Principles of International Commercial Contracts 國際統(tǒng)一私法協(xié)會國際商事合同通則 (2004) 簡介：《國際商事合同通則》（Principles of International Commercial Contracts，簡稱PICC）是國際統(tǒng)一私法協(xié)會1994年編撰的，2004年做了大的修訂。它是一部具
Principles of International Commercial Contracts
國際統(tǒng)一私法協(xié)會國際商事合同通則
第一章 總則GENERAL PROVISIONS
第1.1條締約自由
第1.2條無形式要求
第1.3條合同的約束性
第1.4條 強制性規(guī)則 ARTICLE 1.4Mandatory rules
第1.5條 當事人的排除或修改
第1.6條 通則的解釋和補充 ARTICLE 1.6 Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
第1.7條 誠實信用和公平交易 ARTICLE 1.7 Good faith and fair dealing
第1.8條 不一致行為 ARTICLE 1.8 Inconsistent Behaviour
第1.9條 慣例和習(xí)慣做法 ARTICLE 1.9 Usages and practices
第1.10條 通知 ARTICLE 1.10 Notice
第1.11條 定義 ARTICLE 1.11 Definitions
第1.12條 當事人規(guī)定的時間的計算 ARTICLE 1.12 Computation of time set by parties
第二章 合同的訂立與代理人的權(quán)限
CHAPTER 2 — FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第一節(jié) 合同的訂立SECTION 1: FORMATION
第2.1.1條 訂立的形式
第2.1.2條 要約的定義
第2.1.3條 要約的撤回
第2.1.4條 要約的撤銷
第2.1.5條 要約的拒絕
第2.1.6條 承諾的方式
第2.1.7條 承諾的時間
第2.1.8條 規(guī)定期限內(nèi)的承諾
第2.1.9條 逾期承諾與傳遞遲延
第2.1.10條 承諾的撤回
第2.1.11條 變更的承諾
第2.1.12條 書面確認
第2.1.13條合同的訂立基于對特定事項或特定形式的協(xié)議
第2.1.14條 特意待定的合同條款
第2.1.15條 惡意談判
第2.1.16條 保密義務(wù)
第2.1.17條 合并條款
第2.1.18條 特定形式修改
第2.1.19條 按標準條款訂立合同 ARTICLE 2.1.19
第2.1.20條 意外條款
第2.1.21條 標準條款與非標準條款的沖突
ARTICLE 2.1.21 Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms
第2.1.22條 格式合同之爭
第二節(jié) 代理人的權(quán)限SECTION 2: AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第2.2.1條 本節(jié)的范圍
第2.2.2條 代理人權(quán)限的確立和范圍
ARTICLE 2.2.2 Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
第2.2.3條 顯名代理
第2.2.4條 隱名代理
第2.2.5條 代理人無權(quán)或越權(quán)行事
ARTICLE 2.2.5 Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
第2.2.6條 代理人無權(quán)或越權(quán)行事的責任
第2.2.7條 利益沖突
第2.2.8條 次代理
第2.2.9條 追認
第2.2.10條 代理權(quán)終止 ARTICLE 2.2.10
第三章 合同的效力CHAPTER 3 — VALIDITY
第3.1條 未涉及事項 ARTICLE 3.1(Matters not covered)
第3.2條 協(xié)議的效力
第3.3條 自始不能
第3.4條 錯誤的定義
第3.5條 相關(guān)錯誤
第3.6條 表述或傳達中的錯誤
第3.7條 對不履行的救濟 ARTICLE 3.7 Remedies for non-performance
第3.8條 欺詐
第3.9條 脅迫
第3.10條 重大失衡
第3.11條 第三人
第3.12條 確認
第3.13條 喪失宣告合同無效的權(quán)利
第3.14條 宣告合同無效的通知
第3.15條 時間期限
第3.16條 部分無效
第3.17條 宣告合同無效的追溯力
第3.18條 損害賠償
第3.19條 本章條款的強制性
第3.20條 單方聲明
第四章 合同的解釋CHAPTER 4 — INTERPRETATION
第4.1條 當事人的意思
第4.2條 對陳述和其他行為的解釋
第4.3條 相關(guān)情況
第4.4條 合同或陳述作為整體考慮
ARTICLE 4.4 Reference to contract or statement as a whole
第4.5條 給予所有條款以效力
第4.6條 對條款提議人不利規(guī)則
第4.7條 語言差異
第4.8條 補充空缺條款
第五章 合同的內(nèi)容與第三方權(quán)利CHAPTER 5 — CONTENT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第一節(jié) 合同的內(nèi)容SECTION 1: CONTENT
第5.1.1條 明示和默示的義務(wù)
第5.1.2條 默示的義務(wù)
第5.1.3條 事人之間的合作
第5.1.5條確定所涉義務(wù)的種類
第5.1.6條確定履行的質(zhì)量
第5.1.7條 價格的確定
第5.1.8條 無固定期限的合同
第5.1.9條 通過協(xié)議放棄權(quán)利
第二節(jié) 第三方權(quán)利SECTION 2: THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第5.2.1條 第三方受益的合同
第5.2.2條 可確定的第三方
第5.2.3條 排除和限制條款
第5.2.4條 抗辯
第5.2.5條 撤銷
第5.2.6條 放棄權(quán)利
第六章 履行CHAPTER 6 — PERFORMANCE
第一節(jié) 履行的一般規(guī)定SECTION 1: PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第6.1.1條 履行時間
第6.1.2條 一次或分期履行
第6.1.4條 履行順序
第6.1.5條 提前履行
第6.1.6條 履行地
第6.1.7條 以支票或其他票據(jù)付款
第6.1.8條 轉(zhuǎn)賬支付
第6.1.9條 付款貨幣
第6.1.10條 未規(guī)定貨幣
第6.1.11條 履行費用
第6.1.12條 指定清償
第6.1.13條 非金錢債務(wù)的指定清償
ARTICLE 6.1.13 Imputation of non-monetary obligations
第6.1.14條 申請公共許可
第6.1.15條 申請許可的程序
第6.1.16條 許可既未獲批準又未遭拒絕
ARTICLE 6.1.16 Permission neither granted nor refused
第6.1.17條 拒絕許可
第二節(jié):艱難情形SECTION 2: HARDSHIP
第6.2.1條 合同必須遵守
第6.2.2條 艱難情形的定義
第七章 不履行CHAPTER 7 — NON-PERFORMANCE
第一節(jié) 不履行的一般規(guī)定SECTION 1: NON-PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第7.1.1條 不履行的定義
第7.1.2條
第7.1.3條 停止履行
第7.1.4條 不履行方的補救
第7.1.5條 履行的額外期間
第7.1.6條 免責條款
第7.1.7條 不可抗力
第二節(jié) 要求履行的權(quán)利SECTION 2: RIGHT TO PERFORMANCE
第7.2.1條 金錢債務(wù)的履行
第7.2.2條 非金錢債務(wù)的履行
第7.2.3條 對瑕疵履行的修補和替換
ARTICLE 7.2.3 Repair and replacement of defective performance
第7.2.4條 法院判決的罰金
第7.2.5條 救濟的變更
第三節(jié) 合同的終止SECTION 3: TERMINATION
第7.3.1條 終止合同的權(quán)利
第7.3.2條 終止通知
第7.3.3條 預(yù)期不履行
第7.3.4條 如約履行的充分保證
第7.3.5條 終止合同的一般效果
第7.3.6條 恢復(fù)原狀
第四節(jié) 損害賠償SECTION 4: DAMAGES
第7.4.1條 損害賠償?shù)臋?quán)利 ARTICLE 7.4.1 Right to damages
第7.4.2條 賠償
第7.4.3條 損害的確定
第7.4.4條 損害的可預(yù)見性
第7.4.5條 存在替代交易情況時的損害證明
ARTICLE 7.4.5 Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction
第7.4.6條 依時價確定損害的證明
第7.4.7條 部分歸咎于受損害方的損害
第7.4.8條 損害的減輕
第7.4.9條 未付金錢債務(wù)的利息
第7.4.10條 損害賠償?shù)睦?nbsp;
第7.4.11條 金錢賠償?shù)姆绞?nbsp;
第7.4.12條 估算損害賠償金的貨幣
第7.4.13條 對不履行所約定的付款
第八章 抵銷CHAPTER 8 — SET-OFF
第8.1條 抵銷的條件
第8.2條 外匯抵銷
第8.3條 抵銷通知
第8.4條 通知的內(nèi)容
第8.5條 抵銷的效力
第九章 權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓、債務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)移、合同的轉(zhuǎn)讓
CHAPTER 9 — ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS, TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS,
ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTS
第一節(jié) 權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓SECTION 1: ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS
第9.1.1條 定義
第9.1.2條 排除適用
第9.1.3條 非金錢權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓
第9.1.4條 部分轉(zhuǎn)讓
第9.1.5條 未來權(quán)利
第9.1.6條 未逐一指明的權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓
ARTICLE 9.1.6 Rights assigned without individual specification
第9.1.7條 讓與人和受讓人協(xié)議即可轉(zhuǎn)讓
ARTICLE 9.1.7 Agreement between assignor and assignee sufficient
第9.1.8條 債務(wù)人的額外成本
第9.1.9條 非轉(zhuǎn)讓條款
第9.1.10條 通知債務(wù)人
第9.1.11條 連續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)讓
第9.1.12條 轉(zhuǎn)讓的充分證據(jù)
第9.1.13條 抗辯權(quán)和抵銷權(quán)
第9.1.14條 與權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓相關(guān)之權(quán)利
第9.1.15條 讓與人的擔保
第二節(jié):債務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)移SECTION 2: TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS
第9.2.1條 轉(zhuǎn)移的模式
第9.2.2條 排除適用
第9.2.3條 對債權(quán)人轉(zhuǎn)移同意的要求
ARTICLE 9.2.3 Requirement of obligee’s consent to transfer
第9.2.4條 債權(quán)人的預(yù)先同意
第9.2.5條 原債務(wù)人債務(wù)的解除
第9.2.6條 第三方履行
第9.2.7條 抗辯和抵銷權(quán)
第9.2.8條 與被轉(zhuǎn)移債務(wù)相關(guān)的權(quán)利
ARTICLE 9.2.8 Rights related to the obligation transferred
第三節(jié) 合同的轉(zhuǎn)讓SECTION 3: ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTS
第9.3.1條 定義
第9.3.2條 排除適用
第9.3.3條 另一方當事人同意的要求
ARTICLE 9.3.3 Requirement of consent of the other party
第9.3.4條 另一方當事人的預(yù)先同意
第9.3.5條 讓與人債務(wù)的解除
第9.3.6條 抗辯和抵銷權(quán)
第9.3.7條 隨合同轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利
第十章 時效期間CHAPTER 10 — LIMITATION PERIODS
第10.1條 本章范圍
第10.2條 時效期間
第10.3條 當事人對時效期間的修改
ARTICLE 10.3 Modification of limitation periods by the parties
第10.5條 因司法程序而中止
第10.6條 因仲裁程序而中止
第10.7條 替代性爭議解決機制
第10.8條 因不可抗力、死亡或無行為能力而中止
ARTICLE 10.8 Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity
第10.9條 時效期間屆滿的效力
ARTICLE 10.9 The effects of expiration of limitation period
第10.10條 抵銷權(quán)
第10.11條 返還
序言PREAMBLE
通則的目的
通則旨在為國際商事合同制定一般規(guī)則。
These Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts.
在當事人約定其合同受通則管轄時，應(yīng)適用通則。.
They shall be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by them.(*)
在當事人約定其合同受法律的一般原則、商人習(xí)慣法或類似措辭管轄時，可適用通則。
They may be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by general principles of law, the lex mercatoria or the like.
在當事人未選擇任何法律管轄其合同時，可適用通則。
They may be applied when the parties have not chosen any law to govern their contract.
