
(3) However, such a reply will be treated as a rejection of the offer if: (a) the offer expressly limits acceptance to the terms of the offer; or (b) the offeror objects to the additional or different terms without delay; or (c) the offeree makes its acceptance conditional upon the offeror's assent to the additional or different terms, and the assent does not reach the offeree within a reasonable time.
但如果答復(fù)符合下列情形，即構(gòu)成對(duì)要約的拒絕：1.要約明確地將承諾限定于要約的條款；或2.要約人不曾遲延地反對(duì)附加的或不同的條款；或3.受要約人對(duì)其承諾附有條件，要求要約人對(duì)附加的或不同的條款表示同意，而該同意沒有在一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)到達(dá)受要約人。
 
Article 2.209 - Conflicting General conditions第2:209條：相互沖突的一般條款
(1) If the parties have reached agreement except that the offer and acceptance refer to conflicting general conditions of contract, a contract is nonetheless formed. The general conditions form part of the contract to the extent that they are common in substance.
如果在要約與承諾中除關(guān)于相互沖突的合同一般條款外當(dāng)事人已形成合意，合同仍然成立。只要一般條款實(shí)質(zhì)上是一致的，它們便構(gòu)成合同的組成部分。
 
(2) However, no contract is formed if one party: (a) has indicated in advance, explicitly, and not by way of general conditions, that it does not intend to be bound by a contract on the basis of paragraph (1); or (b) without delay, informs the other party that it does not intend to be bound by such contract.
但如一方當(dāng)事人有下列情形，合同不成立：1.事先已明確地且并非采用一般條款的形式表示其不欲基于第一款而受一份合同的拘束；或2.不曾不合理地遲延地通知對(duì)方當(dāng)事人它不欲受此種合同的拘束。
 
(3) General conditions of contract are terms which have been formulated in advance for an indefinite number of contracts of a certain nature, and which have not been individually negotiated between the parties.
合同的一般條款是指為不定數(shù)量的特定類型的合同事先已制作完畢的且在當(dāng)事人之間未經(jīng)個(gè)別商議的合同條款。
 
Article 2.210 - Professional's written confirmation第2:210條：專業(yè)人士的確認(rèn)書
If professionals have concluded a contract but have not embodied it in a final document, and one without delay sends the other a writing, which purports to be a confirmation of the contract, but which contains additional or different terms, such terms will become part of the contract unless: (a) the terms materially alter the terms of the contract, or (b) the addressee objects to them without delay.
如果專業(yè)人士已達(dá)成合同，但尚未將其形成最終的文件，而一方不曾遲延地向?qū)Ψ桨l(fā)出一份書面形式，意在作為合同的一份確認(rèn)書，但它含有附加的或不同的條款，這些條款將成為合同的構(gòu)成部分，除非：1.這些條款實(shí)質(zhì)性地變更了合同的條款；或2.受領(lǐng)方不曾遲延地對(duì)此表示反對(duì)。
 
Article 2.211 - Contracts not Concluded through Offer and Acceptance
第2:211條：非經(jīng)要約和承諾形成的合同
 
The rules in this section apply with appropriate adaptations even though the process of conclusion of a contract cannot be analysed into offer and acceptance.
盡管合同的形成過程無法解析成要約與承諾，本節(jié)中的規(guī)則經(jīng)適當(dāng)修正仍得適用。
 

Section 3 - Liability for negotiations第三節(jié)  磋商責(zé)任

Article 2.301 - Negotiations Contrary to Good Faith第2:301條：悖于誠信的磋商
(1) A party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement.
當(dāng)事人有磋商自由，對(duì)沒有達(dá)成合意不負(fù)責(zé)任。
 
(2) However, a party who has negotiated or broken off negotiations contrary to good faith and fair dealing is liable for the losses caused to the other party.
但如果一方當(dāng)事人所為磋商或終止磋商有悖于誠實(shí)信用，則要對(duì)給對(duì)方當(dāng)事人造成的損失負(fù)責(zé)。
 
(3) It is contrary to good faith and fair dealing, in particular, for a party to enter into or continue negotiations with no real intention of reaching an agreement with the other party.
一方當(dāng)事人在無真實(shí)意圖與對(duì)方當(dāng)事人達(dá)成合意的情況下從事磋商或繼續(xù)進(jìn)行磋商，即有悖于誠實(shí)信用。
 
Article 2.302 - Breach of Confidentiality第2:302條：違反信任
If confidential information is given by one party in the course of negotiations, the other party is under a duty not to disclose that information or use it for its own purposes whether or not a contract is subsequently concluded. The remedy for breach of this duty may include compensation for loss suffered and restitution of the benefit received by the other party.
如果在磋商過程中一方當(dāng)事人透露了秘密信息，無論事后是否達(dá)成了合同，另一方當(dāng)事人均有義務(wù)不透露該信息或?yàn)樽陨砟康氖褂迷撔畔�。�?duì)違反此義務(wù)的救濟(jì)，可包括賠償所受損失以及返還另一方當(dāng)事人取得的收益。
 

