英文合同中幾個(gè)主要情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法與區(qū)別 一、 shall 和 should 的用法 英文合同中常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主要有以下兩個(gè),即, shall 和 should 。但它們?cè)诤贤蟹謩e表示不同的含義。 shall 是英文合同中使用頻率最高的一個(gè)詞,也是語氣最重的一個(gè)詞,常用于第三人英文合同中幾個(gè)主要情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法與區(qū)別
一、shall和should 的用法
英文合同中常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主要有以下兩個(gè),即,shall和should。但它們?cè)诤贤蟹謩e表示不同的含義。shall是英文合同中使用頻率最高的一個(gè)詞,也是語氣最重的一個(gè)詞,常用于第三人稱。shall常用來表示法律上必須履行的責(zé)任和應(yīng)盡的義務(wù),如不履行合同條款就會(huì)產(chǎn)生違反法律責(zé)任和義務(wù)的后果,其含義相當(dāng)于中文的“應(yīng)當(dāng)”或“必須”。
shall在合同文件中是使用頻率最高的詞,在合同文件中shall表示強(qiáng)制性承擔(dān)法律或合同所規(guī)定的義務(wù),Shall 在合同英語中的詞義不同于普通英語中的詞義。它在合同英語中主要表示“指示性”、“施為性”含義和行使權(quán)利的“義務(wù)”和“責(zé)任”。
在表達(dá)“應(yīng)該”或“必須”做某事時(shí),應(yīng)用“shall”而不能用“ must”或“should”,但有時(shí)可用“will”,力度比shall弱。
Should在文件中往往作“if”解,只表示“如果”之意。
如 The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, call and preside over the board meeting.
文中兩個(gè)shall,都表示有責(zé)任做,應(yīng)該做之意?!≡目勺g為:
董事會(huì)會(huì)議應(yīng)由董事長召集、主持;如董事長缺席,原則上應(yīng)由副董事長召集、主持。
合同條文的主句成分中的shall,在漢語中有很多種譯法。通常被譯成“須”、“應(yīng)”,有時(shí)被譯成“應(yīng)當(dāng)”,也有時(shí)譯成“要”、“將”、“可”,還有被譯成“必須”,甚至被完全忽略不譯的。試看以下各例。
例.Shipment: The Date of the Bill of Lading shall be accepted as a conclusive evidence of the date of shipment.
付運(yùn):提貨單的日期須被承認(rèn)為付運(yùn)日期的確實(shí)證據(jù)。
例
如果買方未能在上述規(guī)定的期間內(nèi)通知和(或)寄出完整的細(xì)節(jié),那么買方將被認(rèn)為放棄提出任何索賠的權(quán)利。
例.In the event the Buyers’ such appointment does not arrive in time, the Sellers’ system of inspection shall be final and binding upon the parties concerned.
萬一買方對(duì)這種委托未能及時(shí)到達(dá),賣方的檢查制度將是決定性的并對(duì)有關(guān)各方有約束力。
例.Quantity, unless otherwise arranged, shall be subject to a variation of 5% plus or minus at Seller’s option.
量:除非另作安排,量可由賣方選擇作加或減5%的變動(dòng)。
例. Such compensation shall correspond to the real value of the property concerned and shall be freely convertible and paid without undue delay.
…征用財(cái)產(chǎn)的補(bǔ)償應(yīng)相當(dāng)于該財(cái)產(chǎn)當(dāng)時(shí)的實(shí)際價(jià)值,可自由兌換,不得無故遲延支付。
例.The Purchaser shall, upon receipt of Corporation’s respective invoices therefor, pay to Corporation all amounts which become due by the Purchaser to the Corporation hereunder, including without limitation an amount equal to the taxes and duties.