通則可用于解釋或補充國際統(tǒng)一法文件。
They may be used to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments.
通則可用于解釋或補充國內(nèi)法。
They may be used to interpret or supplement domestic law.
通則也可作為國內(nèi)和國際立法的范本。
They may serve as a model for national and international legislators.
(*)希望在合同中規(guī)定其協(xié)議受《通則》管轄的當事人可以使用如下表述，并加上任何希望的例外或調(diào)整:
(*)Parties wishing to provide that their agreement be governed by the Principles might use the following words, adding any desired exceptions or modifications:
“本合同應(yīng)受《國際統(tǒng)一私法協(xié)會國際商事合同通則》(2004)管轄，[除了某條款]。”
“This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles(2004)[except as to Articles …]”.
希望在合同中規(guī)定適用某一特定的轄區(qū)法律的當事人，可以使用如下表述:
Parties wishing to provide in addition for the application of the law of a particular jurisdiction might use the following words:
“本合同應(yīng)受《國際統(tǒng)一私法協(xié)會國際商事合同通則》(2004)管轄[除了某條款]，
必要時由【X管轄區(qū)】的法律補充。”
“This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles(2004)[except as to Articles…],
supplemented when necessary by the law of [jurisdiction X].
第一章 總 則CHAPTER 1 — GENERAL PROVISIONS
第1.1條締約自由 ARTICLE 1.1 Freedom of contract
當事人可自由訂立合同并確定合同的內(nèi)容。
The parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content.
第1.2條無形式要求 ARTICLE 1.2 No form required
通則不要求合同、聲明或其他任何行為必須以特定形式作出或以特定形式證明。合同可通過包括證人在內(nèi)的任何形式證明。
Nothing in these Principles requires a contract, statement or any other act to be made in or evidenced by a particular form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.
第1.3條合同的約束性
有效訂立的合同對當事人均具有約束力。當事人僅能根據(jù)合同的條款，或通過協(xié)議，或根據(jù)通則的規(guī)定修改或終止合同。
A contract validly entered into is binding upon the parties. It can only be modified or terminated in accordance with its terms or by agreement or as otherwise provided in these Principles.
第1.4條 強制性規(guī)則 ARTICLE 1.4Mandatory rules
通則的任何規(guī)定都不應(yīng)限制根據(jù)國際私法有關(guān)規(guī)則導(dǎo)致的強制性規(guī)則的適用，且不論這些強制性規(guī)則是源于國內(nèi)的、國際的還是超國家的。
Nothing in these Principles shall restrict the application of mandatory rules, whether of national, international or supranational origin, which are applicable in accordance with the relevant rules of private international law.
第1.5條 當事人的排除或修改
除通則另有規(guī)定外，當事人可以排除通則的適用，或者減損或改變通則任何條款的效力。
The parties may exclude the application of these Principles or derogate from or vary the effect of any of their provisions, except as otherwise provided in the Principles.
第1.6條 通則的解釋和補充 ARTICLE 1.6 Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
(1)在解釋通則時，應(yīng)考慮通則的國際性及其目的，包括促進其統(tǒng)一適用的需要。
(1) In the interpretation of these Principles, regard is to be had to their international character and to their purposes including the need to promote uniformity in their application.
(2)凡屬于通則范圍之內(nèi)但又未被通則明確規(guī)定的問題，應(yīng)盡可能地根據(jù)通則確定的一般基本原則來處理。
(2) Issues within the scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are as far as possible to be settled in accordance with their underlying general principles.
第1.7條 誠實信用和公平交易 ARTICLE 1.7 Good faith and fair dealing
(1)在國際貿(mào)易中，每一方當事人應(yīng)依據(jù)誠實信用和公平交易的原則行事。
(1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing in international trade.
(2)當事人不能排除或限制此項義務(wù)。
(2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty.
第1.8條 不一致行為 ARTICLE 1.8 Inconsistent Behaviour
如果一方當事人使得另一方當事人產(chǎn)生某種理解，且該另一方當事人依賴該理解合理行事，并對自己造成不利后果，則該方當事人不得以與該另一方當事人理解不一致的方式行事。
A party cannot act inconsistently with an understanding it has caused the other party to have and upon which that other party reasonably has acted in reliance to its detriment.
第1.9條 慣例和習(xí)慣做法 ARTICLE 1.9 Usages and practices
(1)當事人各方受其業(yè)已約定的任何慣例和其相互之間業(yè)已建立的任何習(xí)慣做法的約束。
(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.
(2)在特定的有關(guān)貿(mào)易中的合同當事人，應(yīng)受國際貿(mào)易中廣泛知悉并慣常遵守的慣例的約束，除非該慣例的適用為不合理。
(2) The parties are bound by a usage that is widely known to and regularly observed in international trade by parties in the particular trade concerned except where the application of such a usage would be unreasonable.
第1.10條 通知 ARTICLE 1.10 Notice
(1)在需要發(fā)出通知時，通知可以適合于具體情況的任何方式發(fā)出。
(1) Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the circumstances.
(2)通知于送達被通知人時生效。
(2) A notice is effective when it reaches the person to whom it is given.
(3)就第(2)款而言，通知于口頭傳達被通知人或遞送到被通知人的營業(yè)地或通訊地址時，為通知“送達”被通知人。
(3) For the purpose of paragraph(2) a notice “reaches” a person when given to that person orally or delivered at that person’s place of business or mailing address.
(4)就本條而言，通知包括聲明、要求、請求或任何其他意思的表述。
(4) For the purpose of this article “notice” includes a declaration, demand, request or any other communication of intention.
第1.11條 定義 ARTICLE 1.11 Definitions
通則中:In these Principles
“writing” means any mode of communication that preserves a record of the information contained there in and is capable of being reproduced in tangible form.
第1.12條 當事人規(guī)定的時間的計算 ARTICLE 1.12 Computation of time set by parties
(1)發(fā)生在由當事人規(guī)定的履行某一行為的期間內(nèi)的法定節(jié)假日或非工作日應(yīng)包括在期間的計算之內(nèi)。
(1) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during a period set by parties for an act to be performed are included in calculating the period.
(2)然而，如果期間的最后一天在履行該行為之當事人的營業(yè)地是法定節(jié)假日或非工作日，該期間可順延至隨后的第一個工作日，除非情況有相反的表示。
(2) However, if the last day of the period is an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the party to perform the act, the period is extended until the first business day which follows, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
(3)相關(guān)的時區(qū)是設(shè)定時間的當事人營業(yè)地的時區(qū)，除非情況有相反的表示。
(3) The relevant time zone is that of the place of business of the party setting the time, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第二章 合同的訂立與代理人的權(quán)限
CHAPTER 2 — FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第一節(jié) 合同的訂立SECTION 1: FORMATION
第2.1.1條 訂立的形式
合同可通過對要約的承諾或通過能充分表明當事人各方合意的行為而成立。
A contract may be concluded either by the acceptance of an offer or by conduct of the parties that is sufficient to show agreement.
第2.1.2條 要約的定義
一項訂立合同的建議，如果十分確定，并表明要約人在得到承諾時受其約束的意旨，即構(gòu)成一項要約。
A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.
第2.1.3條 要約的撤回
(1)要約于送達受要約人時生效;
(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.
(2)一項要約即使是不可撤銷的，也可以撤回，如果撤回通知在要約送達受要約人之前或與要約同時送達受要約人。
(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.
第2.1.4條 要約的撤銷
(1)在合同訂立之前，要約得予撤銷，如果撤銷通知在受要約人發(fā)出承諾之前送達受要約人。
(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched an acceptance.
(2)但是，在下列情況下，要約不得撤銷:
(a)要約寫明承諾的期限，或以其他方式表明要約是不可撤銷的;或
(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or
(b)受要約人有理由信賴該項要約是不可撤銷的，且受要約人已依賴該要約行事。
(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.
第2.1.5條 要約的拒絕
要約于拒絕通知送達要約人時終止。
An offer is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.
第2.1.6條 承諾的方式
(1)受要約人做出的聲明或表示同意一項要約的其他行為構(gòu)成承諾。緘默或不行為本身不構(gòu)成承諾。
(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.
(2)對一項要約的承諾于同意的表示送達要約人時生效。
(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective when the indication of assent reaches the offeror.
(3)但是，如果根據(jù)要約本身，或依照當事人之間建立的習(xí)慣做法或依照慣例，受要約人可以通過做出某行為來表示同意，而無須向要約人發(fā)出通知，則承諾于做出該行為時生效。
(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective when the act is performed.
第2.1.7條 承諾的時間
要約必須在要約人規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)承諾;或者如果未規(guī)定時間，應(yīng)在考慮了交易的具體情況，包括要約人所使用的通訊方法的快捷程度的一段合理的時間內(nèi)做出承諾。對口頭要約必須立即做出承諾，除非情況有相反的表示。
An offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time having regard to the circumstances, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第2.1.8條 規(guī)定期限內(nèi)的承諾
要約人規(guī)定的承諾期限自要約發(fā)出時起算。要約中表示的日期應(yīng)被視為是要約發(fā)出的時間，除非情況有相反的表示。
A period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第2.1.9條 逾期承諾與傳遞遲延
(1)逾期承諾仍應(yīng)具有承諾的效力，但要約人應(yīng)毫不遲延地告知受要約人該承諾具有效力或就此向受要約人發(fā)出通知。
(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without undue delay the offeror so informs the offeree or gives notice to that effect.
(2)如果載有逾期承諾的信息表明它是在如果傳遞正常即能及時被送達要約人的情況下發(fā)出的，則該逾期的承諾仍具有承諾的效力，除非要約人毫不遲延地通知受要約人此要約已失效。
(2) If a communication containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without undue delay, the offeror informs the offeree that it considers the offer as having lapsed.
第2.1.10條 承諾的撤回
承諾可以撤回，只要撤回通知在承諾本應(yīng)生效之前或同時送達要約人。
An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.
第2.1.11條 變更的承諾
(1)對要約意在表示承諾但載有添加、限制或其他變更的答復(fù)，即為對要約的拒絕，并構(gòu)成反要約。
(1)A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.
(2)但是，對要約意在表示承諾但載有添加，或不同條件的答復(fù)，如果所載的添加或不同條件沒有實質(zhì)性地改變要約的條件，那么，除非要約人毫不遲延地表示拒絕這些不符，則此答復(fù)仍構(gòu)成承諾。如果要約人不做出拒絕，則合同的條款應(yīng)以該項要約的條款以及承諾通知中所載有的變更為準。
(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy. If the offeror does not object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.
第2.1.12條 書面確認
在合同訂立后一段合理時間內(nèi)發(fā)出的意在確認合同的書面文件，如果載有添加或不同的條款，除非這些添加或不同條款實質(zhì)性地變更了合同，或者接收方毫不遲延地拒絕了這些不符，則這些條款應(yīng)構(gòu)成合同的一個組成部分。
If a writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additional or different terms, such terms become part of the contract, unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy.
第2.1.13條 合同的訂立基于對特定事項或特定形式的協(xié)議
ARTICLE 2.1.13 Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form
在談判過程中，凡一方當事人堅持合同的訂立以對特定事項或以特定形式達成協(xié)議為條件的，則在對這些特定事項或形式達成協(xié)議之前，合同不能訂立。
Where in the course of negotiations one of the parties insists that the contract is not concluded until there is agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, no contract is concluded before agreement is reached on those matters or in that form.
第2.1.14條 特意待定的合同條款
(1)如果當事人各方意在訂立一項合同，但卻有意將一項條款留待進一步談判商定或由第三人確定，則這一事實并不妨礙合同的成立。
(1) If the parties intend to conclude a contract, the fact that they intentionally leave a term to be agreed upon in further negotiations or to be determined by a third person does not prevent a contract from coming into existence.