CHAPTER 3 - AUTHORITY OF AGENTS第三章  代理人的權(quán)限
Section 1 - General Provisions第一節(jié)  一般規(guī)定

 
Article 3.101 - Scope of the Chapter第3:101條：本章的適用范圍
(1) This Chapter governs the authority of an agent or other intermediary to bind its principal in relation to a contract with a third party.
本章規(guī)范代理人或其他中間人的權(quán)限，此處其他中間人使委托人受其與第三人的合同的拘束。
 
(2) This Chapter does not govern an agent's authority bestowed by law or the authority of an agent appointed by a public or judicial authority.
本章不適用于由法律授予的代理權(quán)或由公共的或司法的權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)授予的代理權(quán)。
 
(3) This Chapter does not govern the internal relationship between the agent or intermediary and its principal.
本章不適用于代理人或中間人與其委托人之間的內(nèi)部關(guān)系。
 
Article 3.102 - Categories of Representation第3:102條：代理的類型
(1) Where an agent acts in the name of a principal, the rules on direct representation apply (Section 2). It is irrelevant whether the principal's identity is revealed at the time the agent acts or is to be revealed later.
代理人以委托人的名義行為者，適用直接代理的規(guī)則（第二節(jié)）。在代理人行為時(shí)或者以后是否透露了委托人的身份，則是無關(guān)緊要的。
 
(2) Where an intermediary acts on instructions and on behalf of, but not in the name of, a principal, or where the third party neither knows nor has reason to know that the intermediary acts as an agent, the rules on indirect representation apply (Section 3).
中間人依委托人的指令并為委托人的利益行事，但并非以委托人的名義者，或者第三人既不知道也沒有理由應(yīng)知道中間人系作為代理人而行為者，適用間接代理的規(guī)則（第三節(jié)）。
 

Section 2 - Direct Representation第二節(jié)  直接代理

Article 3.201 - Express, implied and apparent authority
第3:201條：明示的、默示的和表面的授權(quán)
(1) The principal's grant of authority to an agent to act in its name may be express or may be implied from the circumstances.
委托人對(duì)以其名義行為的代理權(quán)的授予，可得為明示的，亦可得為由具體情事默示的。
 
(2) The agent has authority to perform all acts necessary in the circumstances to achieve the purposes for which the authority was granted.
為實(shí)現(xiàn)授權(quán)目的，代理人有權(quán)依具體情事從事各種必要的行為。
 
(3) A person is to be treated as having granted authority to an apparent agent if the person's statements or conduct induce the third party reasonably and in good faith to believe that the apparent agent has been granted authority for the act performed by it.
如果委托人的言語或行為導(dǎo)致第三人合理地且善意地相信代理人已被授權(quán)從事其所從事的行為，則視為委托人已經(jīng)授權(quán)。
 
Article 3.202 - Agent acting in exercise of his authority第3:202條：代理人對(duì)代理權(quán)的行使
Where an agent is acting within its authority as defined by article 3.201, its acts bind the principal and the third party directly to each other. The agent itself is not bound to the third party.
代理人在由第3:201條界定的授權(quán)的范圍內(nèi)行為，其行為直接拘束委托人和第三人。代理人自己并不對(duì)第三人負(fù)有義務(wù)。
 
Article 3.203 - Unidentified Principal第3:203條：未被透露身份的委托人
If an agent enters into a contract in the name of a principal whose identity is to be revealed later, but fails to reveal that identity within a reasonable time after a request by the third party, the agent itself is bound by the contract.
如果代理人以委托人的名義締結(jié)合同而委托人的身份要在日后透露，在經(jīng)第三人要求后代理人沒能在一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)透露委托人的身份的，則代理人自己受合同的拘束。
 
Article 3.204 - Agent acting without or outside his authority第3:204條：代理人無權(quán)代理或越權(quán)代理
(1) Where a person acting as an agent acts without authority or outside the scope of its authority, its acts are not binding upon the principal and the third party.
以代理人身份從事行為者如未經(jīng)授權(quán)或超越了對(duì)它的授權(quán)范圍，則其行為對(duì)委托人和第三人并無拘束力。
 
(2) Failing ratification by the principal according to article 3.207, the agent is liable to pay the third party such damages as will place the third party in the same position as if the agent had acted with authority. This does not apply if the third party knew or could not have been unaware of the agent's lack of authority.
如果未能依第3:207條而由委托人追認(rèn)，代理人有責(zé)任向第三人支付損害賠償，以使第三人處于如同代理人有權(quán)行為一樣的狀況。如果第三人已知或本不應(yīng)不知代理人缺少授權(quán)，則本規(guī)則并不適用。
 