收到公司的各種發(fā)票后,買方必須立刻付給公司已到期應(yīng)付的所有款項(xiàng),包括各種稅收費(fèi)用在內(nèi),不得有例外。
例.The contractor shall be entitled to use for the purpose of the works such supplies of electricity and water as may be available therefor on the site and shall pay the purchaser such as may be reasonable in the circumstances, and shall at his own expense provide any apparatus necessary for such use.
承包商有權(quán)利用工地上原有的供電供水進(jìn)行施工,但須向業(yè)主交納合理的水電費(fèi),并要自己承擔(dān)用去安裝供電供水所需儀表。
例.The Board shall have such jurisdiction and powers as are conferred on it by this or any other Ordinance.
仲裁處具備本條例或任何其他條例授予仲裁處的司法管轄權(quán)及權(quán)利。
Shall在合同條款處在兩種情況下可以不譯外,主要可以被譯成“須”、“應(yīng)”和“應(yīng)當(dāng)”等。但shall與not或其他否定形式(如用否定詞No/neigher開頭的句子)連用時(shí),一般不能順其自然,譯成“不須”、“不應(yīng)”或“不要”、“不可”、“不應(yīng)當(dāng)”,因?yàn)檫@幾個(gè)詞的意思在漢語里主要表示“建議”或“忠告”;在語用上,口語色彩較重,表示 “禁止”的語氣不夠強(qiáng)烈;大量既定的權(quán)威性文獻(xiàn)表明:shall not及類似否定式短句的最通常、最恰當(dāng)?shù)淖g法是“不得”,因?yàn)?span xml:lang="EN-US">“不得”在漢語里與“禁止”一詞同義,與法律英語中含shall的否定句所要表達(dá)的意思相同。試看以下各例:
例.The rights and freedoms enjoyed by Hong Kong residents shall not be restricted unless as prescribed by law. Such restrictions shall not contravene the provisions of the preceding paragraph of this Article.
香港居民享有的權(quán)利和自由,除依法規(guī)定外不得限制,此種限制不得與本條第一款規(guī)定抵觸。
例 No will shall be revoked by any presumption of an intention on the ground of an alteration in circumstances.
凡以情況有變?yōu)槔碛?,而?duì)立遺囑作出推定者,該遺囑不得因該項(xiàng)推定而撤銷。
例.Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interest hereunder without the other Party’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld.
本協(xié)議的任何一方未經(jīng)另一方事先書面同意(該另一方不得無理拒絕同意),不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本協(xié)議或其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的任何權(quán)利和權(quán)益。
在法律和普通合同條文中,當(dāng)shall之后所跟的動(dòng)詞本身就能表達(dá)權(quán)利、義務(wù)或責(zé)任以及主句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為shall + be + predicative (表語)時(shí),通常也是不譯的:
3.The board shall have such jurisdiction and powers as are conferred on it by this or any other Ordinance.
仲裁處具備本條例或任何其他條例授予仲裁處的司法管轄權(quán)及權(quán)利。
4.If the Buyers fail to provide such letter of credit in the Seller’s favor as prescribed above, the Sellers shall have the option of reselling the contracted goods for the account of the Buyers or delaying any shipment and/or cancelling any orders at any time on the Buyers account and risk.
如果買方未能向賣方提供如上規(guī)定的這種信用證,賣方有權(quán)選擇把合同規(guī)定的買上賬上的貨物轉(zhuǎn)售或隨時(shí)推遲付運(yùn)和(或)撤銷任何訂單,損失和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由買方承擔(dān)。
5.The Landlord shall not be in any way responsible to the Tenant for any damage caused to be said premises or the contents thereof arising as a result of the negligence of any other tenant of the said building.
由于該大廈其他任何住戶的過失而產(chǎn)生的對(duì)該樓宇或其里面的東西的任何損壞,業(yè)主對(duì)主租戶不負(fù)任何責(zé)任。
6.Provided that should the Purchaser or his nominee have entered in possession of the premises hereby agreed to be sold the Purchaser shall thereupon be deemed to have accepted the title of the Vendor and shall not be entitled to raise any requisition or objection In respect of any of the matters aforesaid.