(2)考慮到當事人各方的意思，如果在具體情況下存在一種可選擇的合理方法來確定此條款，則合同的存在不受此后發(fā)生的下列情況的影響:
(2) The existence of the contract is not affected by the fact that subsequently
(a)當事人各方未就該條款達成協(xié)議;或
(b)第三人未確定此條款。
(b) the third person does not determine the term, provided that there is an alternative means of rendering the term definite that is reasonable in the circumstances, having regard to the intention of the parties.
第2.1.15條 惡意談判
(1)當事人可自由進行談判，并對未達成協(xié)議不承擔責任;
(1) A party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement.
(2)但是，一方當事人如果惡意進行談判或惡意終止談判，則該方當事人應(yīng)對因此給另一方當事人所造成的損失承擔責任;
(2) However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party.
(3)惡意，特別是指一方當事人在無意與對方達成協(xié)議的情況下，開始或繼續(xù)進行談判。
(3) It is bad faith, in particular, for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party.
第2.1.16條 保密義務(wù)
在談判過程中，一方當事人以保密性質(zhì)提供的信息，無論此后是否達成合同，另一方當事人有義務(wù)不予泄露，也不得為自己的目的不適當?shù)厥褂眠@些信息。在適當?shù)那闆r下，違反該義務(wù)的救濟可以包括根據(jù)另一方當事人泄露該信息所獲得之利益予以賠償。
Where information is given as confidential by one party in the course of negotiations, the other party is under a duty not to disclose that information or to use it improperly for its own purposes, whether or not a contract is subsequently concluded. Where appropriate, the remedy for breach of that duty may include compensation based on the benefit received by the other party.
第2.1.17條 合并條款
若一個書面合同中載有的一項條款表明該合同包含了各方當事人已達成一致的全部條款，則此前存在的任何陳述或協(xié)議不能被用作證據(jù)對抗或補充該合同。但是，這些陳述或協(xié)議可用于解釋該書面合同。
A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed cannot be contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. However, such statements or agreements may be used to interpret the writing.
第2.1.18條 特定形式修改
如果書面合同中載有的一項條款要求合同的任何修改或終止必須以特定形式做出，則該合同不得以其他形式修改或終止。但是，在一方當事人的行為使另一方當事人產(chǎn)生信賴并依此行事的限度內(nèi)，則該一方當事人因其行為可被拒絕主張本條款。
A contract in writing which contains a clause requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in a particular form may not be otherwise modified or terminated. However, a party may be precluded by its conduct from asserting such a clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on that conduct.
第2.1.19條 按標準條款訂立合同 ARTICLE 2.1.19
(1)一方或雙方當事人使用標準條款訂立合同，適用訂立合同的一般規(guī)則，但應(yīng)受本章第2.1.20條至第2.1.22條的約束。
(1) Where one party or both parties use standard terms in concluding a contract, the general rules on formation apply, subject to Articles 2.1.20 - 2.1.22.
(2)標準條款是指一方為通常和重復(fù)使用的目的而預(yù)先準備的條款， 并在實際使用時未與對方談判。
(2) Standard terms are provisions which are prepared in advance for general and repeated use by one party and which are actually used without negotiation with the other party.
第2.1.20條 意外條款
(1)如果標準條款中含有另一方當事人不能合理預(yù)見性質(zhì)的條款，則該條款無效，除非對方明示地表示接受;
(1) No term contained in standard terms which is of such a character that the other party could not reasonably have expected it, is effective unless it has been expressly accepted by that party.
(2)在確定某一條款是否屬于這種性質(zhì)時，應(yīng)考慮到該條款的內(nèi)容、語言和表達方式。
(2) In determining whether a term is of such a character regard shall be had to its content, language and presentation.
第2.1.21條 標準條款與非標準條款的沖突
ARTICLE 2.1.21 Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms
若標準條款與非標準條款發(fā)生沖突，以非標準條款為準。
In case of conflict between a standard term and a term which is not a standard term the latter prevails.
第2.1.22條 格式合同之爭
在雙方當事人均使用標準條款的情況下，如果雙方對除標準條款以外的條款達成一致，則合同應(yīng)根據(jù)已達成一致的條款以及在實體內(nèi)容上相同的標準條款訂立，除非一方當事人已事先明確表示或事后毫不遲延地通知另一方當事人其不愿受這種合同的約束。
Where both parties use standard terms and reach agreement except on those terms, a contract is concluded on the basis of the agreed terms and of any standard terms which are common in substance unless one party clearly indicates in advance, or later and without undue delay informs the other party, that it does not intend to be bound by such a contract.
第二節(jié) 代理人的權(quán)限SECTION 2: AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第2.2.1條 本節(jié)的范圍
(1)本節(jié)調(diào)整某人(代理人)通過與第三方之間的一項合同的訂立或相關(guān)事項，影響另一人(本人)法律關(guān)系的權(quán)限，而不論代理人是以自己的名義還是以本人的名義行事。
(1) This Section governs the authority of a person(“the agent”), to affect the legal relations of another person(“the principal”), by or with respect to a contract with a third party, whether the agent acts in its own name or in that of the principal.
(2)本節(jié)僅調(diào)整以本人或代理人為一方當事人，以第三方為另一方當事人之間的關(guān)系。
(2) It governs only the relations between the principal or the agent on the one hand, and the third party on the other.
(3)本節(jié)并不調(diào)整由法律賦予代理人的權(quán)限，或由公共或司法機構(gòu)指定的代理人的權(quán)限。
(3) It does not govern an agent’s authority conferred by law or the authority of an agent appointed by a public or judicial authority.
第2.2.2條 代理人權(quán)限的確立和范圍
ARTICLE 2.2.2 Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
(1)本人授予代理人的權(quán)限既可以是明示的也可以是默示的。
(1) The principal’s grant of authority to an agent may be express or implied.
(2)代理人為實現(xiàn)授權(quán)之目的，有權(quán)采取所有必要的行為。
(2) The agent has authority to perform all acts necessary in the circumstances to achieve the purposes for which the authority was granted.
第2.2.3條 顯名代理
(1)如當代理人在其權(quán)限范圍內(nèi)行事，且第三方已知或應(yīng)知其以代理身份行事，代理人的行為將直接影響本人和第三方之間的法律關(guān)系，而在代理人和第三方之間不創(chuàng)設(shè)任何法律關(guān)系。
(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall directly affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party and no legal relation is created between the agent and the third party.
(2)但是，當代理人經(jīng)本人同意成為合同一方時，則代理人的行為應(yīng)僅影響代理人和第三方之間的關(guān)系。
(2) However, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party, where the agent with the consent of the principal undertakes to become the party to the contract.
第2.2.4條 隱名代理
(1)當代理人在其權(quán)限范圍內(nèi)行事，但第三方既不知道也不應(yīng)知道代理人是作為代理人行事時，則代理人的行為將僅影響代理人與第三方之間的關(guān)系。
(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party neither knew nor ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party.
(2)然而，代理人當代表一個商業(yè)與第三方達成合同時，聲稱是該商業(yè)的所有人，則第三方在發(fā)現(xiàn)該商業(yè)的真實所有者后，可以向后者行使其對代理人的權(quán)利。
(2) However, where such an agent, when contracting with the third party on behalf of a business, represents itself to be the owner of that business, the third party, upon discovery of the real owner of the business, may exercise also against the latter the rights it has against the agent.
第2.2.5條 代理人無權(quán)或越權(quán)行事
ARTICLE 2.2.5 Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
(1)代理人沒有代理權(quán)或超越代理權(quán)行事時，其行為不影響委托人和第三方之間的法律關(guān)系。
(1) Where an agent acts without authority or exceeds its authority, its acts do not affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party.
(2)但是，當本人造成第三方合理地認為代理人有權(quán)代表本人行事，且代理人是在該權(quán)限范圍內(nèi)行事時，則本人不得以代理人無代理權(quán)為由對抗第三方。
(2) However, where the principal causes the third party reasonably to believe that the agent has authority to act on behalf of the principal and that the agent is acting within the scope of that authority, the principal may not invoke against the third party the lack of authority of the agent.
第2.2.6條 代理人無權(quán)或越權(quán)行事的責任
(1)沒有代理權(quán)或超越代理權(quán)行事的代理人，如未經(jīng)本人追認，則應(yīng)對第三人承擔將其恢復(fù)至如同代理人有代理權(quán)或未超越代理權(quán)行事時第三方應(yīng)處的同等狀況的責任。
(1) An agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority is, failing ratification by the principal, liable for damages that will place the third party in the same position as if the agent had acted with authority and not exceeded its authority.
(2)但是，如果第三方已知或應(yīng)知代理人沒有代理權(quán)或超越代理權(quán)，則代理人不承擔責任。
(2) However, the agent is not liable if the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent had no authority or was exceeding its authority.
第2.2.7條 利益沖突
(1)如果代理人締結(jié)的合同涉及到代理人與本人存在利益沖突，而且第三方已知或應(yīng)知這一情況，則本人可主張合同無效。主張無效的權(quán)利由第3.12條和第3.14條至第3.17條調(diào)整。
(1) If a contract concluded by an agent involves the agent in a conflict of interests with the principal of which the third party knew or ought to have known, the principal may avoid the contract. The right to avoid is subject to Articles 3.12 and 3.14 to 3.17.
(2)但是，本人在以下情況不得主張合同無效:
(2) However, the principal may not avoid the contract
(a)本人已經(jīng)同意，或已知或應(yīng)知代理人涉及利益沖突;或
(a) if the principal had consented to, or knew or ought to have known of, the agent’s involvement in the conflict of interests; or
(b)代理人已經(jīng)披露與本人的利益沖突，但本人在合理時間內(nèi)并未提出反對。
(b) if the agent had disclosed the conflict of interests to the principal and the latter had not objected within a reasonable time.
第2.2.8條 次代理
代理人有指定次代理人履行那些非合理預(yù)期代理人本身履行的行為的默示權(quán)力。本節(jié)的規(guī)則適用于次代理。
An agent has implied authority to appoint a sub-agent to perform acts which it is not reasonable to expect the agent to perform itself. The rules of this Section apply to the sub-agency.
第2.2.9條 追認
(1)代理人沒有代理權(quán)或超越代理權(quán)的行為可由本人追認。經(jīng)追認的行為如同代理人自始就依代理權(quán)行事產(chǎn)生同樣的效力。
(1) An act by an agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority may be ratified by the principal. On ratification the act produces the same effects as if it had initially been carried out with authority.
(2)第三方可以通知本人在一段合理的時間內(nèi)追認。本人如未在該時間內(nèi)追認，則不能再予追認。
(2) The third party may by notice to the principal specify a reasonable period of time for ratification. If the principal does not ratify within that period of time it can no longer do so.
(3)如果在代理人行事時，第三方既不知也不應(yīng)知代理人無權(quán)代理，則第三方可在本人追認前，隨時通知本人表示拒絕受追認的約束。
(3) If, at the time of the agent’s act, the third party neither knew nor ought to have known of the lack of authority, it may, at any time before ratification, by notice to the principal indicate its refusal to become bound by a ratification.
第2.2.10條 代理權(quán)終止 ARTICLE 2.2.10
(1)代理權(quán)的終止對第三方不產(chǎn)生效力，除非第三方已知或應(yīng)知這一情況。
(1) Termination of authority is not effective in relation to the third party unless the third party knew or ought to have known of it.
(2)盡管代理權(quán)終止，但代理人仍有權(quán)為防止損害本人利益采取必 要的行為。
(2) Notwithstanding the termination of its authority, an agent remains authorised to perform the acts that are necessary to prevent harm to the principal’s interests.
第三章 合同的效力CHAPTER 3 — VALIDITY
第3.1條 未涉及事項 ARTICLE 3.1(Matters not covered)
通則不處理由以下原因而導(dǎo)致的合同無效:
These Principles do not deal with invalidity arising from
(a)無行為能力;(a) lack of capacity;
(b)不道德或非法。(b) immorality or illegality.