Article 3.205 - Conflict of Interests第3:205條：利害沖突
(1) If a contract concluded by an agent involves the agent in a conflict of interest of which the third party knew or could not have been unaware, the principal may avoid the contract according to the provisions of articles 4.112 to 4.116.
如果由代理人達(dá)成的合同涉及代理人的利害沖突，對(duì)此第三人已知或本不應(yīng)不知，則委托人可以依據(jù)第4:112條至第4:116條的規(guī)定宣布該合同無效。
 
(2) There is presumed to be a conflict of interest where: (a) the agent also acted as agent for the third party; or (b) the contract was with itself in its personal capacity.
如有下列情形，即推定為具有利害沖突：1.該代理人同時(shí)作為該第三人的代理人；或2.該合同是與該代理人自己達(dá)成的。
 
(3) However, the principal may not avoid the contract: (a) if it had consented to, or could not have been unaware of, the agent's so acting; or (b) if the agent had disclosed the conflict of interest to it and it had not objected within a reasonable time.
但如有下列情形，委托人不得宣布合同無效：1.委托人已同意或者本不應(yīng)不知代理人如此行為；或2.代理人業(yè)已向委托人揭示了這種利害沖突，而委托人在一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)沒有表示反對(duì)。
 
Article 3.206 - Subagency第3:206條：復(fù)代理
An agent has implied authority to appoint a subagent to carry out tasks which are not of a personal character and which it is not reasonable to expect the agent to carry out itself. The rules of this Section apply to the subagency; acts of the subagent which are within its and the agent's authority bind the principal and the third party directly to each other.
代理人具有默示的授權(quán)來任命復(fù)代理人，以完成不具有人身專屬性的并且不能合理地期待代理人親自完成的任務(wù)。本節(jié)的規(guī)則適用于此種復(fù)代理；復(fù)代理人在它的以及代理人的授權(quán)范圍內(nèi)的行為直接使委托人與第三人相互受有拘束。
 
Article 3.207 - Ratification by Principal第3:207條：委托人的追認(rèn)
(1) Where a person acting as an agent acts without authority or outside its authority, the principal may ratify the agent's acts.
如有人以代理人的身份行為而未經(jīng)授權(quán)或超越了對(duì)它的授權(quán)，委托人可對(duì)代理人的行為進(jìn)行追認(rèn)。
 
(2) Upon ratification, the agent's acts are considered as having been authorised, without prejudice to the rights of other persons.
基于追認(rèn)，在不使他人的權(quán)利受有損害的情況下，代理人的行為即被認(rèn)為是已經(jīng)授權(quán)了的。
 
Article 3.208 - Third Party's Right with Respect to Confirmation of Authority
第3:208條：第三人對(duì)確認(rèn)授權(quán)的請(qǐng)求權(quán)
 
Where the statements or conduct of the principal gave the third party reason to believe that an act performed by the agent was authorised, but the third party is in doubt about the authorisation, it may send a written confirmation to the principal or request ratification from it. If the principal does not object or answer the request without delay, the agent's act is treated as having been authorised.
在委托人的言或行使第三人有理由相信代理人從事的行為是經(jīng)授權(quán)的場(chǎng)合，若第三人仍懷疑該授權(quán)，它可向委托人發(fā)出一份書面確認(rèn)書要求其確認(rèn)。如果委托人沒有表示反對(duì)或不曾遲延地回答，則代理人的行為被視為已經(jīng)授權(quán)。
 
Article 3.209 - Duration of Authority第3:209條：授權(quán)的存續(xù)
(1) An agent's authority continues until the third party knows or ought to know that: (a) the agent's authority has been brought to an end by the principal, the agent, or both; or (b) the acts for which the authority had been granted have been completed, or the time for which it had been granted has expired; or (c) the agent has become insolvent or, where a natural person, has died or become incapacitated; or (d) the principal has become insolvent.
代理權(quán)持續(xù)至第三人知道或應(yīng)當(dāng)知道：1.代理權(quán)已被委托人、代理人或二者終止；或2.授權(quán)從事的行為已經(jīng)完成，或者授權(quán)的期間已經(jīng)屆滿；或3.代理人已破產(chǎn)或在自然人之場(chǎng)合已死亡或無能力；或4.委托人已破產(chǎn)。
 
(2) The third party is considered to know that the agent's authority has been brought to an end under paragraph(1) (a) above if this has been communicated or publicised in the same manner in which the authority was originally communicated or publicised.
如果本條第一款第一項(xiàng)的情況已被以與當(dāng)初授權(quán)采取的通知或公布的方式相同的方式加以通知或公布，則第三人被視為知道了代理權(quán)已被終止。
 
(3) However, the agent remains authorised for a reasonable time to perform those acts which are necessary to protect the interests of the principal or its successors.
不過，在一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)，代理人仍然有權(quán)從事那些為保護(hù)委托人或其繼承人的利益所必要的代理行為。