倘若買主或其指定人已占有憑本合同出售的樓宇,買主將被認(rèn)為已接受賣主的所有權(quán),并無權(quán)在上述任何問題方面提出任何要求或反對(duì)。
7.The cost of and incidental to the preparation and registration of this Agreement shall be borne and paid by the Vender and the Purchaser jointly. In Addition to this the Purchaser shall bear and pay all the cost of Messrs. & Co. Solicitors for services in connection with the sale and purchase of the said premises…
本合同草擬和登記的費(fèi)用和所伴隨的費(fèi)用由賣主和買主共同負(fù)責(zé)支付(或:賣主和買主共同支付…費(fèi)用)。除此之外,買主還須負(fù)責(zé)支付某某律師行與所述樓宇買賣有關(guān)的服務(wù)費(fèi)…
對(duì)照以上中英文本,我們不難歸納出:在法律及合同條文中,have the right/power/jurisdiction/obligation of, have the option of, be responsible for (bear/take responsibility/cost for), be obliged to, be liable to, be entitled to, be at liberty to, be able to, be + predicative adjective等動(dòng)詞短語片語是經(jīng)常用來表示權(quán)利、責(zé)任和義務(wù)的,如果這些短語前面帶有shall,則一般不能把它譯成“須”、“應(yīng)當(dāng)”、“應(yīng)”等。
二、May 的用法
May 多用于合同法律文件中,具有和協(xié)議條款相同的指示性施為性作用。當(dāng)may 表示“許可”的含義時(shí)常常翻譯成“可”。 May not 具有和協(xié)議條款相同的宣布性的施為性作用,漢語翻譯為“不可”,而且與shall not的內(nèi)涵不一樣。
May 在法律英語中主要有兩種解釋?! ∫皇潜硎?span xml:lang="EN-US">“給予許可”或者“給予某人做某事的授權(quán)”(be allowed to or have permission to),這一含義多用于法律法規(guī)中?! 《潜硎?span xml:lang="EN-US">“也許”或者“可能性”(be in some degree likely to),這一含義多用于合同中。
第一、May 在法律法規(guī)中的翻譯
May 在法律法規(guī)的法律英語中表示被授權(quán)的法律含義時(shí),漢語中常用“可”或“可以”表示。下面的例子就是進(jìn)一步說明這一特征。
① 中華人民共和國法律和中華人民共和國締結(jié)或者參加的國際條約沒有規(guī)定的,可以適用國際慣例(《中華人民共和國民法通則》第142 條)。
International practice may be applied on matters of which neither the law of the People’s Republic of China nor any international treaty concluded or acceded to by the People’s Republic of China has any provisions.
?、?/span> 民事法律行為可以采取書面形式、口頭形式或者其他形式。
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form.
?、?/span> 人民法院審理案件,其中一部分事實(shí)已經(jīng)清楚,可以就該部分先行判決。
If some of the facts in a case being tried by the People’s Court are already evident, the Court may pass judgment on that part of the case first.
④ 當(dāng)事人對(duì)重審案件的判決、裁定,可以上訴)。
The parties concerned may appeal against the judgment or written order rendered in a retrial of their case.
第二、May 在合同文件中的翻譯
May 在合同法律文件中的法律解釋以“可能”、“可以”(likely, possible )或者“(或)許”(perhaps)的含義為主,但也更有可能在“可能性”(possibility)與“準(zhǔn)許”(permission)之間易產(chǎn)生歧 義。在漢語的法律表述中常常用詞組“可以, 也可以”來表達(dá)may 在法律英語中“可能性”的法律解釋。
?、?/span> 當(dāng)事人依法可以委托代理人訂立合同。
The parties may conclude a contract through an agent in accordance with the law.
?、?/span> 承租人可以要求減少租金或者不支付租金。
The lessee may request a reduction of rent or not to pay the rent.