第3.2條 協(xié)議的效力
合同僅由雙方的協(xié)議訂立、修改或終止，除此別無其他要求。
A contract is concluded, modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties, without any further requirement.
第3.3條 自始不能
(1)合同訂立時不能履行所承擔之義務(wù)的事實本身，不影響合同的效力。
(1) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract the performance of the obligation assumed was impossible does not affect the validity of the contract.
(2)合同訂立時一方當事人無權(quán)處置與該合同相關(guān)聯(lián)之財產(chǎn)的事實本身，不影響合同的效力。
(2) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract a party was not entitled to dispose of the assets to which the contract relates does not affect the validity of the contract.
第3.4條 錯誤的定義
錯誤是指對合同訂立時已經(jīng)存在的事實或法律所做的不正確的假設(shè)。
Mistake is an erroneous assumption relating to facts or to law existing when the contract was concluded.
第3.5條 相關(guān)錯誤
(1)一方當事人可因錯誤而宣告合同無效，此錯誤在訂立合同時如此之重大，以至于一個通情達理的人處在與犯錯誤之當事人的相同情況之下，如果知道事實真相，就會按實質(zhì)不同的條款訂立合同，或根本不會訂立合同，并且
(1) A party may only avoid the contract for mistake if, when the contract was concluded, the mistake was of such importance that a reasonable person in the same situation as the party in error would only have concluded the contract on materially different terms or would not have concluded it at all if the true state of affairs had been known, and
(a)另一方當事人犯了相同的錯誤，或造成如此錯誤，或者另一方當事人知道或理應(yīng)知道該錯誤，但卻有悖于公平交易的合理商業(yè)標準，使錯誤方一直處于錯誤狀態(tài)之中;或者
(a) the other party made the same mistake, or caused the mistake, or knew or ought to have known of the mistake and it was contrary to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or
(b)在宣告合同無效時，另一方當事人尚未依其對合同的信賴而行事。
(b) the other party had not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.
(2)但是，一方當事人不能宣告合同無效，如果
(2) However, a party may not avoid the contract if
(a)該當事人由于重大疏忽而犯此錯誤;或者
(a) it was grossly negligent in committing the mistake; or
(b)錯誤與某事實相關(guān)聯(lián)，而對于該事實發(fā)生錯誤的風險已被設(shè)想到，或者考慮到相關(guān)情況，該錯誤的風險應(yīng)當由錯誤方承擔。
(b) the mistake relates to a matter in regard to which the risk of mistake was assumed or, having regard to the circumstances, should be borne by the mistaken party.
第3.6條 表述或傳達中的錯誤
在表述或傳達一項聲明過程中發(fā)生的錯誤應(yīng)視為做出該聲明之人的錯誤。
An error occurring in the expression or transmission of a declaration is considered to be a mistake of the person from whom the declaration emanated.
第3.7條 對不履行的救濟 ARTICLE 3.7 Remedies for non-performance
一方當事人無權(quán)因錯誤宣告合同無效，如果該方當事人所依賴的情況表明對不履行可以或本來可以提供救濟。
A party is not entitled to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake if the circumstances on which that party relies afford, or could have afforded, a remedy for non-performance.
第3.8條 欺詐
一方當事人可宣告合同無效，如果其訂立合同是基于另一方當事人的欺詐性陳述，包括欺詐性的語言或做法，或按照公平交易的合理商業(yè)標準，該另一方當事人對應(yīng)予披露的情況欺詐性地未予披露。
A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s fraudulent representation, including language or practices, or fraudulent non-disclosure of circumstances which, according to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing, the latter party should have disclosed.
第3.9條 脅迫
一方當事人可宣告合同無效，如果其合同的訂立是因另一方當事人的不正當之脅迫，而且考慮到在各種情況下，該脅迫如此急迫、嚴重到足以使第一方當事人無其他合理選擇。尤其是當使一方當事人受到脅迫的作為或不作為本身屬非法，或者以其作為手段來獲取合同的訂立屬非法時，均為不正當?shù)拿{迫。
A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s unjustified threat which, having regard to the circumstances, is so imminent and serious as to leave the first party no reasonable alternative. In particular, a threat is unjustified if the act or omission with which a party has been threatened is wrongful in itself, or it is wrongful to use it as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract.
第3.10條 重大失衡
(1)在訂立合同時，合同或其個別條款不合理地對另一方當事人過分有利，則一方當事人可宣告該合同或該個別條款無效。除其他因素外，尚應(yīng)考慮下列各項:
(1) A party may avoid the contract or an individual term of it if, at the time of the conclusion of the contract, the contract or term unjustifiably gave the other party an excessive advantage. Regard is to be had, among other factors, to
(a)該另一方當事人不公平地利用了對方當事人的依賴、經(jīng)濟困境或緊急需要，或不正當?shù)乩昧藢Ψ疆斒氯说娜狈h見、無知、無經(jīng)驗或缺乏談判技巧的事實，以及
(a) the fact that the other party has taken unfair advantage of the first party’s dependence, economic distress or urgent needs, or of its improvidence, ignorance, inexperience or lack of bargaining skill, and
(b)合同的性質(zhì)和目的。(b) the nature and purpose of the contract.
(2)依有權(quán)宣告合同無效的一方當事人的請求,法院可以修改該合同或其條款，以使其符合公平交易的合理的商業(yè)標準。
(2) Upon the request of the party entitled to avoidance, a court may adapt the contract or term in order to make it accord with reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.
(3)依收到宣告合同無效通知的一方當事人的請求，法院亦可修改合同或其條款，只要該方當事人在收到此項通知后，且在對方當事人依據(jù)該項通知行事前，立即將其請求告知對方當事人。本章第3.13條第(2)款的規(guī)定此時應(yīng)予適用。
(3) A court may also adapt the contract or term upon the request of the party receiving notice of avoidance, provided that that party informs the other party of its request promptly after receiving such notice and before the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on it. The provisions of Article 3.13(2) apply accordingly.
第3.11條 第三人
(1)如果欺詐、脅迫、重大失衡或一方當事人的錯誤可歸因于第三人，或者該第三人知道或應(yīng)當知道這些情況，而該第三人的行為由另一方當事人負責，則可按該另一方當事人本身所做行為或所知曉的相同條件，宣告該合同無效。
(1) Where fraud, threat, gross disparity or a party’s mistake is imputable to, or is known or ought to be known by, a third person for whose acts the other party is responsible, the contract may be avoided under the same conditions as if the behaviour or knowledge had been that of the party itself.
(2)如果欺詐、脅迫或重大失衡可歸因于第三人，而該第三人的行為不由另一方當事人負責，在該另一方當事人知道或理應(yīng)知道此欺詐、脅迫或重大失衡，或在宣告合同無效時尚未按照對該合同的信賴而行事的情況下，則該合同可被宣告無效。
(2) Where fraud, threat or gross disparity is imputable to a third person for whose acts the other party is not responsible, the contract may be avoided if that party knew or ought to have known of the fraud, threat or disparity, or has not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.
第3.12條 確認
有權(quán)宣告合同無效的一方當事人如果在發(fā)出合同無效通知的期間開始后，又明示或默示地確認合同，則該方當事人不得再宣告合同無效。
If the party entitled to avoid the contract expressly or impliedly confirms the contract after the period of time for giving notice of avoidance has begun to run, avoidance of the contract is excluded.
第3.13條 喪失宣告合同無效的權(quán)利
(1)如果一方當事人有權(quán)因錯誤宣告合同無效，而另一方當事人聲明他將愿意按或已按有權(quán)宣告合同無效的一方當事人對合同的理解履行合同，則該合同應(yīng)視為按照該一方當事人的理解已經(jīng)訂立。該另一方當事人在收到有權(quán)宣告合同無效的一方當事人對合同的理解方式的通知后，而且在該一方當事人依據(jù)宣告合同無效通知合理行事之前，必須立即做出此種聲明或進行此種履行。
(1) If a party is entitled to avoid the contract for mistake but the other party declares itself willing to perform or performs the contract as it was understood by the party entitled to avoidance, the contract is considered to have been concluded as the latter party understood it. The other party must make such a declaration or render such performance promptly after having been informed of the manner in which the party entitled to avoidance had understood the contract and before that party has reasonably acted in reliance on a notice of avoidance.
(2)在做出此種聲明或履行之后，宣告合同無效的權(quán)利即行喪失，任何以前宣告合同無效的通知均喪失效力。
(2) After such a declaration or performance the right to avoidance is lost and any earlier notice of avoidance is ineffective.
第3.14條 宣告合同無效的通知
一方當事人通過向另一方當事人發(fā)出通知行使其宣告合同無效的權(quán)利。
The right of a party to avoid the contract is exercised by notice to the other party.
第3.15條 時間期限
(1)考慮到各種情況，宣告合同無效的通知，應(yīng)在宣告合同無效的一方當事人已知或不可能不知道有關(guān)事實或者在其可以自由行事之后的一段合理時間內(nèi)做出。
(1) Notice of avoidance shall be given within a reasonable time, having regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or could not have been unaware of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely.
(2)如果一方當事人根據(jù)第3.10條的規(guī)定有權(quán)宣告合同中的個別條款無效，則宣告合同無效通知的期限自另一方當事人堅持該條款之時開始。
(2) Where an individual term of the contract may be avoided by a party under Article 3.10, the period of time for giving notice of avoidance begins to run when that term is asserted by the other party.
第3.16條 部分無效
如果宣告合同無效的理由僅影響合同的個別條款，則宣告合同無效的效力僅限于這些條款，除非考慮到各種情況，維持合同的其余部分是不合理的。
Where a ground of avoidance affects only individual terms of the contract, the effect of avoidance is limited to those terms unless, having regard to the circumstances, it is unreasonable to uphold the remaining contract.
第3.17條 宣告合同無效的追溯力
(1)宣告合同無效具有追溯力。(1) Avoidance takes effect retroactively.
(2)宣告合同無效后，任何一方當事人可要求返還其依據(jù)已被宣告無效的合同或部分合同所提供的一切，但要以該方當事人也同時返還其依據(jù)已被宣告無效的合同或部分合同所得到的一切為條件，或者如雖不能返還實物，但對其所得之物給予補償。
(2) On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied under the contract or the part of it avoided, provided that it concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received under the contract or the part of it avoided or, if it cannot make restitution in kind, it makes an allowance for what it has received.
第3.18條 損害賠償
無論是否宣告合同無效，已知或理應(yīng)知道合同無效理由的一方當事人應(yīng)承擔損害賠償?shù)呢熑?，以使另一方當事人處于如同其未訂立合同的地位?/p>
Irrespective of whether or not the contract has been avoided, the party who knew or ought to have known of the ground for avoidance is liable for damages so as to put the other party in the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract.
第3.19條 本章條款的強制性
本章的各項規(guī)定具有強制性，但那些有關(guān)協(xié)議的約束力、自始不能或錯誤的規(guī)定除外。
The provisions of this Chapter are mandatory, except insofar as they relate to the binding force of mere agreement, initial impossibility or mistake.
第3.20條 單方聲明
本章各項規(guī)定在適當修改后，適用于一方當事人向另一方當事人傳達的任何意思表示。
The provisions of this Chapter apply with appropriate adaptations to any communication of intention addressed by one party to the other.
Principles of International Commercial Contracts
國際統(tǒng)一私法協(xié)會國際商事合同通則
簡介：《國際商事合同通則》（Principles of International Commercial Contracts，簡稱PICC）是國際統(tǒng)一私法協(xié)會1994年編撰的，2004年做了大的修訂。它是一部具有現(xiàn)代性、廣泛代表性、權(quán)威性與實用性的商事合同統(tǒng)一法。它可為各國立法參考，為司法、仲裁所適用，是起草合同、談判的工具，也是合同法教學(xué)的參考書?！秶H商事合同通則》旨在為國際商事合同制定一般規(guī)則，在當事人約定其合同受《國際商事合同通則》管轄時，應(yīng)適用《國際商事合同通則》；在當事人約定其合同適用法律的一般原則、商人習(xí)慣法或類似措辭時，可適用《國際商事合同通則》；在當事人未選擇任何法律管轄其合同時，可適用《國際商事合同通則》；《國際商事合同通則》可用于解釋或補充國際統(tǒng)一法文件；《國際商事合同通則》可用于解釋或補充國內(nèi)法；《國際商事合同通則》也可作為國內(nèi)和國際立法的范本。
第一章 總則GENERAL PROVISIONS
第1.1條締約自由
第1.2條無形式要求
第1.3條合同的約束性
第1.4條 強制性規(guī)則 ARTICLE 1.4Mandatory rules
第1.5條 當事人的排除或修改
第1.6條 通則的解釋和補充 ARTICLE 1.6 Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
第1.7條 誠實信用和公平交易 ARTICLE 1.7 Good faith and fair dealing
第1.8條 不一致行為 ARTICLE 1.8 Inconsistent Behaviour
第1.9條 慣例和習(xí)慣做法 ARTICLE 1.9 Usages and practices
第1.10條 通知 ARTICLE 1.10 Notice
第1.11條 定義 ARTICLE 1.11 Definitions
第1.12條 當事人規(guī)定的時間的計算 ARTICLE 1.12 Computation of time set by parties
第二章 合同的訂立與代理人的權(quán)限
CHAPTER 2 — FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第一節(jié) 合同的訂立SECTION 1: FORMATION
第2.1.1條 訂立的形式
第2.1.2條 要約的定義
第2.1.3條 要約的撤回
第2.1.4條 要約的撤銷
第2.1.5條 要約的拒絕
第2.1.6條 承諾的方式
第2.1.7條 承諾的時間
第2.1.8條 規(guī)定期限內(nèi)的承諾
第2.1.9條 逾期承諾與傳遞遲延
第2.1.10條 承諾的撤回
第2.1.11條 變更的承諾
第2.1.12條 書面確認
第2.1.13條合同的訂立基于對特定事項或特定形式的協(xié)議
第2.1.14條 特意待定的合同條款
第2.1.15條 惡意談判
第2.1.16條 保密義務(wù)
第2.1.17條 合并條款
第2.1.18條 特定形式修改
第2.1.19條 按標準條款訂立合同 ARTICLE 2.1.19
第2.1.20條 意外條款
第2.1.21條 標準條款與非標準條款的沖突
ARTICLE 2.1.21 Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms
第2.1.22條 格式合同之爭
第二節(jié) 代理人的權(quán)限SECTION 2: AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第2.2.1條 本節(jié)的范圍
第2.2.2條 代理人權(quán)限的確立和范圍
ARTICLE 2.2.2 Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
第2.2.3條 顯名代理
第2.2.4條 隱名代理
第2.2.5條 代理人無權(quán)或越權(quán)行事
ARTICLE 2.2.5 Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
第2.2.6條 代理人無權(quán)或越權(quán)行事的責任
第2.2.7條 利益沖突
第2.2.8條 次代理
第2.2.9條 追認
第2.2.10條 代理權(quán)終止 ARTICLE 2.2.10
第三章 合同的效力CHAPTER 3 — VALIDITY
第3.1條 未涉及事項 ARTICLE 3.1(Matters not covered)
第3.2條 協(xié)議的效力
第3.3條 自始不能
第3.4條 錯誤的定義
第3.5條 相關(guān)錯誤
第3.6條 表述或傳達中的錯誤
第3.7條 對不履行的救濟 ARTICLE 3.7 Remedies for non-performance
第3.8條 欺詐
第3.9條 脅迫
第3.10條 重大失衡
第3.11條 第三人
第3.12條 確認
第3.13條 喪失宣告合同無效的權(quán)利
第3.14條 宣告合同無效的通知
第3.15條 時間期限
第3.16條 部分無效
第3.17條 宣告合同無效的追溯力
第3.18條 損害賠償
第3.19條 本章條款的強制性
第3.20條 單方聲明
第四章 合同的解釋CHAPTER 4 — INTERPRETATION
第4.1條 當事人的意思
第4.2條 對陳述和其他行為的解釋
第4.3條 相關(guān)情況
第4.4條 合同或陳述作為整體考慮
ARTICLE 4.4 Reference to contract or statement as a whole
第4.5條 給予所有條款以效力
第4.6條 對條款提議人不利規(guī)則
第4.7條 語言差異
第4.8條 補充空缺條款
第五章 合同的內(nèi)容與第三方權(quán)利CHAPTER 5 — CONTENT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第一節(jié) 合同的內(nèi)容SECTION 1: CONTENT
第5.1.1條 明示和默示的義務(wù)
第5.1.2條 默示的義務(wù)
第5.1.3條 事人之間的合作
第5.1.5條確定所涉義務(wù)的種類
第5.1.6條確定履行的質(zhì)量
第5.1.7條 價格的確定
第5.1.8條 無固定期限的合同
第5.1.9條 通過協(xié)議放棄權(quán)利
第二節(jié) 第三方權(quán)利SECTION 2: THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第5.2.1條 第三方受益的合同
第5.2.2條 可確定的第三方
第5.2.3條 排除和限制條款
第5.2.4條 抗辯
第5.2.5條 撤銷
第5.2.6條 放棄權(quán)利
第六章 履行CHAPTER 6 — PERFORMANCE
第一節(jié) 履行的一般規(guī)定SECTION 1: PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第6.1.1條 履行時間
第6.1.2條 一次或分期履行
第6.1.4條 履行順序
第6.1.5條 提前履行
第6.1.6條 履行地
第6.1.7條 以支票或其他票據(jù)付款
第6.1.8條 轉(zhuǎn)賬支付
第6.1.9條 付款貨幣
第6.1.10條 未規(guī)定貨幣
第6.1.11條 履行費用
第6.1.12條 指定清償
第6.1.13條 非金錢債務(wù)的指定清償
ARTICLE 6.1.13 Imputation of non-monetary obligations
第6.1.14條 申請公共許可
第6.1.15條 申請許可的程序
第6.1.16條 許可既未獲批準又未遭拒絕
ARTICLE 6.1.16 Permission neither granted nor refused
第6.1.17條 拒絕許可
第二節(jié):艱難情形SECTION 2: HARDSHIP
第6.2.1條 合同必須遵守
第6.2.2條 艱難情形的定義
第七章 不履行CHAPTER 7 — NON-PERFORMANCE
第一節(jié) 不履行的一般規(guī)定SECTION 1: NON-PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第7.1.1條 不履行的定義
第7.1.2條
第7.1.3條 停止履行
第7.1.4條 不履行方的補救
第7.1.5條 履行的額外期間
第7.1.6條 免責條款
第7.1.7條 不可抗力
第二節(jié) 要求履行的權(quán)利SECTION 2: RIGHT TO PERFORMANCE
第7.2.1條 金錢債務(wù)的履行
第7.2.2條 非金錢債務(wù)的履行
第7.2.3條 對瑕疵履行的修補和替換
ARTICLE 7.2.3 Repair and replacement of defective performance
第7.2.4條 法院判決的罰金
第7.2.5條 救濟的變更
第三節(jié) 合同的終止SECTION 3: TERMINATION
第7.3.1條 終止合同的權(quán)利
第7.3.2條 終止通知
第7.3.3條 預(yù)期不履行
第7.3.4條 如約履行的充分保證
第7.3.5條 終止合同的一般效果
第7.3.6條 恢復(fù)原狀
第四節(jié) 損害賠償SECTION 4: DAMAGES
第7.4.1條 損害賠償?shù)臋?quán)利 ARTICLE 7.4.1 Right to damages
第7.4.2條 賠償
第7.4.3條 損害的確定
第7.4.4條 損害的可預(yù)見性
第7.4.5條 存在替代交易情況時的損害證明
ARTICLE 7.4.5 Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction
第7.4.6條 依時價確定損害的證明
第7.4.7條 部分歸咎于受損害方的損害
第7.4.8條 損害的減輕
第7.4.9條 未付金錢債務(wù)的利息
第7.4.10條 損害賠償?shù)睦?nbsp;
第7.4.11條 金錢賠償?shù)姆绞?nbsp;
第7.4.12條 估算損害賠償金的貨幣
第7.4.13條 對不履行所約定的付款
第八章 抵銷CHAPTER 8 — SET-OFF
第8.1條 抵銷的條件
第8.2條 外匯抵銷
第8.3條 抵銷通知
第8.4條 通知的內(nèi)容
第8.5條 抵銷的效力
第九章 權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓、債務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)移、合同的轉(zhuǎn)讓
CHAPTER 9 — ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS, TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS,
ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTS
第一節(jié) 權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓SECTION 1: ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS
第9.1.1條 定義
第9.1.2條 排除適用
第9.1.3條 非金錢權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓
第9.1.4條 部分轉(zhuǎn)讓
第9.1.5條 未來權(quán)利
第9.1.6條 未逐一指明的權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓
ARTICLE 9.1.6 Rights assigned without individual specification
第9.1.7條 讓與人和受讓人協(xié)議即可轉(zhuǎn)讓
ARTICLE 9.1.7 Agreement between assignor and assignee sufficient
第9.1.8條 債務(wù)人的額外成本
第9.1.9條 非轉(zhuǎn)讓條款
第9.1.10條 通知債務(wù)人
第9.1.11條 連續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)讓
第9.1.12條 轉(zhuǎn)讓的充分證據(jù)
第9.1.13條 抗辯權(quán)和抵銷權(quán)
第9.1.14條 與權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓相關(guān)之權(quán)利
第9.1.15條 讓與人的擔保
第二節(jié):債務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)移SECTION 2: TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS
第9.2.1條 轉(zhuǎn)移的模式
第9.2.2條 排除適用
第9.2.3條 對債權(quán)人轉(zhuǎn)移同意的要求
ARTICLE 9.2.3 Requirement of obligee’s consent to transfer
第9.2.4條 債權(quán)人的預(yù)先同意
第9.2.5條 原債務(wù)人債務(wù)的解除
第9.2.6條 第三方履行
第9.2.7條 抗辯和抵銷權(quán)
第9.2.8條 與被轉(zhuǎn)移債務(wù)相關(guān)的權(quán)利
ARTICLE 9.2.8 Rights related to the obligation transferred
第三節(jié) 合同的轉(zhuǎn)讓SECTION 3: ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTS
第9.3.1條 定義
第9.3.2條 排除適用
第9.3.3條 另一方當事人同意的要求
ARTICLE 9.3.3 Requirement of consent of the other party
第9.3.4條 另一方當事人的預(yù)先同意
第9.3.5條 讓與人債務(wù)的解除
第9.3.6條 抗辯和抵銷權(quán)
第9.3.7條 隨合同轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利
第十章 時效期間CHAPTER 10 — LIMITATION PERIODS
第10.1條 本章范圍
第10.2條 時效期間
第10.3條 當事人對時效期間的修改
ARTICLE 10.3 Modification of limitation periods by the parties
第10.5條 因司法程序而中止
第10.6條 因仲裁程序而中止
第10.7條 替代性爭議解決機制
第10.8條 因不可抗力、死亡或無行為能力而中止
ARTICLE 10.8 Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity
第10.9條 時效期間屆滿的效力
ARTICLE 10.9 The effects of expiration of limitation period
第10.10條 抵銷權(quán)
第10.11條 返還
序言PREAMBLE
通則的目的
通則旨在為國際商事合同制定一般規(guī)則。
These Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts.