?、?/span> 出租人可以要求支付全部租金;也可以解除合同,收回租賃物。
The lessor may request it to pay all the rent, or rescind the contract and take back the leased property. ”
?、?/span> 發(fā)包人可以與總承包人訂立建設(shè)工程合同,也可以分別與勘察人、設(shè)計(jì)人、施工人訂立勘察、設(shè)計(jì)、施工承包合同。
The contract letting party may enter into a construction project contract with a general contractor, or enter into a survey contract, design contract or construction contract with a surveyor, designer or constructor respectively.
總之,正確翻譯與運(yùn)用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall和may對(duì)于英漢法律翻譯來說都是非?;镜囊?。由于漢語法律中沒有與shall 和may 完全對(duì)等的法律詞語與法律解釋,那么對(duì)shall 和may 的翻譯就沒有最完美的解決方案。
英文合同中有時(shí)也出現(xiàn)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may和must。may 用于約定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利(可以做什么),沒有任何義務(wù)的含義,不帶有強(qiáng)制性,有時(shí)表示允許或許可,相當(dāng)于中文的“可以”、“得”等含義。其否定形式may not用于禁止性義務(wù)(不得做什么),語氣不如shall not強(qiáng)烈。must用于強(qiáng)制性義務(wù)(必須做什么),但這一義務(wù)不一定具有法律的約束力,其否定形式一般不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在英文合同中。了解和掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的確切含義有助于正確理解英文合同條款的內(nèi)容。由于合同中權(quán)利和義務(wù)的約定構(gòu)成了合同的主體,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞如選用不當(dāng),有可能會(huì)引起法律糾紛。
A business secret the parties learn in concluding a contract shall not be disclosed or unfairly used, no matter the contract is established or not.
當(dāng)事人在訂立合同過程中知悉商業(yè)秘密,無論合同是否成立,不得泄露或者不正當(dāng)?shù)厥褂谩?/span>
三 、Must 的用法
must雖然也是法律篇章中的一個(gè)主要情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,而且具有最強(qiáng)的強(qiáng)制性,但幾乎沒有該詞直接的否定形式(即must not)的位置,盡管該詞的否定形式在普通問題的篇章中并不少見:如Cars must not be parked here. (此地不準(zhǔn)停車。)以及You must not tell a lie. (你不可以說慌。)如同shall not 和 may not一樣,must not 也表示一種禁令,通常譯為“不可以”或“不準(zhǔn)”,但不能或不宜譯為“不得”。
例:任何單位和個(gè)人實(shí)施他人專利的,除本法第十四條規(guī)定的以外,都必須與專利權(quán)人訂立書面實(shí)施許可合同,向?qū)@麢?quán)人支付專利使用費(fèi)。… 專利權(quán)的所有權(quán)單位或者持有單位應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)職務(wù)發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的發(fā)明人或者設(shè)計(jì)人給予獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。
Except as provided for in Article 14, any entity or individual exploiting the patent of another must conclude a written licensing contract with the patentee and pay the patentee a fee for the exploitation of its or his patent. … The entity owning or holding the patent right on a job-related invention-creation shall reward the inventor or designer.