在當事人約定其合同受通則管轄時，應(yīng)適用通則。.
They shall be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by them.(*)
在當事人約定其合同受法律的一般原則、商人習(xí)慣法或類似措辭管轄時，可適用通則。
They may be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by general principles of law, the lex mercatoria or the like.
在當事人未選擇任何法律管轄其合同時，可適用通則。
They may be applied when the parties have not chosen any law to govern their contract.
通則可用于解釋或補充國際統(tǒng)一法文件。
They may be used to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments.
通則可用于解釋或補充國內(nèi)法。
They may be used to interpret or supplement domestic law.
通則也可作為國內(nèi)和國際立法的范本。
They may serve as a model for national and international legislators.
(*)希望在合同中規(guī)定其協(xié)議受《通則》管轄的當事人可以使用如下表述，并加上任何希望的例外或調(diào)整:
(*)Parties wishing to provide that their agreement be governed by the Principles might use the following words, adding any desired exceptions or modifications:
“本合同應(yīng)受《國際統(tǒng)一私法協(xié)會國際商事合同通則》(2004)管轄，[除了某條款]。”
“This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles(2004)[except as to Articles …]”.
希望在合同中規(guī)定適用某一特定的轄區(qū)法律的當事人，可以使用如下表述:
Parties wishing to provide in addition for the application of the law of a particular jurisdiction might use the following words:
“本合同應(yīng)受《國際統(tǒng)一私法協(xié)會國際商事合同通則》(2004)管轄[除了某條款]，
必要時由【X管轄區(qū)】的法律補充。”
“This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles(2004)[except as to Articles…],
supplemented when necessary by the law of [jurisdiction X].
第一章 總 則CHAPTER 1 — GENERAL PROVISIONS
第1.1條締約自由 ARTICLE 1.1 Freedom of contract
當事人可自由訂立合同并確定合同的內(nèi)容。
The parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content.
第1.2條無形式要求 ARTICLE 1.2 No form required
通則不要求合同、聲明或其他任何行為必須以特定形式作出或以特定形式證明。合同可通過包括證人在內(nèi)的任何形式證明。
Nothing in these Principles requires a contract, statement or any other act to be made in or evidenced by a particular form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.
第1.3條合同的約束性
有效訂立的合同對當事人均具有約束力。當事人僅能根據(jù)合同的條款，或通過協(xié)議，或根據(jù)通則的規(guī)定修改或終止合同。
A contract validly entered into is binding upon the parties. It can only be modified or terminated in accordance with its terms or by agreement or as otherwise provided in these Principles.
第1.4條 強制性規(guī)則 ARTICLE 1.4Mandatory rules
通則的任何規(guī)定都不應(yīng)限制根據(jù)國際私法有關(guān)規(guī)則導(dǎo)致的強制性規(guī)則的適用，且不論這些強制性規(guī)則是源于國內(nèi)的、國際的還是超國家的。
Nothing in these Principles shall restrict the application of mandatory rules, whether of national, international or supranational origin, which are applicable in accordance with the relevant rules of private international law.
第1.5條 當事人的排除或修改
除通則另有規(guī)定外，當事人可以排除通則的適用，或者減損或改變通則任何條款的效力。
The parties may exclude the application of these Principles or derogate from or vary the effect of any of their provisions, except as otherwise provided in the Principles.
第1.6條 通則的解釋和補充 ARTICLE 1.6 Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
(1)在解釋通則時，應(yīng)考慮通則的國際性及其目的，包括促進其統(tǒng)一適用的需要。
(1) In the interpretation of these Principles, regard is to be had to their international character and to their purposes including the need to promote uniformity in their application.
(2)凡屬于通則范圍之內(nèi)但又未被通則明確規(guī)定的問題，應(yīng)盡可能地根據(jù)通則確定的一般基本原則來處理。
(2) Issues within the scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are as far as possible to be settled in accordance with their underlying general principles.
第1.7條 誠實信用和公平交易 ARTICLE 1.7 Good faith and fair dealing
(1)在國際貿(mào)易中，每一方當事人應(yīng)依據(jù)誠實信用和公平交易的原則行事。
(1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing in international trade.
(2)當事人不能排除或限制此項義務(wù)。
(2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty.
第1.8條 不一致行為 ARTICLE 1.8 Inconsistent Behaviour
如果一方當事人使得另一方當事人產(chǎn)生某種理解，且該另一方當事人依賴該理解合理行事，并對自己造成不利后果，則該方當事人不得以與該另一方當事人理解不一致的方式行事。
A party cannot act inconsistently with an understanding it has caused the other party to have and upon which that other party reasonably has acted in reliance to its detriment.
第1.9條 慣例和習(xí)慣做法 ARTICLE 1.9 Usages and practices
(1)當事人各方受其業(yè)已約定的任何慣例和其相互之間業(yè)已建立的任何習(xí)慣做法的約束。
(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.
(2)在特定的有關(guān)貿(mào)易中的合同當事人，應(yīng)受國際貿(mào)易中廣泛知悉并慣常遵守的慣例的約束，除非該慣例的適用為不合理。
(2) The parties are bound by a usage that is widely known to and regularly observed in international trade by parties in the particular trade concerned except where the application of such a usage would be unreasonable.
第1.10條 通知 ARTICLE 1.10 Notice
(1)在需要發(fā)出通知時，通知可以適合于具體情況的任何方式發(fā)出。
(1) Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the circumstances.
(2)通知于送達被通知人時生效。
(2) A notice is effective when it reaches the person to whom it is given.
(3)就第(2)款而言，通知于口頭傳達被通知人或遞送到被通知人的營業(yè)地或通訊地址時，為通知“送達”被通知人。
(3) For the purpose of paragraph(2) a notice “reaches” a person when given to that person orally or delivered at that person’s place of business or mailing address.
(4)就本條而言，通知包括聲明、要求、請求或任何其他意思的表述。
(4) For the purpose of this article “notice” includes a declaration, demand, request or any other communication of intention.
第1.11條 定義 ARTICLE 1.11 Definitions
通則中:In these Principles
“writing” means any mode of communication that preserves a record of the information contained there in and is capable of being reproduced in tangible form.
第1.12條 當事人規(guī)定的時間的計算 ARTICLE 1.12 Computation of time set by parties
(1)發(fā)生在由當事人規(guī)定的履行某一行為的期間內(nèi)的法定節(jié)假日或非工作日應(yīng)包括在期間的計算之內(nèi)。
(1) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during a period set by parties for an act to be performed are included in calculating the period.
(2)然而，如果期間的最后一天在履行該行為之當事人的營業(yè)地是法定節(jié)假日或非工作日，該期間可順延至隨后的第一個工作日，除非情況有相反的表示。
(2) However, if the last day of the period is an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the party to perform the act, the period is extended until the first business day which follows, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
(3)相關(guān)的時區(qū)是設(shè)定時間的當事人營業(yè)地的時區(qū)，除非情況有相反的表示。
(3) The relevant time zone is that of the place of business of the party setting the time, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第二章 合同的訂立與代理人的權(quán)限
CHAPTER 2 — FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第一節(jié) 合同的訂立SECTION 1: FORMATION
第2.1.1條 訂立的形式
合同可通過對要約的承諾或通過能充分表明當事人各方合意的行為而成立。
A contract may be concluded either by the acceptance of an offer or by conduct of the parties that is sufficient to show agreement.
第2.1.2條 要約的定義
一項訂立合同的建議，如果十分確定，并表明要約人在得到承諾時受其約束的意旨，即構(gòu)成一項要約。
A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.
第2.1.3條 要約的撤回
(1)要約于送達受要約人時生效;
(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.
(2)一項要約即使是不可撤銷的，也可以撤回，如果撤回通知在要約送達受要約人之前或與要約同時送達受要約人。
(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.
第2.1.4條 要約的撤銷
(1)在合同訂立之前，要約得予撤銷，如果撤銷通知在受要約人發(fā)出承諾之前送達受要約人。
(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched an acceptance.
(2)但是，在下列情況下，要約不得撤銷:
(a)要約寫明承諾的期限，或以其他方式表明要約是不可撤銷的;或
(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or
(b)受要約人有理由信賴該項要約是不可撤銷的，且受要約人已依賴該要約行事。
(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.
第2.1.5條 要約的拒絕
要約于拒絕通知送達要約人時終止。
An offer is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.
第2.1.6條 承諾的方式
(1)受要約人做出的聲明或表示同意一項要約的其他行為構(gòu)成承諾。緘默或不行為本身不構(gòu)成承諾。
(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.
(2)對一項要約的承諾于同意的表示送達要約人時生效。
(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective when the indication of assent reaches the offeror.
(3)但是，如果根據(jù)要約本身，或依照當事人之間建立的習(xí)慣做法或依照慣例，受要約人可以通過做出某行為來表示同意，而無須向要約人發(fā)出通知，則承諾于做出該行為時生效。
(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective when the act is performed.
第2.1.7條 承諾的時間
要約必須在要約人規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)承諾;或者如果未規(guī)定時間，應(yīng)在考慮了交易的具體情況，包括要約人所使用的通訊方法的快捷程度的一段合理的時間內(nèi)做出承諾。對口頭要約必須立即做出承諾，除非情況有相反的表示。
An offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time having regard to the circumstances, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第2.1.8條 規(guī)定期限內(nèi)的承諾
要約人規(guī)定的承諾期限自要約發(fā)出時起算。要約中表示的日期應(yīng)被視為是要約發(fā)出的時間，除非情況有相反的表示。
A period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第2.1.9條 逾期承諾與傳遞遲延
(1)逾期承諾仍應(yīng)具有承諾的效力，但要約人應(yīng)毫不遲延地告知受要約人該承諾具有效力或就此向受要約人發(fā)出通知。
(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without undue delay the offeror so informs the offeree or gives notice to that effect.
(2)如果載有逾期承諾的信息表明它是在如果傳遞正常即能及時被送達要約人的情況下發(fā)出的，則該逾期的承諾仍具有承諾的效力，除非要約人毫不遲延地通知受要約人此要約已失效。
(2) If a communication containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without undue delay, the offeror informs the offeree that it considers the offer as having lapsed.
第2.1.10條 承諾的撤回
承諾可以撤回，只要撤回通知在承諾本應(yīng)生效之前或同時送達要約人。
An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.
第2.1.11條 變更的承諾
(1)對要約意在表示承諾但載有添加、限制或其他變更的答復(fù)，即為對要約的拒絕，并構(gòu)成反要約。
(1)A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.
(2)但是，對要約意在表示承諾但載有添加，或不同條件的答復(fù)，如果所載的添加或不同條件沒有實質(zhì)性地改變要約的條件，那么，除非要約人毫不遲延地表示拒絕這些不符，則此答復(fù)仍構(gòu)成承諾。如果要約人不做出拒絕，則合同的條款應(yīng)以該項要約的條款以及承諾通知中所載有的變更為準。
(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy. If the offeror does not object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.
第2.1.12條 書面確認
在合同訂立后一段合理時間內(nèi)發(fā)出的意在確認合同的書面文件，如果載有添加或不同的條款，除非這些添加或不同條款實質(zhì)性地變更了合同，或者接收方毫不遲延地拒絕了這些不符，則這些條款應(yīng)構(gòu)成合同的一個組成部分。
If a writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additional or different terms, such terms become part of the contract, unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy.
第2.1.13條 合同的訂立基于對特定事項或特定形式的協(xié)議
ARTICLE 2.1.13 Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form
在談判過程中，凡一方當事人堅持合同的訂立以對特定事項或以特定形式達成協(xié)議為條件的，則在對這些特定事項或形式達成協(xié)議之前，合同不能訂立。
Where in the course of negotiations one of the parties insists that the contract is not concluded until there is agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, no contract is concluded before agreement is reached on those matters or in that form.
第2.1.14條 特意待定的合同條款
(1)如果當事人各方意在訂立一項合同，但卻有意將一項條款留待進一步談判商定或由第三人確定，則這一事實并不妨礙合同的成立。
(1) If the parties intend to conclude a contract, the fact that they intentionally leave a term to be agreed upon in further negotiations or to be determined by a third person does not prevent a contract from coming into existence.
(2)考慮到當事人各方的意思，如果在具體情況下存在一種可選擇的合理方法來確定此條款，則合同的存在不受此后發(fā)生的下列情況的影響:
(2) The existence of the contract is not affected by the fact that subsequently
(a)當事人各方未就該條款達成協(xié)議;或
(b)第三人未確定此條款。
(b) the third person does not determine the term, provided that there is an alternative means of rendering the term definite that is reasonable in the circumstances, having regard to the intention of the parties.
第2.1.15條 惡意談判
(1)當事人可自由進行談判，并對未達成協(xié)議不承擔責任;
(1) A party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement.
(2)但是，一方當事人如果惡意進行談判或惡意終止談判，則該方當事人應(yīng)對因此給另一方當事人所造成的損失承擔責任;
(2) However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party.
(3)惡意，特別是指一方當事人在無意與對方達成協(xié)議的情況下，開始或繼續(xù)進行談判。
(3) It is bad faith, in particular, for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party.
第2.1.16條 保密義務(wù)
在談判過程中，一方當事人以保密性質(zhì)提供的信息，無論此后是否達成合同，另一方當事人有義務(wù)不予泄露，也不得為自己的目的不適當?shù)厥褂眠@些信息。在適當?shù)那闆r下，違反該義務(wù)的救濟可以包括根據(jù)另一方當事人泄露該信息所獲得之利益予以賠償。
Where information is given as confidential by one party in the course of negotiations, the other party is under a duty not to disclose that information or to use it improperly for its own purposes, whether or not a contract is subsequently concluded. Where appropriate, the remedy for breach of that duty may include compensation based on the benefit received by the other party.
第2.1.17條 合并條款
若一個書面合同中載有的一項條款表明該合同包含了各方當事人已達成一致的全部條款，則此前存在的任何陳述或協(xié)議不能被用作證據(jù)對抗或補充該合同。但是，這些陳述或協(xié)議可用于解釋該書面合同。
A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed cannot be contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. However, such statements or agreements may be used to interpret the writing.
第2.1.18條 特定形式修改
如果書面合同中載有的一項條款要求合同的任何修改或終止必須以特定形式做出，則該合同不得以其他形式修改或終止。但是，在一方當事人的行為使另一方當事人產(chǎn)生信賴并依此行事的限度內(nèi)，則該一方當事人因其行為可被拒絕主張本條款。
A contract in writing which contains a clause requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in a particular form may not be otherwise modified or terminated. However, a party may be precluded by its conduct from asserting such a clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on that conduct.
第2.1.19條 按標準條款訂立合同 ARTICLE 2.1.19
(1)一方或雙方當事人使用標準條款訂立合同，適用訂立合同的一般規(guī)則，但應(yīng)受本章第2.1.20條至第2.1.22條的約束。
(1) Where one party or both parties use standard terms in concluding a contract, the general rules on formation apply, subject to Articles 2.1.20 - 2.1.22.
(2)標準條款是指一方為通常和重復(fù)使用的目的而預(yù)先準備的條款， 并在實際使用時未與對方談判。
(2) Standard terms are provisions which are prepared in advance for general and repeated use by one party and which are actually used without negotiation with the other party.
第2.1.20條 意外條款
(1)如果標準條款中含有另一方當事人不能合理預(yù)見性質(zhì)的條款，則該條款無效，除非對方明示地表示接受;
(1) No term contained in standard terms which is of such a character that the other party could not reasonably have expected it, is effective unless it has been expressly accepted by that party.
(2)在確定某一條款是否屬于這種性質(zhì)時，應(yīng)考慮到該條款的內(nèi)容、語言和表達方式。
(2) In determining whether a term is of such a character regard shall be had to its content, language and presentation.
第2.1.21條 標準條款與非標準條款的沖突
ARTICLE 2.1.21 Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms
若標準條款與非標準條款發(fā)生沖突，以非標準條款為準。
In case of conflict between a standard term and a term which is not a standard term the latter prevails.
第2.1.22條 格式合同之爭
在雙方當事人均使用標準條款的情況下，如果雙方對除標準條款以外的條款達成一致，則合同應(yīng)根據(jù)已達成一致的條款以及在實體內(nèi)容上相同的標準條款訂立，除非一方當事人已事先明確表示或事后毫不遲延地通知另一方當事人其不愿受這種合同的約束。
Where both parties use standard terms and reach agreement except on those terms, a contract is concluded on the basis of the agreed terms and of any standard terms which are common in substance unless one party clearly indicates in advance, or later and without undue delay informs the other party, that it does not intend to be bound by such a contract.
第二節(jié) 代理人的權(quán)限SECTION 2: AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第2.2.1條 本節(jié)的范圍
(1)本節(jié)調(diào)整某人(代理人)通過與第三方之間的一項合同的訂立或相關(guān)事項，影響另一人(本人)法律關(guān)系的權(quán)限，而不論代理人是以自己的名義還是以本人的名義行事。
(1) This Section governs the authority of a person(“the agent”), to affect the legal relations of another person(“the principal”), by or with respect to a contract with a third party, whether the agent acts in its own name or in that of the principal.
(2)本節(jié)僅調(diào)整以本人或代理人為一方當事人，以第三方為另一方當事人之間的關(guān)系。
(2) It governs only the relations between the principal or the agent on the one hand, and the third party on the other.
(3)本節(jié)并不調(diào)整由法律賦予代理人的權(quán)限，或由公共或司法機構(gòu)指定的代理人的權(quán)限。
(3) It does not govern an agent’s authority conferred by law or the authority of an agent appointed by a public or judicial authority.
第2.2.2條 代理人權(quán)限的確立和范圍
ARTICLE 2.2.2 Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
(1)本人授予代理人的權(quán)限既可以是明示的也可以是默示的。
(1) The principal’s grant of authority to an agent may be express or implied.
(2)代理人為實現(xiàn)授權(quán)之目的，有權(quán)采取所有必要的行為。
(2) The agent has authority to perform all acts necessary in the circumstances to achieve the purposes for which the authority was granted.
第2.2.3條 顯名代理
(1)如當代理人在其權(quán)限范圍內(nèi)行事，且第三方已知或應(yīng)知其以代理身份行事，代理人的行為將直接影響本人和第三方之間的法律關(guān)系，而在代理人和第三方之間不創(chuàng)設(shè)任何法律關(guān)系。
(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall directly affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party and no legal relation is created between the agent and the third party.
(2)但是，當代理人經(jīng)本人同意成為合同一方時，則代理人的行為應(yīng)僅影響代理人和第三方之間的關(guān)系。
(2) However, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party, where the agent with the consent of the principal undertakes to become the party to the contract.
第2.2.4條 隱名代理
(1)當代理人在其權(quán)限范圍內(nèi)行事，但第三方既不知道也不應(yīng)知道代理人是作為代理人行事時，則代理人的行為將僅影響代理人與第三方之間的關(guān)系。
(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party neither knew nor ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party.
(2)然而，代理人當代表一個商業(yè)與第三方達成合同時，聲稱是該商業(yè)的所有人，則第三方在發(fā)現(xiàn)該商業(yè)的真實所有者后，可以向后者行使其對代理人的權(quán)利。
(2) However, where such an agent, when contracting with the third party on behalf of a business, represents itself to be the owner of that business, the third party, upon discovery of the real owner of the business, may exercise also against the latter the rights it has against the agent.
第2.2.5條 代理人無權(quán)或越權(quán)行事
ARTICLE 2.2.5 Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
(1)代理人沒有代理權(quán)或超越代理權(quán)行事時，其行為不影響委托人和第三方之間的法律關(guān)系。
(1) Where an agent acts without authority or exceeds its authority, its acts do not affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party.
(2)但是，當本人造成第三方合理地認為代理人有權(quán)代表本人行事，且代理人是在該權(quán)限范圍內(nèi)行事時，則本人不得以代理人無代理權(quán)為由對抗第三方。
(2) However, where the principal causes the third party reasonably to believe that the agent has authority to act on behalf of the principal and that the agent is acting within the scope of that authority, the principal may not invoke against the third party the lack of authority of the agent.
第2.2.6條 代理人無權(quán)或越權(quán)行事的責任
(1)沒有代理權(quán)或超越代理權(quán)行事的代理人，如未經(jīng)本人追認，則應(yīng)對第三人承擔將其恢復(fù)至如同代理人有代理權(quán)或未超越代理權(quán)行事時第三方應(yīng)處的同等狀況的責任。
(1) An agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority is, failing ratification by the principal, liable for damages that will place the third party in the same position as if the agent had acted with authority and not exceeded its authority.
(2)但是，如果第三方已知或應(yīng)知代理人沒有代理權(quán)或超越代理權(quán)，則代理人不承擔責任。
(2) However, the agent is not liable if the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent had no authority or was exceeding its authority.
第2.2.7條 利益沖突
(1)如果代理人締結(jié)的合同涉及到代理人與本人存在利益沖突，而且第三方已知或應(yīng)知這一情況，則本人可主張合同無效。主張無效的權(quán)利由第3.12條和第3.14條至第3.17條調(diào)整。
(1) If a contract concluded by an agent involves the agent in a conflict of interests with the principal of which the third party knew or ought to have known, the principal may avoid the contract. The right to avoid is subject to Articles 3.12 and 3.14 to 3.17.
(2)但是，本人在以下情況不得主張合同無效:
(2) However, the principal may not avoid the contract
(a)本人已經(jīng)同意，或已知或應(yīng)知代理人涉及利益沖突;或
(a) if the principal had consented to, or knew or ought to have known of, the agent’s involvement in the conflict of interests; or
(b)代理人已經(jīng)披露與本人的利益沖突，但本人在合理時間內(nèi)并未提出反對。
(b) if the agent had disclosed the conflict of interests to the principal and the latter had not objected within a reasonable time.
第2.2.8條 次代理
代理人有指定次代理人履行那些非合理預(yù)期代理人本身履行的行為的默示權(quán)力。本節(jié)的規(guī)則適用于次代理。
An agent has implied authority to appoint a sub-agent to perform acts which it is not reasonable to expect the agent to perform itself. The rules of this Section apply to the sub-agency.
第2.2.9條 追認
(1)代理人沒有代理權(quán)或超越代理權(quán)的行為可由本人追認。經(jīng)追認的行為如同代理人自始就依代理權(quán)行事產(chǎn)生同樣的效力。
(1) An act by an agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority may be ratified by the principal. On ratification the act produces the same effects as if it had initially been carried out with authority.
(2)第三方可以通知本人在一段合理的時間內(nèi)追認。本人如未在該時間內(nèi)追認，則不能再予追認。
(2) The third party may by notice to the principal specify a reasonable period of time for ratification. If the principal does not ratify within that period of time it can no longer do so.
(3)如果在代理人行事時，第三方既不知也不應(yīng)知代理人無權(quán)代理，則第三方可在本人追認前，隨時通知本人表示拒絕受追認的約束。
(3) If, at the time of the agent’s act, the third party neither knew nor ought to have known of the lack of authority, it may, at any time before ratification, by notice to the principal indicate its refusal to become bound by a ratification.
第2.2.10條 代理權(quán)終止 ARTICLE 2.2.10
(1)代理權(quán)的終止對第三方不產(chǎn)生效力，除非第三方已知或應(yīng)知這一情況。
(1) Termination of authority is not effective in relation to the third party unless the third party knew or ought to have known of it.