四、shall, may和must的否定句
shall在否定句中,不管其句型如何 – 或在該情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加上not、或在句首添上一個(gè)No,或與任何其他形式的否定詞搭配(如shall serve no more than … two terms),在絕大數(shù)情況下,與shall搭配的否定詞都被譯成“不得”。此外,neither party … shall + do 的句型也同樣翻譯成“任何一方不得做某事”。
例:.The Seller shall present the following documents required for negotiation to the banks(賣方必須將下列單據(jù)提交銀行附議).shall 的否定形式shall not在英文合同中常表示不得發(fā)生的行為。
例:. Party A shall not supply the contracted commodity to other buyers in the above-mentioned territory(甲方不得向上述地區(qū)其他買主供應(yīng)本合同項(xiàng)下商品)。但必須注意的是,在英文合同中,shall在表示“應(yīng)該”時(shí)不可隨便用should代替,should雖然也表示“應(yīng)該”,但它沒有shall那樣重的含義,因?yàn)?span xml:lang="EN-US">should并不表示法律義務(wù),只表示一般的義務(wù)或道義上的義務(wù),有時(shí)甚至表示“原該”或“最好如此”的含義。當(dāng)should出現(xiàn)在合同中時(shí),它常放在句子的開頭,表示一個(gè)隱含的條件狀語,相當(dāng)于由if、in case 或in the event that 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,其含義相當(dāng)于中文的“如果”、“萬一”而不是“應(yīng)該”。
例:. Should the verification conclusion contradict the conditions of an auction target stated in an auction contract, the auctioneer has the right to demand a change or rescind the contract(如果鑒定結(jié)論與委托拍賣合同載明的拍賣標(biāo)的狀況不相符,拍賣人有權(quán)要求變更或者解除合同)。
在下列例句中的最后一句 – “賣方不應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)”,就不能改成“賣方不得負(fù)責(zé)”,否則該句子在中文詞語搭配上就違背習(xí)慣用法。
例 . Partial shipment or transshipment shall be permitted unless otherwise stated on the face hereof. The Seller shall not be responsible for non-shipment or late shipment of the contracted goods due to causes beyond the Sellers’ control or causes due to the failure of the Buyers to provide in time the relative letter of credit or other instructions requested by the Sellers.
應(yīng)準(zhǔn)許分批付運(yùn)和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),除非本合同正面另有規(guī)定。合同規(guī)定的貨物若因賣方無法控制的原因或由于買方未能及時(shí)提供有關(guān)的信用證或賣方所要求的其他指示而不付運(yùn)或遲付運(yùn),賣方不應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)。
又如the Purchaser shall thereupon be deemed to have accepted the title of the Vendor and shall not be entitled to raise any requisition or objection in respect of any of the matters aforesaid.
買主即被認(rèn)為已經(jīng)接受賣主的所有權(quán),并無權(quán)在上述任何問題方面提出任何要求或反對(duì)。
如果把后半句改成“并不得有權(quán)…”,則整句譯文就會(huì)顯得不倫不類。因此,具體情況具體分析,此處只是揭示shall在否定句中一個(gè)最常用的譯法而已;主 要適用于本文揭示的在肯定句中shall可被譯成“須”或“應(yīng)”這一類型的否定句;基本上不適用shall可以不譯的這一類型的否定句。
可漢譯為“不得”的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞當(dāng)然并非是只有跟shall有關(guān)的否定句,與may相關(guān)的否定句也同樣可譯成“不得”:
例 . 外觀設(shè)計(jì)專利被授予后,任何單位或個(gè)人未經(jīng)專利權(quán)人許可,不得為生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營目的制造、銷售其外觀設(shè)計(jì)專利產(chǎn)品。
After the grant of the patent right for a design, no entity or individual may, without the authorization of the patentee, make or sell the product incorporating its or his patented design, for production or business purposes.
例.申請(qǐng)人可以對(duì)其專利申請(qǐng)文件進(jìn)行修改,但是對(duì)發(fā)明和實(shí)用新型專利申請(qǐng)文件的修改不得超出原說明書和權(quán)利要求書記載的范圍…
An applicant may amend his or its application for a patent, but the amendment to the application for a patent for invention or utility model may not go beyond the scope of the disclosure contained in the initial description and the claims…
例. Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Party’s prior written consent, except to (i) any corporation resulting from any merger, consolidation or other reorganization involving the assigning party.
任何一方未經(jīng)另一方事先書面同意,不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本協(xié)議的全部或部分,除非轉(zhuǎn)讓給(i)涉及轉(zhuǎn)讓方的因兼并、合并或其他重組而產(chǎn)生的任何公司..