(2)盡管代理權(quán)終止，但代理人仍有權(quán)為防止損害本人利益采取必 要的行為。
(2) Notwithstanding the termination of its authority, an agent remains authorised to perform the acts that are necessary to prevent harm to the principal’s interests.
第三章 合同的效力CHAPTER 3 — VALIDITY
第3.1條 未涉及事項 ARTICLE 3.1(Matters not covered)
通則不處理由以下原因而導(dǎo)致的合同無效:
These Principles do not deal with invalidity arising from
(a)無行為能力;(a) lack of capacity;
(b)不道德或非法。(b) immorality or illegality.
第3.2條 協(xié)議的效力
合同僅由雙方的協(xié)議訂立、修改或終止，除此別無其他要求。
A contract is concluded, modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties, without any further requirement.
第3.3條 自始不能
(1)合同訂立時不能履行所承擔之義務(wù)的事實本身，不影響合同的效力。
(1) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract the performance of the obligation assumed was impossible does not affect the validity of the contract.
(2)合同訂立時一方當事人無權(quán)處置與該合同相關(guān)聯(lián)之財產(chǎn)的事實本身，不影響合同的效力。
(2) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract a party was not entitled to dispose of the assets to which the contract relates does not affect the validity of the contract.
第3.4條 錯誤的定義
錯誤是指對合同訂立時已經(jīng)存在的事實或法律所做的不正確的假設(shè)。
Mistake is an erroneous assumption relating to facts or to law existing when the contract was concluded.
第3.5條 相關(guān)錯誤
(1)一方當事人可因錯誤而宣告合同無效，此錯誤在訂立合同時如此之重大，以至于一個通情達理的人處在與犯錯誤之當事人的相同情況之下，如果知道事實真相，就會按實質(zhì)不同的條款訂立合同，或根本不會訂立合同，并且
(1) A party may only avoid the contract for mistake if, when the contract was concluded, the mistake was of such importance that a reasonable person in the same situation as the party in error would only have concluded the contract on materially different terms or would not have concluded it at all if the true state of affairs had been known, and
(a)另一方當事人犯了相同的錯誤，或造成如此錯誤，或者另一方當事人知道或理應(yīng)知道該錯誤，但卻有悖于公平交易的合理商業(yè)標準，使錯誤方一直處于錯誤狀態(tài)之中;或者
(a) the other party made the same mistake, or caused the mistake, or knew or ought to have known of the mistake and it was contrary to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or
(b)在宣告合同無效時，另一方當事人尚未依其對合同的信賴而行事。
(b) the other party had not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.
(2)但是，一方當事人不能宣告合同無效，如果
(2) However, a party may not avoid the contract if
(a)該當事人由于重大疏忽而犯此錯誤;或者
(a) it was grossly negligent in committing the mistake; or
(b)錯誤與某事實相關(guān)聯(lián)，而對于該事實發(fā)生錯誤的風險已被設(shè)想到，或者考慮到相關(guān)情況，該錯誤的風險應(yīng)當由錯誤方承擔。
(b) the mistake relates to a matter in regard to which the risk of mistake was assumed or, having regard to the circumstances, should be borne by the mistaken party.
第3.6條 表述或傳達中的錯誤
在表述或傳達一項聲明過程中發(fā)生的錯誤應(yīng)視為做出該聲明之人的錯誤。
An error occurring in the expression or transmission of a declaration is considered to be a mistake of the person from whom the declaration emanated.
第3.7條 對不履行的救濟 ARTICLE 3.7 Remedies for non-performance
一方當事人無權(quán)因錯誤宣告合同無效，如果該方當事人所依賴的情況表明對不履行可以或本來可以提供救濟。
A party is not entitled to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake if the circumstances on which that party relies afford, or could have afforded, a remedy for non-performance.
第3.8條 欺詐
一方當事人可宣告合同無效，如果其訂立合同是基于另一方當事人的欺詐性陳述，包括欺詐性的語言或做法，或按照公平交易的合理商業(yè)標準，該另一方當事人對應(yīng)予披露的情況欺詐性地未予披露。
A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s fraudulent representation, including language or practices, or fraudulent non-disclosure of circumstances which, according to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing, the latter party should have disclosed.
第3.9條 脅迫
一方當事人可宣告合同無效，如果其合同的訂立是因另一方當事人的不正當之脅迫，而且考慮到在各種情況下，該脅迫如此急迫、嚴重到足以使第一方當事人無其他合理選擇。尤其是當使一方當事人受到脅迫的作為或不作為本身屬非法，或者以其作為手段來獲取合同的訂立屬非法時，均為不正當?shù)拿{迫。
A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s unjustified threat which, having regard to the circumstances, is so imminent and serious as to leave the first party no reasonable alternative. In particular, a threat is unjustified if the act or omission with which a party has been threatened is wrongful in itself, or it is wrongful to use it as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract.
第3.10條 重大失衡
(1)在訂立合同時，合同或其個別條款不合理地對另一方當事人過分有利，則一方當事人可宣告該合同或該個別條款無效。除其他因素外，尚應(yīng)考慮下列各項:
(1) A party may avoid the contract or an individual term of it if, at the time of the conclusion of the contract, the contract or term unjustifiably gave the other party an excessive advantage. Regard is to be had, among other factors, to
(a)該另一方當事人不公平地利用了對方當事人的依賴、經(jīng)濟困境或緊急需要，或不正當?shù)乩昧藢Ψ疆斒氯说娜狈h見、無知、無經(jīng)驗或缺乏談判技巧的事實，以及
(a) the fact that the other party has taken unfair advantage of the first party’s dependence, economic distress or urgent needs, or of its improvidence, ignorance, inexperience or lack of bargaining skill, and
(b)合同的性質(zhì)和目的。(b) the nature and purpose of the contract.
(2)依有權(quán)宣告合同無效的一方當事人的請求,法院可以修改該合同或其條款，以使其符合公平交易的合理的商業(yè)標準。
(2) Upon the request of the party entitled to avoidance, a court may adapt the contract or term in order to make it accord with reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.
(3)依收到宣告合同無效通知的一方當事人的請求，法院亦可修改合同或其條款，只要該方當事人在收到此項通知后，且在對方當事人依據(jù)該項通知行事前，立即將其請求告知對方當事人。本章第3.13條第(2)款的規(guī)定此時應(yīng)予適用。
(3) A court may also adapt the contract or term upon the request of the party receiving notice of avoidance, provided that that party informs the other party of its request promptly after receiving such notice and before the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on it. The provisions of Article 3.13(2) apply accordingly.
第3.11條 第三人
(1)如果欺詐、脅迫、重大失衡或一方當事人的錯誤可歸因于第三人，或者該第三人知道或應(yīng)當知道這些情況，而該第三人的行為由另一方當事人負責，則可按該另一方當事人本身所做行為或所知曉的相同條件，宣告該合同無效。
(1) Where fraud, threat, gross disparity or a party’s mistake is imputable to, or is known or ought to be known by, a third person for whose acts the other party is responsible, the contract may be avoided under the same conditions as if the behaviour or knowledge had been that of the party itself.
(2)如果欺詐、脅迫或重大失衡可歸因于第三人，而該第三人的行為不由另一方當事人負責，在該另一方當事人知道或理應(yīng)知道此欺詐、脅迫或重大失衡，或在宣告合同無效時尚未按照對該合同的信賴而行事的情況下，則該合同可被宣告無效。
(2) Where fraud, threat or gross disparity is imputable to a third person for whose acts the other party is not responsible, the contract may be avoided if that party knew or ought to have known of the fraud, threat or disparity, or has not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.
第3.12條 確認
有權(quán)宣告合同無效的一方當事人如果在發(fā)出合同無效通知的期間開始后，又明示或默示地確認合同，則該方當事人不得再宣告合同無效。
If the party entitled to avoid the contract expressly or impliedly confirms the contract after the period of time for giving notice of avoidance has begun to run, avoidance of the contract is excluded.
第3.13條 喪失宣告合同無效的權(quán)利
(1)如果一方當事人有權(quán)因錯誤宣告合同無效，而另一方當事人聲明他將愿意按或已按有權(quán)宣告合同無效的一方當事人對合同的理解履行合同，則該合同應(yīng)視為按照該一方當事人的理解已經(jīng)訂立。該另一方當事人在收到有權(quán)宣告合同無效的一方當事人對合同的理解方式的通知后，而且在該一方當事人依據(jù)宣告合同無效通知合理行事之前，必須立即做出此種聲明或進行此種履行。
(1) If a party is entitled to avoid the contract for mistake but the other party declares itself willing to perform or performs the contract as it was understood by the party entitled to avoidance, the contract is considered to have been concluded as the latter party understood it. The other party must make such a declaration or render such performance promptly after having been informed of the manner in which the party entitled to avoidance had understood the contract and before that party has reasonably acted in reliance on a notice of avoidance.
(2)在做出此種聲明或履行之后，宣告合同無效的權(quán)利即行喪失，任何以前宣告合同無效的通知均喪失效力。
(2) After such a declaration or performance the right to avoidance is lost and any earlier notice of avoidance is ineffective.
第3.14條 宣告合同無效的通知
一方當事人通過向另一方當事人發(fā)出通知行使其宣告合同無效的權(quán)利。
The right of a party to avoid the contract is exercised by notice to the other party.
第3.15條 時間期限
(1)考慮到各種情況，宣告合同無效的通知，應(yīng)在宣告合同無效的一方當事人已知或不可能不知道有關(guān)事實或者在其可以自由行事之后的一段合理時間內(nèi)做出。
(1) Notice of avoidance shall be given within a reasonable time, having regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or could not have been unaware of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely.
(2)如果一方當事人根據(jù)第3.10條的規(guī)定有權(quán)宣告合同中的個別條款無效，則宣告合同無效通知的期限自另一方當事人堅持該條款之時開始。
(2) Where an individual term of the contract may be avoided by a party under Article 3.10, the period of time for giving notice of avoidance begins to run when that term is asserted by the other party.
第3.16條 部分無效
如果宣告合同無效的理由僅影響合同的個別條款，則宣告合同無效的效力僅限于這些條款，除非考慮到各種情況，維持合同的其余部分是不合理的。
Where a ground of avoidance affects only individual terms of the contract, the effect of avoidance is limited to those terms unless, having regard to the circumstances, it is unreasonable to uphold the remaining contract.
第3.17條 宣告合同無效的追溯力
(1)宣告合同無效具有追溯力。(1) Avoidance takes effect retroactively.
(2)宣告合同無效后，任何一方當事人可要求返還其依據(jù)已被宣告無效的合同或部分合同所提供的一切，但要以該方當事人也同時返還其依據(jù)已被宣告無效的合同或部分合同所得到的一切為條件，或者如雖不能返還實物，但對其所得之物給予補償。
(2) On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied under the contract or the part of it avoided, provided that it concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received under the contract or the part of it avoided or, if it cannot make restitution in kind, it makes an allowance for what it has received.
第3.18條 損害賠償
無論是否宣告合同無效，已知或理應(yīng)知道合同無效理由的一方當事人應(yīng)承擔損害賠償?shù)呢熑?，以使另一方當事人處于如同其未訂立合同的地位?/p>
Irrespective of whether or not the contract has been avoided, the party who knew or ought to have known of the ground for avoidance is liable for damages so as to put the other party in the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract.
第3.19條 本章條款的強制性
本章的各項規(guī)定具有強制性，但那些有關(guān)協(xié)議的約束力、自始不能或錯誤的規(guī)定除外。
The provisions of this Chapter are mandatory, except insofar as they relate to the binding force of mere agreement, initial impossibility or mistake.
第3.20條 單方聲明
本章各項規(guī)定在適當修改后，適用于一方當事人向另一方當事人傳達的任何意思表示。
The provisions of this Chapter apply with appropriate adaptations to any communication of intention addressed by one party to the other.
